In the year 2018 we were surveying the current situation of the constructed wetlands (CW) in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal and their implementation possibilities on private and public land. We divided the CWs into groups according to the beneficiary type: CWs for schools, CWs for private houses, CWs for bigger communities and CWs for institutions with other than educational purposes (hospitals, monasteries, etc.). We identified two potentially successful CW models that could be replicated for sustainable wastewater treatment and started the discussion about how the CW could be effectively used for flood protection measures as well. CWs are a strategic natural based technology for Nepal because they are highly efficient in removing organic and insoluble substances and, at the same time, they could be used as a natural based solution for flood prevention. Their construction and operation are both simple and cost-effective. For their management, neither electric power nor sophisticated computers are needed and they do not contain mechanical components that would require repairing and importing. Furthermore, they work very well regardless of the season, precipitation and temperature. Nevertheless, it must be noticed that CWs do not work without any attention – the operator’s participation is required for their good performance.
{"title":"CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LAND IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL","authors":"Z. Boukalová, J. Těšitel, B. D. Gurung","doi":"10.2495/WRM190011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190011","url":null,"abstract":"In the year 2018 we were surveying the current situation of the constructed wetlands (CW) in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal and their implementation possibilities on private and public land. We divided the CWs into groups according to the beneficiary type: CWs for schools, CWs for private houses, CWs for bigger communities and CWs for institutions with other than educational purposes (hospitals, monasteries, etc.). We identified two potentially successful CW models that could be replicated for sustainable wastewater treatment and started the discussion about how the CW could be effectively used for flood protection measures as well. CWs are a strategic natural based technology for Nepal because they are highly efficient in removing organic and insoluble substances and, at the same time, they could be used as a natural based solution for flood prevention. Their construction and operation are both simple and cost-effective. For their management, neither electric power nor sophisticated computers are needed and they do not contain mechanical components that would require repairing and importing. Furthermore, they work very well regardless of the season, precipitation and temperature. Nevertheless, it must be noticed that CWs do not work without any attention – the operator’s participation is required for their good performance.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117125264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper illustrates the main results of work in progress for a project that has been funded by the European Commission. Under the supervision of CSIL (Centre for Industrial Studies), it reports the story of the construction of the new desalination plant in Águilas/enlargement of Águilas desalination plant, a project co-financed by the European Union during the programming period 2000–2006. More specifically, this is an ex-post evaluation assessing the long-term effects produced by the investment and aimed at understanding the mechanisms and determinants likely to have contributed to produce these effects. The analysis draws on an ex-post cost–benefit analysis and an extensive set of qualitative evidence, both secondary (official reports, press articles, books and research papers) and primary (site visits and interviews with key stakeholders and experts that were carried out in October and November 2018). The project is considered to be successful overall as it achieved its intended primary objectives. The cost of desalinated water produced by the new plant was €325,274 per cubic hectometer in 2017. When considering its impact on the served population, the final assessment is unambiguously positive, given the measurable effects on employment, diversification of traditional crops and boosting agriculture technology in the area. Besides these effects, interviews with local stakeholders have revealed that additional, complementary water-saving investments are planned on infrastructure for water storage and irrigation modernization as a consequence of this project implementation, assuring the sustainability of this investment for future generations in the Alto Guadalentín county.
