The effect of industrial emissions on the levels of certain biochemical measurements in leaves of Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), Henna (Lawsonia inermis), and Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) trees growing in the industrial zone in Jeddah Saudi Arabia and Hada Al-Shame area (control) was done. Overall results showed that the content of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and protein in the plant leaf of the trees growing in the industrial zone were less comparing with the leaves of the trees growing in the control area.
{"title":"The Effect of Air Pollution on some Biochemical Parameters of Leaves of Three Tree Species Growing in the Industrial Area in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Shaheen Shaheen","doi":"10.4197/met.26-2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/met.26-2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of industrial emissions on the levels of certain biochemical measurements in leaves of Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), Henna (Lawsonia inermis), and Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) trees growing in the industrial zone in Jeddah Saudi Arabia and Hada Al-Shame area (control) was done. Overall results showed that the content of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and protein in the plant leaf of the trees growing in the industrial zone were less comparing with the leaves of the trees growing in the control area.","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129894788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deltamethrin and Malathion insecticides residues in workers honeybees(Apis mellifera) and its relationship to these insecticides concentrations","authors":"R. M. Almehmadi","doi":"10.4197/met.26-2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/met.26-2.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124229768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metabolic syndrome is a serious problem in Saudi Arabia. It has been attributed mainly to life style. Exposure to airborne particulate matter is a subject of concern in Jeddah. The present study aimed to find a possible association of metabolic syndrome prevalence with levels of particulate matter and their elemental constituents. The study was conducted in two districts of Jeddah, Al Nuzlah and Al Rehab. PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in each district as well as their elemental composition. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the presence of three components: hyperglycemia, hypertension and obesity. Al Nuzlah district showed higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, together with higher levels of PM2.5, nickel and cadmium. It can be concluded that exposure to particulate matter may be considered as an additional risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
{"title":"Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter: An Additional Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Alghamdi","doi":"10.4197/met.26-2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/met.26-2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic syndrome is a serious problem in Saudi Arabia. It has been attributed mainly to life style. Exposure to airborne particulate matter is a subject of concern in Jeddah. The present study aimed to find a possible association of metabolic syndrome prevalence with levels of particulate matter and their elemental constituents. The study was conducted in two districts of Jeddah, Al Nuzlah and Al Rehab. PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in each district as well as their elemental composition. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the presence of three components: hyperglycemia, hypertension and obesity. Al Nuzlah district showed higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, together with higher levels of PM2.5, nickel and cadmium. It can be concluded that exposure to particulate matter may be considered as an additional risk factor for metabolic syndrome.","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122912145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper discusses the present and future (1431-1460 A.H.) water demand and water resources for the domestic use in Jeddah city. Projection of both water demand driven by population as well as water resources are illustrated. Three scenarios are presented representing high, moderate and low cases for the population. Under each case, the level of water shortage problem is addressed and it is shown that without water conservation Jeddah city will face significant water shortage.
{"title":"Future Domestic Water Demand for Jeddah City","authors":"A. Kamis","doi":"10.4197/MET.23-2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/MET.23-2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the present and future (1431-1460 A.H.) water demand and water resources for the domestic use in Jeddah city. Projection of both water demand driven by population as well as water resources are illustrated. Three scenarios are presented representing high, moderate and low cases for the population. Under each case, the level of water shortage problem is addressed and it is shown that without water conservation Jeddah city will face significant water shortage.","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"34 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133008088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wintertime Temperature Variability over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Al-Khalaf, H. Hasanean","doi":"10.4197/MET.23-2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/MET.23-2.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124033435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on the Urban Heat Island of the City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","authors":"Ilham Elsayed","doi":"10.4197/met.23-2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/met.23-2.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"432 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125759776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heavy Metal Distribution in Street Dust of Urban and Industrial Areas in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Khoder, M. A. Ghamdi, Mohamed M. Shiboob","doi":"10.4197/MET.23-2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/MET.23-2.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125669189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured in Almadinah Al Menawwarah, Saudi Arabia. From Ramadan to Hajj season (October, 2005 January, 2006) daily average concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, CO, CH4 and NMHCs, were 0.055, 0.040, 0.095, 0.011, 0.009, 2.82, 3.83 and 1.12 ppm, respectively. The SO2/NOx and SO2/NO2 concentration ratios were 0.12 and 0.28, respectively, suggesting that the mobile emissions are the predominant sources within the study area. The diurnal variations of NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, NMHCs concentrations were similar and showed two daily peaks, in the morning and late evening. These peaks concentrations are linked to traffic density, boundary layer mixing processes and chemical processes in the atmosphere. The diurnal cycles of O3 concentrations revealed a uni-modal peak in the mid-day time. The highest concentrations of the measured pollutants were found in Ramadan and Hajj seasons, due to increasing human activities. Significant positive correlation coefficients (p<0.05) were found between NO, NO2, NOx, NMHCs and CO, and also between SO2 and NO, NO2, NOx, NMHCs and CH4. Significant negative correlation coefficients were found between O3 concentrations and NO2. These results indicate that an increase in O3 level is associated with a drop in the concentration of NO2, CO and NMHCs.
