Despite of undoubtful economic contribution to the nation, sometimes dam causes sufferings due to uncertain breakage. The study investigated the economic effects of the breakage of Kandesha Dam in the far West of Lusaka Business District. It shows that the magnitude and intensity of the impact of dam breaking is dependent on the anthropogenic activities downstream of the dams. The most notable effects of the breaking of Kandesha dam included loss of income (24%), reduced working capitals among community members (14%), due to disturbed business activities resulting from the rampant flooding (12%). Generally, the findings showed diversity of economic effects following the breaking of the dams. The paper recommends regulation of human activities on the immediate downstream in order to minimize the ultimate impact of the dam breaking. Landscape-based assessment of catchment in order to understand the biophysical processes and human activities before siting and constructing dams would potentially reduce the risk of future breaking of dams and, could further immunize several economic losses on both government and community members part.
{"title":"Economic Effects of the Failure of Kandesha Dam on Local Communities in Mumbwa District, Zambia","authors":"M. Muchanga, Bertha Mzyece","doi":"10.54536/ajee.v1i2.945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i2.945","url":null,"abstract":"Despite of undoubtful economic contribution to the nation, sometimes dam causes sufferings due to uncertain breakage. The study investigated the economic effects of the breakage of Kandesha Dam in the far West of Lusaka Business District. It shows that the magnitude and intensity of the impact of dam breaking is dependent on the anthropogenic activities downstream of the dams. The most notable effects of the breaking of Kandesha dam included loss of income (24%), reduced working capitals among community members (14%), due to disturbed business activities resulting from the rampant flooding (12%). Generally, the findings showed diversity of economic effects following the breaking of the dams. The paper recommends regulation of human activities on the immediate downstream in order to minimize the ultimate impact of the dam breaking. Landscape-based assessment of catchment in order to understand the biophysical processes and human activities before siting and constructing dams would potentially reduce the risk of future breaking of dams and, could further immunize several economic losses on both government and community members part.","PeriodicalId":260904,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134161117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tree species are the main component of the agro-forestry system because they provide farmers with direct benefits and play a vital role in mitigating climate change, stabilizing slopes, and ecological balance. The list of tree species used in different agro-forestry practices shows 110 tree species belonging to 42 families. Tree species belonging to the family Moraceae are widely used in agro-forestry practices, followed by Liguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, and so on. There are approximately 44 species of trees suitable for single use, such as forage, fruit, fuelwood, and timber production. Similarly, tree species with two functions are better than tree species with only one function. Approximately 40 trees have two functions: food and fuelwood, fruit and fuelwood, and wood and fuelwood. Among the 110 species used in agro-forestry practices in Nepal, 21 species have more than two functions and are the most suitable species for agro-forestry practices. The use of tree species in different agro-forestry practices shows that the number of trees used in Silvo-pastoral systems is the highest (30%), followed by Horto-agri-silviculture (23%). Approximately 21% of tree species are used in more than two agro-forestry systems. The minimum number of tree species used for Agri-silvi-pastoral and home gardens is 3% and 4% respectively.
{"title":"An Overview of Tree Species Used for Agroforestry Practices in Nepal","authors":"Sher Bahadur Budha","doi":"10.54536/ajee.v1i1.461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i1.461","url":null,"abstract":"Tree species are the main component of the agro-forestry system because they provide farmers with direct benefits and play a vital role in mitigating climate change, stabilizing slopes, and ecological balance. The list of tree species used in different agro-forestry practices shows 110 tree species belonging to 42 families. Tree species belonging to the family Moraceae are widely used in agro-forestry practices, followed by Liguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, and so on. There are approximately 44 species of trees suitable for single use, such as forage, fruit, fuelwood, and timber production. Similarly, tree species with two functions are better than tree species with only one function. Approximately 40 trees have two functions: food and fuelwood, fruit and fuelwood, and wood and fuelwood. Among the 110 species used in agro-forestry practices in Nepal, 21 species have more than two functions and are the most suitable species for agro-forestry practices. The use of tree species in different agro-forestry practices shows that the number of trees used in Silvo-pastoral systems is the highest (30%), followed by Horto-agri-silviculture (23%). Approximately 21% of tree species are used in more than two agro-forestry systems. The minimum number of tree species used for Agri-silvi-pastoral and home gardens is 3% and 4% respectively.","PeriodicalId":260904,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Economics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117051363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adlai (Coixlacryma – jobi L.) had a higher potential alternative crop for rice and corn, but information about this crop is still limited. This study was conducted to; a) evaluate the agronomic component, yield, and yield characteristics; and b) determine the economic analysis of different Adlai cultivars under lowland conditions of Carcar City, Cebu. The area (360 m2) was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three Adlai cultivars were designated as treatments replicated thrice. All treatments were applied uniformly with inorganic fertilizer at the rate of 120-60-60 kg/ha N, P2O5, and K2O using complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and urea (46-0-0). Among cultivars, Tapol and Gulian markedly headed and matured earlier than Ginampay. Tapol cultivar grew taller and produced longer panicles with extended and broader leaves. Meanwhile, Gulian had a higher number of panicles than Tapol and Ginampay. In terms of yield, Tapol cultivar produced a higher grain yield comparable to Gulian and Ginampay. However, only the Tapol cultivar generated the highest gross margin and percent return on investment of PHP 59, 269.79 and 3.51 which indicated as high adaptability of Tapol cultivar under lowland conditions in Carcar City, Cebu.
