Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.016
P. Beaujard
Southeast Asia is a clear example of how new techniques (both of power and production) and products “generate new social forms” (Higham 2002: 291). In Vietnam, Yunnan, and Thailand, the development first of bronze, and later iron metallurgy, led to exchanges and migrations, and fostered the intensification of agriculture as well as the emergence of powerful chiefdoms; the attendant process of militarization can be seen from the large amount of weapons recovered. Bronze working began in northern Vietnam, northeastern Thailand, and central Thailand as early as the second millennium bce .
{"title":"Southeast Asia, an Interface between Two Oceans","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.016","url":null,"abstract":"Southeast Asia is a clear example of how new techniques (both of power and production) and products “generate new social forms” (Higham 2002: 291). In Vietnam, Yunnan, and Thailand, the development first of bronze, and later iron metallurgy, led to exchanges and migrations, and fostered the intensification of agriculture as well as the emergence of powerful chiefdoms; the attendant process of militarization can be seen from the large amount of weapons recovered. Bronze working began in northern Vietnam, northeastern Thailand, and central Thailand as early as the second millennium bce .","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126985633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.015
P. Beaujard
{"title":"India: The Birth of a New Core","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131812497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.008
P. Beaujard
The collapse of the Indus civilization was accompanied by a decrease in trade both in the Persian Gulf and along the terrestrial routes east of Mesopotamia. The demise of the Sumerian world at this time “cannot be a mere coincidence.” De-urbanization occurred at the same time in Iran, while in Babylonia Hammurabi’s successors had to deal with a social and economic crisis, aggravated by the Kassite invasions. The “Old Babylonian Period” ended in 1595 with the looting of Babylon by the Hittites (MC) (in 1499 in the ultra-short chronology of Gasche et al. 1998).
印度河文明的崩溃伴随着波斯湾和美索不达米亚以东陆路贸易的减少。苏美尔世界在这个时候的灭亡“不可能仅仅是巧合”。与此同时，去城市化在伊朗发生，而在巴比伦，汉谟拉比的继任者不得不应对社会和经济危机，而卡西特人的入侵加剧了这一危机。“古巴比伦时期”结束于1595年，赫梯人(MC)洗劫了巴比伦(在Gasche et al. 1998的超短年表中是1499年)。
{"title":"The Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1100bce), an Area Unified around the Eastern Mediterranean","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.008","url":null,"abstract":"The collapse of the Indus civilization was accompanied by a decrease in trade both in the Persian Gulf and along the terrestrial routes east of Mesopotamia. The demise of the Sumerian world at this time “cannot be a mere coincidence.” De-urbanization occurred at the same time in Iran, while in Babylonia Hammurabi’s successors had to deal with a social and economic crisis, aggravated by the Kassite invasions. The “Old Babylonian Period” ended in 1595 with the looting of Babylon by the Hittites (MC) (in 1499 in the ultra-short chronology of Gasche et al. 1998).","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132349302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.002
P. Beaujard
The Indian Ocean covers approximately 75 million square kilometers. It is bordered to the west by the African coast and Arabia, to the east by the Thai–Malay peninsula, the Indonesian coasts, and – further south – western Australia. The Asian continent runs along its northern border, with India forming a wide peninsula that divides the northern Indian Ocean into eastern and western parts (the Bay of Bengal and the Sea of India, respectively). The western part of the Indian Ocean extends along both sides of Arabia, with a narrow entrance opening onto the Persian Gulf to the north and the Red Sea to the south.
{"title":"Introduction: The Geography of the Indian Ocean and Its Navigation","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.002","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Ocean covers approximately 75 million square kilometers. It is bordered to the west by the African coast and Arabia, to the east by the Thai–Malay peninsula, the Indonesian coasts, and – further south – western Australia. The Asian continent runs along its northern border, with India forming a wide peninsula that divides the northern Indian Ocean into eastern and western parts (the Bay of Bengal and the Sea of India, respectively). The western part of the Indian Ocean extends along both sides of Arabia, with a narrow entrance opening onto the Persian Gulf to the north and the Red Sea to the south.","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133837461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.009
P. Beaujard
During the four millennia that saw the rise to power of states in western Asia and in Egypt, East Asia followed a unique trajectory, though – very early on – contacts led to the introduction of techniques and products from the west. China, where sedentary communities developed, was a primary center for the domestication of plants and animals. The Neolithic communities in the Yangtze valley region developed slightly later than in western Asia, possibly practicing agriculture during the eighth millennium bce (but more likely during the sixth); a process of rice domestication subsequently began, which led to the development of japonica varieties in the east (though it would be more correct to speak of sinica ) and – for some authors – of indica types further south and west.
