We measure eco-efficiency of an economy by means of an augmented Leontief input–output model extended by constraints for primary inputs. Using a multi-objective optimisation model the eco-efficiency frontier of the economy is generated. The results of these multi-objective optimisation problems define eco-efficient virtual decision making units (DMUs). The eco-efficiency is obtained as a solution of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with virtual DMUs defining the potential and a DMU describing the actual performance of the economy. This procedure is then extended to an intertemporal approach in the spirit of the Luenberger productivity indicator. This indicator permits decomposing eco-productivity change into eco-efficiency change and eco-technical change. The indicator is then further decompounded in a way that enables us to examine the contributions of individual production factors, undesirable as well as desirable outputs to eco-productivity change over time. For illustration purposes the proposed model is applied to investigate eco-productivity growth of the Austrian economy.
{"title":"Eco-Efficiency and Eco-Productivity Change Over Time in a Multisectoral Economic System","authors":"B. Mahlberg, M. Luptácik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2316142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2316142","url":null,"abstract":"We measure eco-efficiency of an economy by means of an augmented Leontief input–output model extended by constraints for primary inputs. Using a multi-objective optimisation model the eco-efficiency frontier of the economy is generated. The results of these multi-objective optimisation problems define eco-efficient virtual decision making units (DMUs). The eco-efficiency is obtained as a solution of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with virtual DMUs defining the potential and a DMU describing the actual performance of the economy. This procedure is then extended to an intertemporal approach in the spirit of the Luenberger productivity indicator. This indicator permits decomposing eco-productivity change into eco-efficiency change and eco-technical change. The indicator is then further decompounded in a way that enables us to examine the contributions of individual production factors, undesirable as well as desirable outputs to eco-productivity change over time. For illustration purposes the proposed model is applied to investigate eco-productivity growth of the Austrian economy.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116827779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After briefly summarising the critique of growth, this essay describes in some detail an alternative economic system, which I will call ‘the sufficiency economy.’ This term is typically applied to so-called ‘developing economies,’ which either have not yet industrialised or are still in the early phases of industrialisation. These economies are sometimes called sufficiency economies because they do not or cannot produce material abundance, or do not seek material abundance. Instead, sufficiency economies are focused on meeting mostly local needs with mostly local resources, without the society being relentlessly driven to expand by the growth-focused ethics of profit-maximisation. My point of differentiation in this essay will be to consider the notion of a sufficiency economy within the context of the most highly developed regions of the world – where an economics of sufficiency is most desperately needed – and to explore what such an economy would look like, how it might function, and how the transition to such an economy might transpire.Rather than progress being seen as a movement toward ever-increasing material affluence, the sufficiency economy aims for a world in which everyone’s basic needs are modestly but sufficiently met, in an ecologically sustainable, highly localised, and socially equitable manner. When material sufficiency is achieved in these ways, further growth would not continue to be a priority. Instead, human beings would realise that they were free from the demands of continuous economic activity and could therefore dedicate more of their energies to non-materialistic pursuits, such as enjoying social relationships, connecting with nature, exploring the mysteries of the universe, or engaging in peaceful, creative activity of various sorts.