{"title":"Field Performance and Economic Analysis of Different Adlai (Coixlacryma-Jobi L.) Cultivars Grown Under Lowland Conditions in Cebu City, Philippines","authors":"Marciano D. Tangpos","doi":"10.54536/ajee.v1i1.425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i1.425","url":null,"abstract":"Adlai (Coixlacryma – jobi L.) had a higher potential alternative crop for rice and corn, but information about this crop is still limited. This study was conducted to; a) evaluate the agronomic component, yield, and yield characteristics; and b) determine the economic analysis of different Adlai cultivars under lowland conditions of Carcar City, Cebu. The area (360 m2) was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three Adlai cultivars were designated as treatments replicated thrice. All treatments were applied uniformly with inorganic fertilizer at the rate of 120-60-60 kg/ha N, P2O5, and K2O using complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and urea (46-0-0). Among cultivars, Tapol and Gulian markedly headed and matured earlier than Ginampay. Tapol cultivar grew taller and produced longer panicles with extended and broader leaves. Meanwhile, Gulian had a higher number of panicles than Tapol and Ginampay. In terms of yield, Tapol cultivar produced a higher grain yield comparable to Gulian and Ginampay. However, only the Tapol cultivar generated the highest gross margin and percent return on investment of PHP 59, 269.79 and 3.51 which indicated as high adaptability of Tapol cultivar under lowland conditions in Carcar City, Cebu.","PeriodicalId":260904,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Economics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116297063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ibiam Prince Amauche, Amadi Chiubeze, Ezeamama Liliam, Ani Grace O., Ifegbo Arinze N
The study was carried out to compare the phytochemical properties of Africa yam bean, pigeon pea, moringa seed, pawpaw leaf and pawpaw seed powder and the Significance of the phytochemicals in respect to the treatment of diseases were discussed. Phytochemicals were qualitatively analyzed from the plants ethanol extracts and the practical were done in Bro. Mike researchers Lab. Umuerim Extension Umudibia Nekede and the Standard phytochemical analysis methods were adopted. Preliminary screening of the Africa yam bean, pigeon pea, moringa seed, Pawpaw leaf and pawpaw seed powder revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and in all the plants ethanol extracts. Africa yam bean contained all the phytochemicals except tannin, while there was absence of flavonoid, and Glycoside in pigeon pea. Tannins were also absent in the pawpaw seed and pawpaw seed extracts. There was also the absence of steroid and ncardiac glycosides in moringa. The quantitative analysis of the six selected phytochemicals revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean values of alkaloids and flavonoids contents of African yam bean plants. However, at Africa yam bean had the highest Alkaloids content while moringa seed had the highest flavonoids content. The Pawpaw leaf contained the highest tannins and Saponins was found highest in pawpaw leaf and pawpaw seed. Finally, the results justified the medicinal potentials of these plants in the treatment of diseases.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Phytochemical Properties of Some Bio-Material (African Yam Bean, Pigeon Pea, Pawpaw Leaf Powder, Moringa Seed and Pawpaw Seed)","authors":"Ibiam Prince Amauche, Amadi Chiubeze, Ezeamama Liliam, Ani Grace O., Ifegbo Arinze N","doi":"10.54536/ajee.v1i1.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i1.347","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to compare the phytochemical properties of Africa yam bean, pigeon pea, moringa seed, pawpaw leaf and pawpaw seed powder and the Significance of the phytochemicals in respect to the treatment of diseases were discussed. Phytochemicals were qualitatively analyzed from the plants ethanol extracts and the practical were done in Bro. Mike researchers Lab. Umuerim Extension Umudibia Nekede and the Standard phytochemical analysis methods were adopted. Preliminary screening of the Africa yam bean, pigeon pea, moringa seed, Pawpaw leaf and pawpaw seed powder revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and in all the plants ethanol extracts. Africa yam bean contained all the phytochemicals except tannin, while there was absence of flavonoid, and Glycoside in pigeon pea. Tannins were also absent in the pawpaw seed and pawpaw seed extracts. There was also the absence of steroid and ncardiac glycosides in moringa. The quantitative analysis of the six selected