{"title":"East Asia: From Villages to States (c. 5000–1027bce)","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.009","url":null,"abstract":"During the four millennia that saw the rise to power of states in western Asia and in Egypt, East Asia followed a unique trajectory, though – very early on – contacts led to the introduction of techniques and products from the west. China, where sedentary communities developed, was a primary center for the domestication of plants and animals. The Neolithic communities in the Yangtze valley region developed slightly later than in western Asia, possibly practicing agriculture during the eighth millennium bce (but more likely during the sixth); a process of rice domestication subsequently began, which led to the development of japonica varieties in the east (though it would be more correct to speak of sinica ) and – for some authors – of indica types further south and west.","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124187314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341219.013
P. Beaujard
Under the Fatimids, who took power in 914, Egypt’s influence inched upward, and this was felt throughout the western Indian Ocean. Fusṭāṭ was “the initiator of international trade” at that time (Fu‘ad-Sayyed and Gayraud 2000: 152). The Fatimids ceded control over Syria to the Seljuks in 1070, maintaining control over Egypt until the installation of the Ayyūbid dynasty (1171–1260). The Mamluks, who were Turkish slaves of the Ayyūbid sultans, later reigned over Egypt, creating the Bahrite dynasty (1260–1382): pretexting the ideological “defense of endangered Islam, a military class confiscated power for its own benefit” (Garcin 1995b: 343).
在914年掌权的法蒂玛王朝的统治下，埃及的影响力逐渐上升，整个西印度洋都能感受到这一点。Fusṭāṭ是当时“国际贸易的开创者”(Fu 'ad-Sayyed and Gayraud 2000: 152)。1070年，法蒂玛王朝将对叙利亚的控制权割让给了塞尔柱王朝，直到Ayyūbid王朝(1171-1260)建立为止，他们一直控制着埃及。马穆鲁克人是Ayyūbid苏丹的土耳其奴隶，后来统治了埃及，建立了巴林王朝(1260-1382):以意识形态为借口“保卫濒危的伊斯兰教，一个军事阶级为了自己的利益没收了权力”(Garcin 1995b: 343)。
{"title":"Egypt and Yemen: The Jewish andKārimīNetworks","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341219.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341219.013","url":null,"abstract":"Under the Fatimids, who took power in 914, Egypt’s influence inched upward, and this was felt throughout the western Indian Ocean. Fusṭāṭ was “the initiator of international trade” at that time (Fu‘ad-Sayyed and Gayraud 2000: 152). The Fatimids ceded control over Syria to the Seljuks in 1070, maintaining control over Egypt until the installation of the Ayyūbid dynasty (1171–1260). The Mamluks, who were Turkish slaves of the Ayyūbid sultans, later reigned over Egypt, creating the Bahrite dynasty (1260–1382): pretexting the ideological “defense of endangered Islam, a military class confiscated power for its own benefit” (Garcin 1995b: 343).","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117192704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.014
P. Beaujard
Alexandria was founded in Egypt in 331 bce . In the region of Baṣra, Alexander built an Alexandria that would become Antiocheia and ultimately Spasinou Charax. At the other end of the empire, another Alexandria was also founded in the Indus valley. In Central Asia, four Alexandrias appeared, pointing to Bactria’s importance as a hub of exchanges.
{"title":"The Roads to the Orient","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.014","url":null,"abstract":"Alexandria was founded in Egypt in 331 bce . In the region of Baṣra, Alexander built an Alexandria that would become Antiocheia and ultimately Spasinou Charax. At the other end of the empire, another Alexandria was also founded in the Indus valley. In Central Asia, four Alexandrias appeared, pointing to Bactria’s importance as a hub of exchanges.","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131655706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.011
P. Beaujard
The birth of the state in regions benefiting from particular geographical and demographic assets (such as Mesopotamia, Susiana, Egypt, and later the Indus and China) was a period during which a partial break occurred from the mode of accumulation inscribed in kinship relationships. Public and private accumulation of capital appeared, along with a new ideology, techniques of power (Mann 1986) – with writing, and the blossoming of institutions linked to the religious sphere – and new forms of labor mobilization, implying tributes and taxes, and servile or hired labor.
