Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-008
Richard Hölzl, K. Oosthoek
This chapter discusses protection of forests as material resources, ecosystems, and sites of cultural appreciation. It inquires into the ideas, policies, actors, and effects of protecting forests that have emerged during the last 300 years. The “long twentieth century” of nature protection in Europe is thus embedded within a long-term global perspective. How did wood and timber conservation transform into more holistic, ecological modes of protection? When did heritage and recreational objectives begin to shape forest protection? How were European protection policies connected to more global changes? After a brief outline of the material development of forests in Europe from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century, this chapter summarizes the major policy trajectories and cultural outlooks on forest protection in European countries up to the 1960s. Another section examines major shifts in policy, knowledge, and cultural appreciation during the age of ecology, including joint European and global efforts in forest protection.
{"title":"7 Transforming Woodlands: European Forest Protection in a Global Context","authors":"Richard Hölzl, K. Oosthoek","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses protection of forests as material resources, ecosystems, and sites of cultural appreciation. It inquires into the ideas, policies, actors, and effects of protecting forests that have emerged during the last 300 years. The “long twentieth century” of nature protection in Europe is thus embedded within a long-term global perspective. How did wood and timber conservation transform into more holistic, ecological modes of protection? When did heritage and recreational objectives begin to shape forest protection? How were European protection policies connected to more global changes? After a brief outline of the material development of forests in Europe from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century, this chapter summarizes the major policy trajectories and cultural outlooks on forest protection in European countries up to the 1960s. Another section examines major shifts in policy, knowledge, and cultural appreciation during the age of ecology, including joint European and global efforts in forest protection.","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116585139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-015
A. Kaijser
In the late 1960s, Scandinavian scientists asserted that the long-range air pollution was causing serious acidification and that emissions all over Europe would have to be diminished. The prevailing view at the time was that air pollution was a local phenomenon best handled by building high smokestacks, and the major polluting countries were opposed to spending money on protecting areas far away in other countries. This chapter analyses how the discovery of “acid rain” triggered the first international research projects to confirm long-range air pollution and how, in a second phase, international negotiations involving scientists, policymakers, and diplomats resulted in the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in 1979. Later on, special protocols were adopted, and the signing nations promised to decrease their emissions in accordance with specific goals. Cold War politics played an interesting role in the negotiations and led to an unexpected alliance between Nordic countries and the Soviet Union.
{"title":"14 Combatting “Acid Rain”: Protecting the Common European Sky","authors":"A. Kaijser","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-015","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1960s, Scandinavian scientists asserted that the long-range air pollution was causing serious acidification and that emissions all over Europe would have to be diminished. The prevailing view at the time was that air pollution was a local phenomenon best handled by building high smokestacks, and the major polluting countries were opposed to spending money on protecting areas far away in other countries. This chapter analyses how the discovery of “acid rain” triggered the first international research projects to confirm long-range air pollution and how, in a second phase, international negotiations involving scientists, policymakers, and diplomats resulted in the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in 1979. Later on, special protocols were adopted, and the signing nations promised to decrease their emissions in accordance with specific goals. Cold War politics played an interesting role in the negotiations and led to an unexpected alliance between Nordic countries and the Soviet Union.","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121769681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-003
Anna-Katharina Wöbse
This chapter sheds light on the environmental history of European bird politics and shifting human-animal relations in the long twentieth century by focusing on two overarching foci: the relations and interactions between human and non-human actors and between biology, geographies, and politics. The agency of migrating birds caused activities of ornithologists, preservationists, and policy-makers and both nourished and challenged ideas of European distinctiveness. Looking at the history of bird politics not only provides insights into the Europeanization of routines, practices, and regime-building that were shaped by natural dynamics as well as human made processes, but also reflects the fundamental changes that took place in European land management during the twentieth century.