phytochemicals revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean values of alkaloids and flavonoids contents of African yam bean plants. However, at Africa yam bean had the highest Alkaloids content while moringa seed had the highest flavonoids content. The Pawpaw leaf contained the highest tannins and Saponins was found highest in pawpaw leaf and pawpaw seed. Finally, the results justified the medicinal potentials of these plants in the treatment of diseases.","PeriodicalId":260904,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Economics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131575731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The greatest threat of 21st century, climate change is being deeply studied for its adverse effects and coping strategies by almost all nations of world. Although, detailed studies in developed nations are most common, Nepal lags in its own research and studies for understanding this change. With great geographic, altitudinal, socio-economical and biological variation in Nepal, the need for study of climate change has grown mandatory since farmers are experiencing peculiar unusual cases different from past. Farmers perception and studies remark the changes in temperature, rainfall, weed dynamics, insect, pest and disease outbreak, hazardous events, duration of a season, unpredictability in weather, loss of production and productivity, food insecurity, degradation of soil physical and chemical status, biological losses and alterations. Many adaptative strategies have been put forward locally and from government level that have shown different efficacy in different environment. Simply put, local site-specific adaptive strategies must be given more importance and prioritization. Financial cringe to tackle climate change must be sorted out and available resources must be put to use by NAPA. Modifications in farm operations, time adjustment and use of modern technology in practices, crop selection, improvement and their cultivation, detailed weather forecasting, soil and water conservation practices, agroforestry, crop rotation, share cropping and off farm engagements have been highlighted. Factors that influence the rate of adoption include age, gender, education and outreach of house head, financial liquidity, size of farms and availability of resources. New opportunities and prospects though revealed, it is still to be utilized.
{"title":"Climate Change: It’s Causes, Inflicted Hazards, Adopted Strategies and Opportunities in Agriculture of Nepal: A Detailed Review","authors":"Anubhav Tripathi, Mamata Pandey","doi":"10.54536/ajee.v1i1.358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i1.358","url":null,"abstract":"The greatest threat of 21st century, climate change is being deeply studied for its adverse effects and coping strategies by almost all nations of world. Although, detailed studies in developed nations are most common, Nepal lags in its own research and studies for understanding this change. With great geographic, altitudinal, socio-economical and biological variation in Nepal, the need for study of climate change has grown mandatory since farmers are experiencing peculiar unusual cases different from past. Farmers perception and studies remark the changes in temperature, rainfall, weed dynamics, insect, pest and disease outbreak, hazardous events, duration of a season, unpredictability in weather, loss of production and productivity, food insecurity, degradation of soil physical and chemical status, biological losses and alterations. Many adaptative strategies have been put forward locally and from government level that have shown different efficacy in different environment. Simply put, local site-specific adaptive strategies must be given more importance and prioritization. Financial cringe to tackle climate change must be sorted out and available resources must be put to use by NAPA. Modifications in farm operations, time adjustment and use of modern technology in practices, crop selection, improvement and their cultivation, detailed weather forecasting, soil and water conservation practices, agroforestry, crop rotation, share cropping and off farm engagements have been highlighted. Factors that influence the rate of adoption include age, gender, education and outreach of house head, financial liquidity, size of farms and availability of resources. New opportunities and prospects though revealed, it is still to be utilized.","PeriodicalId":260904,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Economics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115031679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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