{"title":"The Sufficiency Economy: Envisioning a Prosperous Way Down","authors":"S. Alexander","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2210170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2210170","url":null,"abstract":"After briefly summarising the critique of growth, this essay describes in some detail an alternative economic system, which I will call ‘the sufficiency economy.’ This term is typically applied to so-called ‘developing economies,’ which either have not yet industrialised or are still in the early phases of industrialisation. These economies are sometimes called sufficiency economies because they do not or cannot produce material abundance, or do not seek material abundance. Instead, sufficiency economies are focused on meeting mostly local needs with mostly local resources, without the society being relentlessly driven to expand by the growth-focused ethics of profit-maximisation. My point of differentiation in this essay will be to consider the notion of a sufficiency economy within the context of the most highly developed regions of the world – where an economics of sufficiency is most desperately needed – and to explore what such an economy would look like, how it might function, and how the transition to such an economy might transpire.Rather than progress being seen as a movement toward ever-increasing material affluence, the sufficiency economy aims for a world in which everyone’s basic needs are modestly but sufficiently met, in an ecologically sustainable, highly localised, and socially equitable manner. When material sufficiency is achieved in these ways, further growth would not continue to be a priority. Instead, human beings would realise that they were free from the demands of continuous economic activity and could therefore dedicate more of their energies to non-materialistic pursuits, such as enjoying social relationships, connecting with nature, exploring the mysteries of the universe, or engaging in peaceful, creative activity of various sorts.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131962527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corporate finance theory provides both precise and approximate formulas for the maximum growth rate of a firm, typically called the internal growth rate (when no external funds are permitted) and the sustainable growth rate (when the capital structure is held fixed). The assumption in these approaches is that the firm experiences constant returns to scale in that sales and assets grow in parallel. Yet empirical studies repeatedly find that the production functions facing firm display modest increasing returns to scale in that seldom must assets double to double sales. Firms can grow faster when bound to using only internal sources of funding and when firms maintain a constant debt-equity ratio in the presence of scale economies. Using homogeneous production functions, the revised formulas increase the maximum rate of growth that a firm could achieve and have the traditional formulas as a special case of the more general formulas for internal and sustainable growth.
{"title":"Internal and Sustainable Growth Rates in the Presence of Scale Economies","authors":"Richard D. Marcus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2142160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2142160","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate finance theory provides both precise and approximate formulas for the maximum growth rate of a firm, typically called the internal growth rate (when no external funds are permitted) and the sustainable growth rate (when the capital structure is held fixed). The assumption in these approaches is that the firm experiences constant returns to scale in that sales and assets grow in parallel. Yet empirical studies repeatedly find that the production functions facing firm display modest increasing returns to scale in that seldom must assets double to double sales. Firms can grow faster when bound to using only internal sources of funding and when firms maintain a constant debt-equity ratio in the presence of scale economies. Using homogeneous production functions, the revised formulas increase the maximum rate of growth that a firm could achieve and have the traditional formulas as a special case of the more general formulas for internal and sustainable growth.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114583167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper considers the process of discovery for subsoil resources, including both hard minerals and hydrocarbons and estimates its magnitude in recent years, as derived from the sum of extraction and changes in proven reserves. Spurred on by technology change and strong market conditions, discovery has been substantial for most minerals. The value of discovered reserves is high relative to the costs of exploration, particularly when low social discount rates are used to value potential production in the future. Discovery is therefore valuable and should be considered as adding to national wealth through increases in proven reserves. Many countries can continue to generate resource rents far longer than indicated by current reserve estimates and this has implications for decisions on how to plan to spend or save rents. With the high response of discovery to prices and technology, environmental constraints (climate change, water) are more likely than the actual exhaustion of resource deposits to limit resource-based development. The divergence between private and social valuation of discoveries may also justify measures taken by countries to encourage exploration, including through the provision of geo-scientific data to increase interest in discovery as well as competition among mining companies. More information is needed on the payoff to such investments, some of which are supported by donors. However, exploration is, of course, only a slice of the resource value chain. Many countries will need to improve management along the entire chain if resource wealth is to benefit their development. [CGD Working Paper]. URL:[http://www.cgdev.org/files/1426040_file_Gelb_Kaiser_Vinuela_extraction_FINAL.pdf].