{"title":"2 Counting Birds: Protecting European Avifauna and Habitats","authors":"Anna-Katharina Wöbse","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter sheds light on the environmental history of European bird politics and shifting human-animal relations in the long twentieth century by focusing on two overarching foci: the relations and interactions between human and non-human actors and between biology, geographies, and politics. The agency of migrating birds caused activities of ornithologists, preservationists, and policy-makers and both nourished and challenged ideas of European distinctiveness. Looking at the history of bird politics not only provides insights into the Europeanization of routines, practices, and regime-building that were shaped by natural dynamics as well as human made processes, but also reflects the fundamental changes that took place in European land management during the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132939750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-011
S. Laakkonen, Tuomas Räsänen
{"title":"10 Negotiating the Maritime Commons: Protecting the Baltic Sea in a European Context","authors":"S. Laakkonen, Tuomas Räsänen","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132181723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-012
H. Weber
{"title":"11 Recycling Europe’s Domestic Wastes: The Hope of “Greening” Mass Consumption through Recycling","authors":"H. Weber","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115507297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-002
Patrick Kupper, Anna-Katharina Wöbse
{"title":"1 Introduction: Writing a European History of Environmental Protection","authors":"Patrick Kupper, Anna-Katharina Wöbse","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121885529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-016
E. Seefried
This chapter analyses the formation of sustainability concepts and political activities in Europe. Sustainable development and sustainability are not understood as normative ideas providing timeless solutions to environmental or developmental problems, but as political concepts and a field of action that are subject to historical change. The chapter shows that during the 1990s, sustainable development concepts were Europeanised. The Agenda 21 programme set both governmental Sustainable Development Strategies and local civil society actions in Europe in motion. Also, the concept began to shape the EU’s environmental policy in the 1990s as it accorded well with the Union’s self-image as a community pursuing consensual and balanced solutions to future problems.
{"title":"15 Developing Europe: The Formation of Sustainability Concepts and Activities","authors":"E. Seefried","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses the formation of sustainability concepts and political activities in Europe. Sustainable development and sustainability are not understood as normative ideas providing timeless solutions to environmental or developmental problems, but as political concepts and a field of action that are subject to historical change. The chapter shows that during the 1990s, sustainable development concepts were Europeanised. The Agenda 21 programme set both governmental Sustainable Development Strategies and local civil society actions in Europe in motion. Also, the concept began to shape the EU’s environmental policy in the 1990s as it accorded well with the Union’s self-image as a community pursuing consensual and balanced solutions to future problems.","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129214390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1515/9783110669213-007
A. Eckert, Pavla Š Šimková
This chapter highlights the connections between borders and the natural environment, taking the European Green Belt as an example. It highlights the project’s dual origins along the Finnish-Russian and the inter-German border. The authors argue that the opportunities for nature protection provided by the end of the Cold War and the subsequent push for European integration are best understood if considered alongside a parallel paradigm shift in nature conservation itself: a move towards the creation of ecological networks and corridors that required transboundary cooperation. This chapter addresses this synchronism in a case study of transboundary conservation along the Czech, German, and Austrian borders, focusing on the national parks of the Bavarian Forest/Šumava and Thayatal/Podyjí. The European Green Belt ‘invented’ neither transboundary collaboration nor ecological networks, but its symbolic valence as a profoundly European space, both in historical and political terms, has made it a prime example of these approaches and has helped popularize them.
{"title":"6 Transcending the Cold War: Borders, Nature, and the European Green Belt Conservation Project along the Former Iron Curtain","authors":"A. Eckert, Pavla Š Šimková","doi":"10.1515/9783110669213-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669213-007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights the connections between borders and the natural environment, taking the European Green Belt as an example. It highlights the project’s dual origins along the Finnish-Russian and the inter-German border. The authors argue that the opportunities for nature protection provided by the end of the Cold War and the subsequent push for European integration are best understood if considered alongside a parallel paradigm shift in nature conservation itself: a move towards the creation of ecological networks and corridors that required transboundary cooperation. This chapter addresses this synchronism in a case study of transboundary conservation along the Czech, German, and Austrian borders, focusing on the national parks of the Bavarian Forest/Šumava and Thayatal/Podyjí. The European Green Belt ‘invented’ neither transboundary collaboration nor ecological networks, but its symbolic valence as a profoundly European space, both in historical and political terms, has made it a prime example of these approaches and has helped popularize them.","PeriodicalId":260555,"journal":{"name":"Greening Europe","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133178584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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