在沙特阿拉伯Almadinah Al Menawwarah测定了一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)、氮氧化物(NOx)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)、一氧化碳(CO)、甲烷(CH4)和非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHCs)。斋月至朝觐期间(2005年10月、2006年1月)NO、NO2、NOx、SO2、O3、CO、CH4和NMHCs的日平均浓度分别为0.055、0.040、0.095、0.011、0.009、2.82、3.83和1.12 ppm。SO2/NOx和SO2/NO2浓度比值分别为0.12和0.28，表明移动排放是研究区内的主要排放源。NO、NO2、NOx、SO2、CO、NMHCs浓度的日变化规律相似，均在早晨和傍晚出现两个峰值。这些浓度峰值与交通密度、边界层混合过程和大气中的化学过程有关。O3浓度的日循环在中午时段呈现单峰。在斋月和朝觐季节，由于人类活动的增加，测量到的污染物浓度最高。NO、NO2、NOx、NMHCs与CO、SO2与NO、NO2、NOx、NMHCs、CH4呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。O3浓度与NO2呈显著负相关。这些结果表明，O3水平的增加与NO2、CO和NMHCs浓度的下降有关。
{"title":"Trends of Ambient Concentrations of Gaseous Air Pollutants in Almadinah Al Menawwarah, Central Area, Saudi Arabia","authors":"H. Al-Jeelani","doi":"10.4197/MET.23-2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/MET.23-2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured in Almadinah Al Menawwarah, Saudi Arabia. From Ramadan to Hajj season (October, 2005 January, 2006) daily average concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, CO, CH4 and NMHCs, were 0.055, 0.040, 0.095, 0.011, 0.009, 2.82, 3.83 and 1.12 ppm, respectively. The SO2/NOx and SO2/NO2 concentration ratios were 0.12 and 0.28, respectively, suggesting that the mobile emissions are the predominant sources within the study area. The diurnal variations of NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, NMHCs concentrations were similar and showed two daily peaks, in the morning and late evening. These peaks concentrations are linked to traffic density, boundary layer mixing processes and chemical processes in the atmosphere. The diurnal cycles of O3 concentrations revealed a uni-modal peak in the mid-day time. The highest concentrations of the measured pollutants were found in Ramadan and Hajj seasons, due to increasing human activities. Significant positive correlation coefficients (p<0.05) were found between NO, NO2, NOx, NMHCs and CO, and also between SO2 and NO, NO2, NOx, NMHCs and CH4. Significant negative correlation coefficients were found between O3 concentrations and NO2. These results indicate that an increase in O3 level is associated with a drop in the concentration of NO2, CO and NMHCs.","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116632241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercial peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) is widely used in the treatment of uremic patients. This type of PDS is expected to be contaminated with leachable agents originating from the plastic material of the packaging bags. Injection of the solution (280 ml/kg, i.p) into pregnant MF1 mice was applied to investigate the prenatally-induced adverse effects in their progeny due to such plastic leachables. Daily injection started; from Day 0 of gestation and continued up to delivery. The dose was divided into two equal volumes given at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. A group of pregnant mice, of 10 animals, was given the PDS of bags stored at room temperature (25C). A similar group was given the PDS of bags preheated in a waterbath (50C) for overnight. A third group was given a prepared control PDS from the same chemicals, stored in glass bottles from the manufacturing companies, according to the concentrations specified on the PDS bag. After weaning (one-month age), the offspring of each group were subjected to a battery of biochemical tests. The results showed that commercial PDS has induced the following significant effects in the offspring: elevation in the activity of blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP), increase in the blood concentration of the nonprotein nitrogenous (NPN) compounds (urea, creatinine and uric acid), and total blood cholesterol. There were also a higher percentage of stillbirths in the progeny of treated mothers. Most of the previous effects were clearly pronounced in the offspring of mothers treated with preheated-bag PDS. It was concluded that the plastic bags of the investigated PDS were leachable, and the chemical agents originating from the plastic material of these bags were toxic to the mice under study. The PDS concentration of these leachables may increase with time and storage of 78 Al-ser A. Al-Khatim and Khalid El-Tom Ali the bags under hot weathers. Based on the results of this study, strict control of storage temperature is recommended to minimize the leachability of these PDS bags and thus lessening the health problems that may arise in patients undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis.