{"title":"How Much Does Natural Resource Extraction Really Diminish National Wealth? The Implications of Discovery","authors":"A. Gelb, K. Kaiser, L. Viñuela","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2102716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2102716","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the process of discovery for subsoil resources, including both hard minerals and hydrocarbons and estimates its magnitude in recent years, as derived from the sum of extraction and changes in proven reserves. Spurred on by technology change and strong market conditions, discovery has been substantial for most minerals. The value of discovered reserves is high relative to the costs of exploration, particularly when low social discount rates are used to value potential production in the future. Discovery is therefore valuable and should be considered as adding to national wealth through increases in proven reserves. Many countries can continue to generate resource rents far longer than indicated by current reserve estimates and this has implications for decisions on how to plan to spend or save rents. With the high response of discovery to prices and technology, environmental constraints (climate change, water) are more likely than the actual exhaustion of resource deposits to limit resource-based development. The divergence between private and social valuation of discoveries may also justify measures taken by countries to encourage exploration, including through the provision of geo-scientific data to increase interest in discovery as well as competition among mining companies. More information is needed on the payoff to such investments, some of which are supported by donors. However, exploration is, of course, only a slice of the resource value chain. Many countries will need to improve management along the entire chain if resource wealth is to benefit their development. [CGD Working Paper]. URL:[http://www.cgdev.org/files/1426040_file_Gelb_Kaiser_Vinuela_extraction_FINAL.pdf].","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114378873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social Representations describe the genesis of collective ideas, social norms and general moods. By capturing social perceptions of socio-economic change in times of crises, social representations allow predictions about future behavior of social masses during economic upheaval. The social representations of intergenerational equity were retrieved from 110 speeches, interviews and conversations with leaders, practitioners, experts and students representing academia, business, economics, finance, international organizations, media, politics, public affairs and religion at a European future conference during the late summer of 2011. Social representations on intergenerational equity comprised of unsustainable pension systems in the light of aging, shrinking Western populations, overindebtedness in the wake of governmental deficit spending and ecologic decline related to climate change and unsustainable consumption patterns. Stakeholder views of intergenerational equity included environmentalism on public officials’ and international organizations’ agendas. Politicians connected intergenerational justice to human rights. The 2008/09 World Financial Crisis impacted intergenerational equity by stressing overindebtedness and uncertainty. Nationalism and protectionism appeared to be growing in the finance and corporate worlds during the Eurozone Eurobond negotiations. Intergenerational environmentalism features associations on ecologic sustainability, climate change and sustainable consumption patterns. Global solutions for complex common goods dilemmas and international remedies back intergenerational justice. Promoting solidarity, ethicality and social responsibility but also innovations and future investment are intergenerational equity implementation prerequisites. Intergenerational equity is obtained by efficiency, humane values and behavioral changes regarding conscientious consumption. Long-term solutions hold institutional regulation and foresighted taxation but also open debates informing global leaders of complex intertemporal frictions.
{"title":"On the Social Representations of Intergenerational Equity","authors":"Julia M. Puaschunder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2011359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2011359","url":null,"abstract":"Social Representations describe the genesis of collective ideas, social norms and general moods. By capturing social perceptions of socio-economic change in times of crises, social representations allow predictions about future behavior of social masses during economic upheaval. The social representations of intergenerational equity were retrieved from 110 speeches, interviews and conversations with leaders, practitioners, experts and students representing academia, business, economics, finance, international organizations, media, politics, public affairs and religion at a European future conference during the late summer of 2011. Social representations on intergenerational equity comprised of unsustainable pension systems in the light of aging, shrinking Western populations, overindebtedness in the wake of governmental deficit spending and ecologic decline related to climate change and unsustainable consumption patterns. Stakeholder views of intergenerational equity included environmentalism on public officials’ and international organizations’ agendas. Politicians connected intergenerational justice to human rights. The 2008/09 World Financial Crisis impacted intergenerational equity by stressing overindebtedness and uncertainty. Nationalism and protectionism appeared to be growing in the finance and corporate worlds during the Eurozone Eurobond negotiations. Intergenerational environmentalism features associations on ecologic sustainability, climate change and sustainable consumption patterns. Global solutions for complex common goods dilemmas and international remedies back intergenerational justice. Promoting solidarity, ethicality and social responsibility but also innovations and future investment are intergenerational equity implementation prerequisites. Intergenerational equity is obtained by efficiency, humane values and behavioral changes regarding conscientious consumption. Long-term solutions hold institutional regulation and foresighted taxation but also open debates informing global leaders of complex intertemporal frictions.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122602462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report illustrates the application of a (relatively) new method to guide decision making under high (and unknowable) levels of uncertainty. The approach allows for the identification of robust policy options that are economically beneficial under different scenarios and varying levels uncertainty. Option value techniques are commonly employed in the finance literature to identify investment decisions that are resilient across a spectrum of outcomes. The methods are technically advanced and conceptually complex but they can be applied with ease with the wide availability of specialized software. The results of a pilot exercise conducted in Campeche suggest that even though global estimates for many costs have been used (such as sea wall construction) the magnitudes are so large that the results seem to be robust and are unlikely to alter dramatically with more refined data. In general options that are modular, build capacity and flexibility are found to lead to more robust and prudent adaptation options. It also suggests that studies at this scale are best conducted ahead of project design – even at the programmatic level - to guide the identification of suitable adaptation approaches.