{"title":"Were there World-Systems during the Bronze Age?","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.011","url":null,"abstract":"The birth of the state in regions benefiting from particular geographical and demographic assets (such as Mesopotamia, Susiana, Egypt, and later the Indus and China) was a period during which a partial break occurred from the mode of accumulation inscribed in kinship relationships. Public and private accumulation of capital appeared, along with a new ideology, techniques of power (Mann 1986) – with writing, and the blossoming of institutions linked to the religious sphere – and new forms of labor mobilization, implying tributes and taxes, and servile or hired labor.","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123640161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341004.019
P. Beaujard
As has been the case for Southeast Asia, the way in which historians regard the birth and expansion of the coastal cultures of East Africa has changed significantly in recent years. Archaeology has brought forward new knowledge that has caused a reappraisal of traditional accounts of the appearance and rise of settlements on the East African coast. Proponents of an Arab or Persian “colonization” have since given way to the advocates of an African development. However, it seems apparent that the debate cannot be settled in these terms alone.
{"title":"East Africa: The Emergence of a Pre-Swahili Culture on the Azanian Coast","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341004.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341004.019","url":null,"abstract":"As has been the case for Southeast Asia, the way in which historians regard the birth and expansion of the coastal cultures of East Africa has changed significantly in recent years. Archaeology has brought forward new knowledge that has caused a reappraisal of traditional accounts of the appearance and rise of settlements on the East African coast. Proponents of an Arab or Persian “colonization” have since given way to the advocates of an African development. However, it seems apparent that the debate cannot be settled in these terms alone.","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123176117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108341219.006
P. Beaujard
From a linguistic point of view, the “Zanjian” phase appears to be marked not only by a differentiation of the “Proto-Sabaki” language (spoken by Bantus settling between the Tana River and southeastern Somalia) into various groups, but also by the expansion of these groups, which D. Nurse links to trade blooming “in contact with foreign traders.” The Swahili and Comorian languages had split by the ninth century (Nurse 1983: 140; Nurse and Hinnebusch 1993: 494–495). During the period between the sixth and tenth centuries, a type of pottery which M. Horton has called Tana Tradition Ware (also referred to as Triangular Incised Ware [TIW] by F. Chami) – also found decorated with crisscross patterns or zigzag bands – replaced Early Iron Age Ware (EIW). Research to date shows that Tana Ware has been discovered from the Kenyan coast to Mozambique and in the Comoros, but not in Madagascar, except at a site on the Androy coast.
从语言学的角度来看，“赞建”阶段似乎不仅标志着“原始萨巴基”语言(定居在塔纳河和索马里东南部之间的班图斯人所说的语言)分化成不同的群体，而且还标志着这些群体的扩张，D. Nurse将其与“与外国商人接触”的贸易繁荣联系起来。斯瓦希里语和科摩罗语在9世纪分裂(Nurse 1983: 140;Nurse and Hinnebusch 1993: 494-495)。在六世纪到十世纪之间，一种被Horton先生称为Tana Tradition Ware(也被F. Chami称为triangle Incised Ware [TIW])的陶器取代了早期铁器时代的陶器(EIW)，这种陶器也被发现装饰有纵横交错的图案或之字形。迄今为止的研究表明，从肯尼亚海岸到莫桑比克和科摩罗都发现过塔纳韦尔，但除了在安德罗伊海岸的一处遗址外，没有在马达加斯加发现过。
{"title":"East Africa: Dawn of the Swahili Culture","authors":"P. Beaujard","doi":"10.1017/9781108341219.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108341219.006","url":null,"abstract":"From a linguistic point of view, the “Zanjian” phase appears to be marked not only by a differentiation of the “Proto-Sabaki” language (spoken by Bantus settling between the Tana River and southeastern Somalia) into various groups, but also by the expansion of these groups, which D. Nurse links to trade blooming “in contact with foreign traders.” The Swahili and Comorian languages had split by the ninth century (Nurse 1983: 140; Nurse and Hinnebusch 1993: 494–495). During the period between the sixth and tenth centuries, a type of pottery which M. Horton has called Tana Tradition Ware (also referred to as Triangular Incised Ware [TIW] by F. Chami) – also found decorated with crisscross patterns or zigzag bands – replaced Early Iron Age Ware (EIW). Research to date shows that Tana Ware has been discovered from the Kenyan coast to Mozambique and in the Comoros, but not in Madagascar, except at a site on the Androy coast.","PeriodicalId":256513,"journal":{"name":"The Worlds of the Indian Ocean","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129160183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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