{"title":"EX-POST EVALUATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW DESALINATION PLANT AND ENLARGEMENT OF AN EXISTING DESALINATION PLANT IN ÁGUILAS, MURCIA, SPAIN","authors":"Armando Ortuño Padilla, M. D. Moreno, J. Casares","doi":"10.2495/WRM190131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190131","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates the main results of work in progress for a project that has been funded by the European Commission. Under the supervision of CSIL (Centre for Industrial Studies), it reports the story of the construction of the new desalination plant in Águilas/enlargement of Águilas desalination plant, a project co-financed by the European Union during the programming period 2000–2006. More specifically, this is an ex-post evaluation assessing the long-term effects produced by the investment and aimed at understanding the mechanisms and determinants likely to have contributed to produce these effects. The analysis draws on an ex-post cost–benefit analysis and an extensive set of qualitative evidence, both secondary (official reports, press articles, books and research papers) and primary (site visits and interviews with key stakeholders and experts that were carried out in October and November 2018). The project is considered to be successful overall as it achieved its intended primary objectives. The cost of desalinated water produced by the new plant was €325,274 per cubic hectometer in 2017. When considering its impact on the served population, the final assessment is unambiguously positive, given the measurable effects on employment, diversification of traditional crops and boosting agriculture technology in the area. Besides these effects, interviews with local stakeholders have revealed that additional, complementary water-saving investments are planned on infrastructure for water storage and irrigation modernization as a consequence of this project implementation, assuring the sustainability of this investment for future generations in the Alto Guadalentín county.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129303166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bow River Basin Council (BRBC) functions as both an environmental governance network (EGN) and a bridging organization for watershed management in the Calgary region of southwestern Alberta, Canada. BRBC’s structure and function are examined to understand its role in inter-jurisdictional, cross-sectoral watershed management. EGNs such as BRBC emerge in complex social-ecological systems, and influence policy development and municipal participation in watershed management activities, manage information flows, and close functional cross-scalar “gaps” in government policy and regulation. Self-selecting and voluntary, BRBC stakeholders reflect multiple and sometimes competing sectoral interests in water and watershed management. EGNs such as BRBC may be structured to function as bridging organizations, brokering between actors in the watershed to achieve common watershed management objectives. The BRBC performs valuable functions for social learning, co-creation of knowledge, and collaborative and adaptive watershed management planning. Reflexive legal processes may provide the necessary procedural mechanisms to legitimize BRBC’s decision-making processes and co-created watershed management plans.
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE NETWORKS IN WATERSHED GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT","authors":"J. Stewart, M. Tyler","doi":"10.2495/WRM190041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190041","url":null,"abstract":"The Bow River Basin Council (BRBC) functions as both an environmental governance network (EGN) and a bridging organization for watershed management in the Calgary region of southwestern Alberta, Canada. BRBC’s structure and function are examined to understand its role in inter-jurisdictional, cross-sectoral watershed management. EGNs such as BRBC emerge in complex social-ecological systems, and influence policy development and municipal participation in watershed management activities, manage information flows, and close functional cross-scalar “gaps” in government policy and regulation. Self-selecting and voluntary, BRBC stakeholders reflect multiple and sometimes competing sectoral interests in water and watershed management. EGNs such as BRBC may be structured to function as bridging organizations, brokering between actors in the watershed to achieve common watershed management objectives. The BRBC performs valuable functions for social learning, co-creation of knowledge, and collaborative and adaptive watershed management planning. Reflexive legal processes may provide the necessary procedural mechanisms to legitimize BRBC’s decision-making processes and co-created watershed management plans.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125692495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of microplastics (MP) in water environments is considered a global threat, with different adverse effects on ingesting organisms: physical damage due to the plastic particles themselves, leaching of some constituent monomers, the potential transport of organic and inorganic pollutants, and leaching of additives used in the manufacture and polymerisation of plastic products. In the last case, especially when additives are not chemically bound to the polymer structure, they may leach out into the aquatic environment. This paper deals with the role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as sources of microplastics to the environment, and the efficiency of different advanced technologies used for wastewater treatment aiming towards a zero pollution discharge. The monitoring study was carried out during 2018, including three different wastewater treatments, i.e. activated sludge process with extended aeration (ASP), rapid sand filtration (RSF), and membrane bioreactor (MBR). Microplastics comprised an average value of 45.0% total microlitter (ML), with average concentrations decreasing after each wastewater treatment step. The decrease of microplastics from the primary to the final effluent was 90.2% for ASP, 93.8% for RSF, and 96.2% for MBR, indicating the importance of final-stage or tertiary technologies to remove this emerging pollutant, although never reaching a zero pollution discharge. The main plastic polymer found in all wastewater samples was low-density polyethylene (LDPE), followed by polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and textile fibres made of nylon (NYL). Five shapes were detected, i.e. fragments, films, beads, fibres, and foam. Films decreased from primary to final effluent, conversely to fragments that increased during the sewage treatment.