{"title":"Climate Change Adaptation and Real Option Evaluation","authors":"P. Scandizzo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2046955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2046955","url":null,"abstract":"This report illustrates the application of a (relatively) new method to guide decision making under high (and unknowable) levels of uncertainty. The approach allows for the identification of robust policy options that are economically beneficial under different scenarios and varying levels uncertainty. Option value techniques are commonly employed in the finance literature to identify investment decisions that are resilient across a spectrum of outcomes. The methods are technically advanced and conceptually complex but they can be applied with ease with the wide availability of specialized software. The results of a pilot exercise conducted in Campeche suggest that even though global estimates for many costs have been used (such as sea wall construction) the magnitudes are so large that the results seem to be robust and are unlikely to alter dramatically with more refined data. In general options that are modular, build capacity and flexibility are found to lead to more robust and prudent adaptation options. It also suggests that studies at this scale are best conducted ahead of project design – even at the programmatic level - to guide the identification of suitable adaptation approaches.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126401823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship among CO2 emissions and economic growth for Iranian economy. The sample period covered annual data during 1965-2004. By applying the techniques of unit-root test and the long-run Granger non-causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995), we investigate the causal relationship between the economic growth and CO2 emissions. The results of unit root tests show that variables are I (1) and results of Granger causality indicate a unidirectional causality from gross domestic product per capita to CO2 emissions.
{"title":"Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth: The Iranian Experience","authors":"Farhad Sanjari, S. Delangizan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1635233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1635233","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship among CO2 emissions and economic growth for Iranian economy. The sample period covered annual data during 1965-2004. By applying the techniques of unit-root test and the long-run Granger non-causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995), we investigate the causal relationship between the economic growth and CO2 emissions. The results of unit root tests show that variables are I (1) and results of Granger causality indicate a unidirectional causality from gross domestic product per capita to CO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124594778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper takes a new look at the long-run implications of resource abundance. Using a Schumpeterian growth model that yields an analytical solution for the transition path, it derives conditions under which the curse of natural resources occurs and is in fact a curse, meaning that welfare falls, conditions under which it occurs but it is not a curse, meaning that growth slows down but welfare rises nevertheless, and conditions under which it does not occur at all. An effective way to summarize the results is to picture growth and welfare as hump-shaped functions of resource abundance. The property that the peak of growth occurs earlier than the peak of welfare captures the crucial role of initial consumption, which rises with resource abundance, and is an important reminder that the welfare effect of resource abundance depends on the whole path of consumption, not on a summary statistic of its slope. Growth regressions that ignore the endogeneity of initial income do not provide sufficient information to assess whether resource abundance is bad even if one could prove beyond reasonable doubt that the relation is indeed negative and causal. Recent evidence that the correlation is actually positive should make us even more skeptical of policy advice based on the curse logic.
