Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161793
Aaron E. Wu, Hengfei Yao, Sophia Fleming, G. Durgin
In order to improve the study of underwater environments, it is necessary for Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), as well as Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) devices, to have efficient and robust means of underwater wireless communication (UWC). This paper discusses the applications of Perfect Pulses to RF and acoustic communication underwater to allow for higher efficiency transmission and stronger link resilience.
{"title":"Application of Perfect Pulses to Improve Acoustic and RF Underwater Wireless Communication","authors":"Aaron E. Wu, Hengfei Yao, Sophia Fleming, G. Durgin","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161793","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the study of underwater environments, it is necessary for Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), as well as Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) devices, to have efficient and robust means of underwater wireless communication (UWC). This paper discusses the applications of Perfect Pulses to RF and acoustic communication underwater to allow for higher efficiency transmission and stronger link resilience.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127195711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161759
Mark Romine, Alex Moazzen, Linh H. Luong, Katie Cho, Seung Yup Lee
Often times Parathyroid Glands (PTGs) are at risk of damage or accidental removal during thyroid surgery. PTGs are responsible for secreting a parathyroid hormone, which controls the regulation of calcium from absorption to storage to secretion and has a direct effect on the body’s regulation of muscles and nerves. Therefore, it is imperative to make an accurate assessment of the PTGs to not harm or remove viable glands. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) is a promising noninvasive solution that can deliver a quick and quantitative assessment of the PTGs and their viability. DRS is a technique that uses the optical properties of tissue, absorption and scattering, to quantify hemoglobin (Hb) or tissue oxygenation. We have developed a compact, portable DRS using commercially available LED source, driver, and spectrometer combined with our handmade probes. The system has been verified through extensive assessments using phantom mimicking tissue with known absorption and scattering coefficients. Through the tests, we were able to quantify the signal-to-noise ratio, which was computed to be around 40dB, and observe the change in oxygenation values of the blood phantom. This proves our design is ready to be applied to human studies.
{"title":"Portable Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Non-Invasive and Quantitative Assessment of the Parathyroid Glands Viability","authors":"Mark Romine, Alex Moazzen, Linh H. Luong, Katie Cho, Seung Yup Lee","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161759","url":null,"abstract":"Often times Parathyroid Glands (PTGs) are at risk of damage or accidental removal during thyroid surgery. PTGs are responsible for secreting a parathyroid hormone, which controls the regulation of calcium from absorption to storage to secretion and has a direct effect on the body’s regulation of muscles and nerves. Therefore, it is imperative to make an accurate assessment of the PTGs to not harm or remove viable glands. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) is a promising noninvasive solution that can deliver a quick and quantitative assessment of the PTGs and their viability. DRS is a technique that uses the optical properties of tissue, absorption and scattering, to quantify hemoglobin (Hb) or tissue oxygenation. We have developed a compact, portable DRS using commercially available LED source, driver, and spectrometer combined with our handmade probes. The system has been verified through extensive assessments using phantom mimicking tissue with known absorption and scattering coefficients. Through the tests, we were able to quantify the signal-to-noise ratio, which was computed to be around 40dB, and observe the change in oxygenation values of the blood phantom. This proves our design is ready to be applied to human studies.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116750823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161975
Joshua Chio, Daniel Geng, Lydia Han, Meghna Jain, Mi Zhou, E. Verriest
In this article, we formulate an overtaking problem in a bidirectional dynamic highway environment. A Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)-based reinforcement learning method is used to learn an optimal policy for the Ego car with a customized environment. Moreover, the classical optimal control method is applied to solve a similar optimal control problem with two time-varying constraints. Simulations are provided to verify the performance of DDPG. The optimal policy obtained by the classical optimal control method is then used as a compare benchmark for the learning-based method. Model predictive path integral control is finally employed to handle a more dynamic environment and possible different driving modes of cars.