{"title":"ARE ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES A SOLUTION FOR TOTAL REMOVAL OF MICROPLASTICS IN TREATED EFFLUENTS?","authors":"Sonia Olmos, J. López-Castellanos, J. Bayo","doi":"10.2495/WRM190111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190111","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of microplastics (MP) in water environments is considered a global threat, with different adverse effects on ingesting organisms: physical damage due to the plastic particles themselves, leaching of some constituent monomers, the potential transport of organic and inorganic pollutants, and leaching of additives used in the manufacture and polymerisation of plastic products. In the last case, especially when additives are not chemically bound to the polymer structure, they may leach out into the aquatic environment. This paper deals with the role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as sources of microplastics to the environment, and the efficiency of different advanced technologies used for wastewater treatment aiming towards a zero pollution discharge. The monitoring study was carried out during 2018, including three different wastewater treatments, i.e. activated sludge process with extended aeration (ASP), rapid sand filtration (RSF), and membrane bioreactor (MBR). Microplastics comprised an average value of 45.0% total microlitter (ML), with average concentrations decreasing after each wastewater treatment step. The decrease of microplastics from the primary to the final effluent was 90.2% for ASP, 93.8% for RSF, and 96.2% for MBR, indicating the importance of final-stage or tertiary technologies to remove this emerging pollutant, although never reaching a zero pollution discharge. The main plastic polymer found in all wastewater samples was low-density polyethylene (LDPE), followed by polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and textile fibres made of nylon (NYL). Five shapes were detected, i.e. fragments, films, beads, fibres, and foam. Films decreased from primary to final effluent, conversely to fragments that increased during the sewage treatment.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123800471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Baonazzi Sodek, J. Filho, A. L. S. S. Martim
Water losses in a water distribution system refers to the volume of water produced but not consumed (real loss), or consumed but not charged (apparent loss). The International Water Association (IWA) has a method to quantify and identity water losses through the water balance. However, quantifying the apparent loss to compose the water balance can be a challenge. Although installed flowmeters are essential to monitor consumption, they are not enough to estimate apparent loss. For instance, if the meter is operating out of the correct range, it represents an apparent loss that is difficult to evaluate. Among other causes, in residences where private water tanks are used to store water, the use of float valves can cause higher under-measurements. This indirect water feed is the most common case in Brazilian residences and led to this study, based on the analysis of two years consumption data from a district meter area of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. The database presents consumption information for 183 directly fed properties and 102 indirectly fed properties, flowmeter operating range and the size of storage, if present. Consumption patterns according to the presence and size of storage were evaluated and showed that the larger the storage the higher the consumption. The data was also analysed statistically by the two-sample t-test and showed that customers without a water tank consumed, on average, 13% more than those with a water tank. When replacing flowmeters, water companies should prioritize customers with water tanks due to the largest investment return. By understanding the available consumption data, water companies can estimate and possibly reduce apparent water loss, by adopting the most adequate measures.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF RESIDENTIAL WATER TANKS ON WATER CONSUMPTION: A CASE STUDY FROM PALMAS, TOCANTINS, BRAZIL","authors":"Daniela Baonazzi Sodek, J. Filho, A. L. S. S. Martim","doi":"10.2495/WRM190021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190021","url":null,"abstract":"Water losses in a water distribution system refers to the volume of water produced but not consumed (real loss), or consumed but not charged (apparent loss). The International Water Association (IWA) has a method to quantify and identity water losses through the water balance. However, quantifying the apparent loss to compose the water balance can be a challenge. Although installed flowmeters are essential to monitor consumption, they are not enough to estimate apparent loss. For instance, if the meter is operating out of the correct range, it represents an apparent loss that is difficult to evaluate. Among other causes, in residences where private water tanks are used to store water, the use of float valves can cause higher under-measurements. This indirect water feed is the most common case in Brazilian residences and led to this study, based on the analysis of two years consumption data from a district meter area of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. The database presents consumption information for 183 directly fed properties and 102 indirectly fed properties, flowmeter operating range and the size of storage, if present. Consumption patterns according to the presence and size of storage were evaluated and showed that the larger the storage the higher the consumption. The data was also analysed statistically by the two-sample t-test and showed that customers without a water tank consumed, on average, 13% more than those with a water tank. When replacing flowmeters, water companies should prioritize customers with water tanks due to the largest investment return. By understanding the available consumption data, water companies can estimate and possibly reduce apparent water loss, by adopting the most adequate measures.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123414187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safeguarding of water distribution networks is gaining attention due to the socio-economic implication of consuming contaminated water. An installation of water quality sensors has been recognised as one of the measures to minimise the distress. Notably, the procurement and maintenance cost of the water quality sensors have restrained the number of sensors to deploy across the network. This constraint means that the sensor placement strategy has to receive significant consideration. Over the years, researchers have proposed several techniques to handle the challenge. Each of the techniques has its shortcomings which must be addressed. This study presents a critical review of the sensor placement strategies in a water distribution network. The review results expressed the technical challenges, and proposed feasible solutions. The future research directions are also provided.