商业腹膜透析液(PDS)广泛应用于尿毒症患者的治疗。这种类型的PDS预计会被来自包装袋塑料材料的可浸出剂污染。将该溶液(280 ml/kg, i.p)注射到怀孕的MF1小鼠体内，研究该塑料浸出剂对其后代的产前不良影响。每日注射开始;从妊娠第0天开始一直持续到分娩。剂量分为两等量，分别在上午10点和晚上10点给药。一组怀孕的老鼠，10只动物，在室温(25摄氏度)下储存了PDS袋。另一组人则使用在水浴(50摄氏度)中预热过夜的袋子。第三组服用的是由相同化学品制成的制备好的PDS，根据PDS包装袋上的浓度，存放在制造公司提供的玻璃瓶中。断奶后(一个月龄)，每组幼鼠进行一系列生化测试。结果表明，市售PDS对后代的影响显著:血碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性升高，血中非蛋白氮(NPN)化合物(尿素、肌酐和尿酸)浓度升高，血中总胆固醇升高。在接受治疗的母亲的后代中，死产的比例也更高。大多数先前的影响在接受预热袋PDS治疗的母亲的后代中都很明显。结果表明，所调查的PDS塑料袋具有可浸出性，来自塑料袋材料的化学物质对所研究的小鼠具有毒性。随着78 Al-ser A. Al-Khatim和Khalid El-Tom Ali袋子在炎热天气下的存放时间的延长，这些浸出物的PDS浓度可能会增加。根据本研究结果，建议严格控制储存温度，以尽量减少PDS袋的浸出性，从而减少长期腹膜透析患者可能出现的健康问题。
{"title":"Prenatal Effects of Plastic Migrants in Commercial Peritoneal Dialysis Solution","authors":"A. Al-Khatim, K. E. Ali","doi":"10.4197/MET.23-2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/MET.23-2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) is widely used in the treatment of uremic patients. This type of PDS is expected to be contaminated with leachable agents originating from the plastic material of the packaging bags. Injection of the solution (280 ml/kg, i.p) into pregnant MF1 mice was applied to investigate the prenatally-induced adverse effects in their progeny due to such plastic leachables. Daily injection started; from Day 0 of gestation and continued up to delivery. The dose was divided into two equal volumes given at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. A group of pregnant mice, of 10 animals, was given the PDS of bags stored at room temperature (25C). A similar group was given the PDS of bags preheated in a waterbath (50C) for overnight. A third group was given a prepared control PDS from the same chemicals, stored in glass bottles from the manufacturing companies, according to the concentrations specified on the PDS bag. After weaning (one-month age), the offspring of each group were subjected to a battery of biochemical tests. The results showed that commercial PDS has induced the following significant effects in the offspring: elevation in the activity of blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP), increase in the blood concentration of the nonprotein nitrogenous (NPN) compounds (urea, creatinine and uric acid), and total blood cholesterol. There were also a higher percentage of stillbirths in the progeny of treated mothers. Most of the previous effects were clearly pronounced in the offspring of mothers treated with preheated-bag PDS. It was concluded that the plastic bags of the investigated PDS were leachable, and the chemical agents originating from the plastic material of these bags were toxic to the mice under study. The PDS concentration of these leachables may increase with time and storage of 78 Al-ser A. Al-Khatim and Khalid El-Tom Ali the bags under hot weathers. Based on the results of this study, strict control of storage temperature is recommended to minimize the leachability of these PDS bags and thus lessening the health problems that may arise in patients undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis.","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129528688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Elhefny, S. Gyulakhmedov, S. El-Hefnawi, M. Gad, A. Kuliyev
A controlled atmosphere (CA) is an agricultural storage method. It is an atmosphere in which oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen concentration as well as temperature and humidity are regulated. Glycolysis is the basis of both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration, and it occurs in nearly all organisms. It is regulated by three enzymes catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions: Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. In this work we studied the effect of controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) of mango at 13°C on the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and on fruit quality. This study was carried out on mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt. The storage of fruits under the CA retarded ripening and did not affect the quality attributes of Keitt mango. There was a significant decreasing in the activity of PFK as compared with control under (CAS) used in this work. These results indicate a potential for the application of CA for postharvest ripening control of mango. The optimal CA for longterm storage of "Keitt" mango at 13°C is (3% O2 +6% CO2+ 91% N2); under these conditions the storage life of mango can be extended up to 10 weeks.
{"title":"Effect of Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS) on Phosphofructokinase Activity in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt","authors":"A. Elhefny, S. Gyulakhmedov, S. El-Hefnawi, M. Gad, A. Kuliyev","doi":"10.4197/MET.23-2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/MET.23-2.2","url":null,"abstract":"A controlled atmosphere (CA) is an agricultural storage method. It is an atmosphere in which oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen concentration as well as temperature and humidity are regulated. Glycolysis is the basis of both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration, and it occurs in nearly all organisms. It is regulated by three enzymes catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions: Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. In this work we studied the effect of controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) of mango at 13°C on the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and on fruit quality. This study was carried out on mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt. The storage of fruits under the CA retarded ripening and did not affect the quality attributes of Keitt mango. There was a significant decreasing in the activity of PFK as compared with control under (CAS) used in this work. These results indicate a potential for the application of CA for postharvest ripening control of mango. The optimal CA for longterm storage of \"Keitt\" mango at 13°C is (3% O2 +6% CO2+ 91% N2); under these conditions the storage life of mango can be extended up to 10 weeks.","PeriodicalId":254766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Abdulaziz University-meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131884463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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