{"title":"Is the 'Curse of Natural Resources' Really a Curse?","authors":"P. Peretto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1270606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1270606","url":null,"abstract":"This paper takes a new look at the long-run implications of resource abundance. Using a Schumpeterian growth model that yields an analytical solution for the transition path, it derives conditions under which the curse of natural resources occurs and is in fact a curse, meaning that welfare falls, conditions under which it occurs but it is not a curse, meaning that growth slows down but welfare rises nevertheless, and conditions under which it does not occur at all. An effective way to summarize the results is to picture growth and welfare as hump-shaped functions of resource abundance. The property that the peak of growth occurs earlier than the peak of welfare captures the crucial role of initial consumption, which rises with resource abundance, and is an important reminder that the welfare effect of resource abundance depends on the whole path of consumption, not on a summary statistic of its slope. Growth regressions that ignore the endogeneity of initial income do not provide sufficient information to assess whether resource abundance is bad even if one could prove beyond reasonable doubt that the relation is indeed negative and causal. Recent evidence that the correlation is actually positive should make us even more skeptical of policy advice based on the curse logic.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130422459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1051/SHSCONF/20141201080
R. Zainol
Nature based tourism products offer valuable experience to visitors which can only be appreciated or stimulated using sensory elements. Visual, sound, taste, smell, touch and mobility are sensory elements that are able to enhance visitors’ experience in any particular destination. However, some destinations might not provide all the elements. Therefore this study’s objective is to assess the role of multisensory experience in appreciating the natural heritage of Kinabalu Park. Participant observation is used to carry out the assessment. Findings show visitors are able to appreciate Kinabalu Park using five main sensory elements namely visual, sound, smell, feelings and mobility. The only one that is not available is taste. This is parallel to the products offered in Kinabalu Park which do not allow visitors to pluck any branches or taste any of its forest products. Multisensory elements enhance visitors experience through the senses which will be memorable in years to come. Learning will take place not immediately but through recalling of memories.
{"title":"Appreciating a World Heritage Site Using Multisensory Elements: A Case Study in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia","authors":"R. Zainol","doi":"10.1051/SHSCONF/20141201080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/SHSCONF/20141201080","url":null,"abstract":"Nature based tourism products offer valuable experience to visitors which can only be appreciated or stimulated using sensory elements. Visual, sound, taste, smell, touch and mobility are sensory elements that are able to enhance visitors’ experience in any particular destination. However, some destinations might not provide all the elements. Therefore this study’s objective is to assess the role of multisensory experience in appreciating the natural heritage of Kinabalu Park. Participant observation is used to carry out the assessment. Findings show visitors are able to appreciate Kinabalu Park using five main sensory elements namely visual, sound, smell, feelings and mobility. The only one that is not available is taste. This is parallel to the products offered in Kinabalu Park which do not allow visitors to pluck any branches or taste any of its forest products. Multisensory elements enhance visitors experience through the senses which will be memorable in years to come. Learning will take place not immediately but through recalling of memories.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114509574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The future leadership on the Green New Deal (GND) will depend on teaching core concepts of the economics of the environment and evaluating the success of the transition implementation by monitoring and evaluation. The GND operates within the framework of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) since 2008 to create jobs in green industries, thus boosting the world economy and curbing climate change at the same time. In 2019 over 600 organizations submitted a letter to the U.S. Congress declaring support for policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This includes ending fossil fuel extraction and subsidies, transitioning to 100% clean renewable energy by 2035, expanding public transportation, and strict emission reductions rather than reliance on carbon emission trading. This paper describes the implementation of the GND but also underlying efforts to teach GND components for building a cadre of future environmental economists.
{"title":"Green New Deal Leadership Determinants of the 21st Century: Teaching Economics of the Environment","authors":"Julia M. Puaschunder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3817205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3817205","url":null,"abstract":"The future leadership on the Green New Deal (GND) will depend on teaching core concepts of the economics of the environment and evaluating the success of the transition implementation by monitoring and evaluation. The GND operates within the framework of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) since 2008 to create jobs in green industries, thus boosting the world economy and curbing climate change at the same time. In 2019 over 600 organizations submitted a letter to the U.S. Congress declaring support for policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This includes ending fossil fuel extraction and subsidies, transitioning to 100% clean renewable energy by 2035, expanding public transportation, and strict emission reductions rather than reliance on carbon emission trading. This paper describes the implementation of the GND but also underlying efforts to teach GND components for building a cadre of future environmental economists.","PeriodicalId":254923,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Sustainable Growth (Topic)","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115972154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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