{"title":"SENSOR PLACEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CONTAMINATION IDENTIFICATION IN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: A REVIEW","authors":"O. Adedoja, Y. Hamam, Baset Khalaf, R. Sadiku","doi":"10.2495/WRM190081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190081","url":null,"abstract":"Safeguarding of water distribution networks is gaining attention due to the socio-economic implication of consuming contaminated water. An installation of water quality sensors has been recognised as one of the measures to minimise the distress. Notably, the procurement and maintenance cost of the water quality sensors have restrained the number of sensors to deploy across the network. This constraint means that the sensor placement strategy has to receive significant consideration. Over the years, researchers have proposed several techniques to handle the challenge. Each of the techniques has its shortcomings which must be addressed. This study presents a critical review of the sensor placement strategies in a water distribution network. The review results expressed the technical challenges, and proposed feasible solutions. The future research directions are also provided.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132214740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Morante, F. J. Montalván, Paúl Carrión, Gricelda Herrera, J. Heredia, F. J. Elorza, Dayanna Pilco, Joselyne Solórzano
The Manglaralto aquifer is located at the north of the province of Santa Elena, Ecuador, its importance is based on the source of supply for the sector. The objective of this work is to characterize the waters of this hydrogeological system by means of hydrochemical techniques (Piper and Stiff diagrams) and their correlation with the geology of the area, as well as the determination of marine intrusion. The methodology used is based on the concentrations of the major ions, which have been obtained by the water–rock interaction, where the geological analysis helps to understand the conceptual hydrogeological model. The obtained results indicate that there are two groups of waters: in the part closest to the interior of the basin with facies mainly bicarbonate and calcium-sodium, while nearest the sea shows markedly calcified calcium facies, and the existence of marine intrusion in the well closest to the coastline.
{"title":"HYDROCHEMICAL AND GEOLOGICAL CORRELATION TO ESTABLISH THE GROUNDWATER SALINITY OF THE COASTAL AQUIFER OF THE MANGLARALTO RIVER BASIN, ECUADOR","authors":"F. Morante, F. J. Montalván, Paúl Carrión, Gricelda Herrera, J. Heredia, F. J. Elorza, Dayanna Pilco, Joselyne Solórzano","doi":"10.2495/WRM190141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190141","url":null,"abstract":"The Manglaralto aquifer is located at the north of the province of Santa Elena, Ecuador, its importance is based on the source of supply for the sector. The objective of this work is to characterize the waters of this hydrogeological system by means of hydrochemical techniques (Piper and Stiff diagrams) and their correlation with the geology of the area, as well as the determination of marine intrusion. The methodology used is based on the concentrations of the major ions, which have been obtained by the water–rock interaction, where the geological analysis helps to understand the conceptual hydrogeological model. The obtained results indicate that there are two groups of waters: in the part closest to the interior of the basin with facies mainly bicarbonate and calcium-sodium, while nearest the sea shows markedly calcified calcium facies, and the existence of marine intrusion in the well closest to the coastline.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132214533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we have investigated how to reduce three emerging pollutants (atrazine, simazine and linuron) in water, through the use of advanced technologies such as powder activated carbon (PAC). Tests for contaminant reduction were conducted using ASTM D3860-98 in ultra-pure water. The concentrations were analyzed by HPLC equipment with an UV detector. The results obtained within 24 h at an initial concentration of 2,000 mg m-3 of the contaminant show that in PAC at 20,000 mg m-3 atrazine achieves a reduction of 65.4%, simazine achieves a reduction of 71.8% and linuron, a reduction of 70%.
{"title":"TREATMENT OF PESTICIDES PRESENT IN WATER BY POWDER ACTIVATED CARBON","authors":"A. Aldeguer, I. Sentana, P. Varó, D. Prats","doi":"10.2495/WRM190091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190091","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we have investigated how to reduce three emerging pollutants (atrazine, simazine and linuron) in water, through the use of advanced technologies such as powder activated carbon (PAC). Tests for contaminant reduction were conducted using ASTM D3860-98 in ultra-pure water. The concentrations were analyzed by HPLC equipment with an UV detector. The results obtained within 24 h at an initial concentration of 2,000 mg m-3 of the contaminant show that in PAC at 20,000 mg m-3 atrazine achieves a reduction of 65.4%, simazine achieves a reduction of 71.8% and linuron, a reduction of 70%.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129700442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrochar, a low-cost carbonaceous material, has wide environmental applications including hazardous chemicals immobilization/removal and moisture conservation. It is a by-product of the hydrothermal carbonization process under subcritical water condition. There are several distinct characteristics prevailing with hydrochar like microporosity, ion exchange capacity, water holding capacity, large specific surface area, and low H:C and O:C ratios. The type of feedstock material mainly determines the chemical composition of hydrochar. Paddy straw is an available crop residue in Asian countries including Sri Lanka with great potential for utilization as the feedstock for producing hydrochar. Due to its great cation exchange capacity (CEC), hydrochar is expected to adsorb P and N efficiently. Additionally, it is applicable as an effective crop moisture conservation technique. In this research, hydrochar was produced by using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method under different HTC temperatures and treatment durations, following by the determinations of P and N adsorption capacity and water holding capacity to evaluate the feasibility of using hydrochar as a moisture conservation technique. Hydrochar production was carried out using paddy straw at 100°C, 200°C and 250°C for 0, 60 and 120 min, respectively. The char yield, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), maximum moisture absorption capacity, and P and N adsorption capacity were determined. Maximum moisture absorption with 5.39 g/g and the minimum moisture loss 26% was observed in T5 hydrochar (200°C, 60 min). Therefore T5 is the most suitable hydrochar type as a moisture conservation technique at tropical condition.T8 hydrochar (250°C, 60 min) has the maximum N adsorption (11.73 mg/g) at an initial 50 mg/L NH4-N concentration. The optimal temperature for hydrochar production for better NH4-N sorption capacity is around 250°C. However, all the tested hydrochar samples showed limited PO4-P adsorption. Hence hydrochar modifications required for better PO4-P adsorption.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVATED HYDROCHAR FROM PADDY STRAW FOR NUTRIENT ADSORPTION AND CROP WATER MANAGEMENT","authors":"Gajasinghe Arachchige Ganga Kavindi, Z. Lei","doi":"10.2495/WRM190071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190071","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrochar, a low-cost carbonaceous material, has wide environmental applications including hazardous chemicals immobilization/removal and moisture conservation. It is a by-product of the hydrothermal carbonization process under subcritical water condition. There are several distinct characteristics prevailing with hydrochar like microporosity, ion exchange capacity, water holding capacity, large specific surface area, and low H:C and O:C ratios. The type of feedstock material mainly determines the chemical composition of hydrochar. Paddy straw is an available crop residue in Asian countries including Sri Lanka with great potential for utilization as the feedstock for producing hydrochar. Due to its great cation exchange capacity (CEC), hydrochar is expected to adsorb P and N efficiently. Additionally, it is applicable as an effective crop moisture conservation technique. In this research, hydrochar was produced by using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method under different HTC temperatures and treatment durations, following by the determinations of P and N adsorption capacity and water holding capacity to evaluate the feasibility of using hydrochar as a moisture conservation technique. Hydrochar production was carried out using paddy straw at 100°C, 200°C and 250°C for 0, 60 and 120 min, respectively. The char yield, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), maximum moisture absorption capacity, and P and N adsorption capacity were determined. Maximum moisture absorption with 5.39 g/g and the minimum moisture loss 26% was observed in T5 hydrochar (200°C, 60 min). Therefore T5 is the most suitable hydrochar type as a moisture conservation technique at tropical condition.T8 hydrochar (250°C, 60 min) has the maximum N adsorption (11.73 mg/g) at an initial 50 mg/L NH4-N concentration. The optimal temperature for hydrochar production for better NH4-N sorption capacity is around 250°C. However, all the tested hydrochar samples showed limited PO4-P adsorption. Hence hydrochar modifications required for better PO4-P adsorption.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129863425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Population growth and development coupled with potential climate change impacts are invariably associated with chronic water shortages particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we examined the socioeconomic feasibility of implementing rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) on building rooftops to alleviate chronic water shortages. Examining the socio-economic factors affecting the willingness of people to participate in such programs, it was found that education and the availability of outdoor space affected the rate of participation positively, while the age of the respondent and the number of floors in a building decreased people’s keenness to participate. The cost of harvested rainwater per cubic meter was found to range between $0.16 and $0.28/m 3 , which compares favourably with the existing public network tariffs ($0.37/m 3 –$1.4/m 3 ) and provides major savings when compared to the costs associated with different adaptation measures commonly used by residents (reverse osmosis system = $1.36/m 3 ; water tankers = $5.64 -10 /m 3 ). On average, a household with a monthly income below $1,500 was willing to invest $0.54/m 3 in a RWHS compared to $2.34/m 3 for those whose monthly income was above $6,000; for both income groups their average reported investment costs represented around 1% of their monthly income. At the economic viability level, a RWHS proved advantageous for a single household with 5 occupants, while harvested quantities for a multi-storey residential building with 50 occupants or more were relatively small in comparison to actual demands. Concerns over the water quality of the harvested rainwater were documented in the study area, with bacterial contamination proving to be a major concern.
{"title":"ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING: ALLEVIATING WATER SHORTAGES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL","authors":"I. Alameddine, A. Majzoub, M. Najm, M. El-Fadel","doi":"10.2495/WRM190031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WRM190031","url":null,"abstract":"Population growth and development coupled with potential climate change impacts are invariably associated with chronic water shortages particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we examined the socioeconomic feasibility of implementing rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) on building rooftops to alleviate chronic water shortages. Examining the socio-economic factors affecting the willingness of people to participate in such programs, it was found that education and the availability of outdoor space affected the rate of participation positively, while the age of the respondent and the number of floors in a building decreased people’s keenness to participate. The cost of harvested rainwater per cubic meter was found to range between $0.16 and $0.28/m 3 , which compares favourably with the existing public network tariffs ($0.37/m 3 –$1.4/m 3 ) and provides major savings when compared to the costs associated with different adaptation measures commonly used by residents (reverse osmosis system = $1.36/m 3 ; water tankers = $5.64 -10 /m 3 ). On average, a household with a monthly income below $1,500 was willing to invest $0.54/m 3 in a RWHS compared to $2.34/m 3 for those whose monthly income was above $6,000; for both income groups their average reported investment costs represented around 1% of their monthly income. At the economic viability level, a RWHS proved advantageous for a single household with 5 occupants, while harvested quantities for a multi-storey residential building with 50 occupants or more were relatively small in comparison to actual demands. Concerns over the water quality of the harvested rainwater were documented in the study area, with bacterial contamination proving to be a major concern.","PeriodicalId":252733,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Management X","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129671376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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