{"title":"Energy Minimization in Overtaking for Autonomous Vehicles in a Bidirectional Environment","authors":"Joshua Chio, Daniel Geng, Lydia Han, Meghna Jain, Mi Zhou, E. Verriest","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161975","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we formulate an overtaking problem in a bidirectional dynamic highway environment. A Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)-based reinforcement learning method is used to learn an optimal policy for the Ego car with a customized environment. Moreover, the classical optimal control method is applied to solve a similar optimal control problem with two time-varying constraints. Simulations are provided to verify the performance of DDPG. The optimal policy obtained by the classical optimal control method is then used as a compare benchmark for the learning-based method. Model predictive path integral control is finally employed to handle a more dynamic environment and possible different driving modes of cars.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114200528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161830
Ahmed F. Ashour, Calvin Condie, Cade Pocock, Steve C. Chiu, Andrew M. Chrysler, M. Fouda
The use of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has become increasingly prevalent in various industries due to its ability to track and manage inventory efficiently. However, there is always a chance of cybersecurity risks like malware attacks, just like with any other technology. To detect malware in low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags, a method using spectrum monitoring of both regular and malware data in user memory banks has been proposed. The method involves the use of SQL interjection virus code simulated using MATLAB. The binary equivalent of the signal from the RFID tags is passed through a double-sideband amplitude shift keying (DSB-ASK) modulation system and then analyzed through spectrum analysis as frequency hopping takes place. By monitoring the power of each signal, the difference between the malware and normal signal data can be identified, with the malware causing a decrease in the original signal’s power by approximately 1 dB.
{"title":"Spectrum-based Malware Detection for RFID Memory Banks in LF, HF, and UHF Bands","authors":"Ahmed F. Ashour, Calvin Condie, Cade Pocock, Steve C. Chiu, Andrew M. Chrysler, M. Fouda","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161830","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has become increasingly prevalent in various industries due to its ability to track and manage inventory efficiently. However, there is always a chance of cybersecurity risks like malware attacks, just like with any other technology. To detect malware in low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags, a method using spectrum monitoring of both regular and malware data in user memory banks has been proposed. The method involves the use of SQL interjection virus code simulated using MATLAB. The binary equivalent of the signal from the RFID tags is passed through a double-sideband amplitude shift keying (DSB-ASK) modulation system and then analyzed through spectrum analysis as frequency hopping takes place. By monitoring the power of each signal, the difference between the malware and normal signal data can be identified, with the malware causing a decrease in the original signal’s power by approximately 1 dB.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128067467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161922
Joshua Contreras, Ashley Goodnight, Quinn Parker, Nia Simon, Jonas Theumer, A. Zajić
In this paper we demonstrate the use of Ka-band microwave transmission for remote measurement of relative water content (RWC) in leaves. The system, consisting of commercially available horn antennas connected to a vector network analyzer, offers a simple, inexpensive, and low-energy design compared to other non-destructive methods like terahertz spectroscopy. In addition, Ka-band frequency electronic components require less power and can be used in a wider range of environments. Using leaf samples from the Spathiphyllum Wallisii plant, we derived a model that accepts the power transmitted through the leaf as input and outputs an estimate for the RWC and a recommendation on whether or not to water the plant. We verify our model by comparing it to RWC values obtained from a standard method based on weighing the leaf and soaking/dehydrating it. Results indicate that the approach is valid with acceptable model performance. Further work is proposed to improve robustness and accuracy.
{"title":"A Non-Destructive Method to Estimate Leaf Water Content Using the Ka-Band","authors":"Joshua Contreras, Ashley Goodnight, Quinn Parker, Nia Simon, Jonas Theumer, A. Zajić","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161922","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we demonstrate the use of Ka-band microwave transmission for remote measurement of relative water content (RWC) in leaves. The system, consisting of commercially available horn antennas connected to a vector network analyzer, offers a simple, inexpensive, and low-energy design compared to other non-destructive methods like terahertz spectroscopy. In addition, Ka-band frequency electronic components require less power and can be used in a wider range of environments. Using leaf samples from the Spathiphyllum Wallisii plant, we derived a model that accepts the power transmitted through the leaf as input and outputs an estimate for the RWC and a recommendation on whether or not to water the plant. We verify our model by comparing it to RWC values obtained from a standard method based on weighing the leaf and soaking/dehydrating it. Results indicate that the approach is valid with acceptable model performance. Further work is proposed to improve robustness and accuracy.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121173734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161940
Vincent Filardi, Allen Cheung, Ruba Khan, Oren Mangoubi, Majid Moradikia, S. Zekavat, B. Wilson, Radwin Askari, D. Petkie
This paper provides a cost-effective solution to Soil Water Content (SWC) estimation at multiple root-zone depths using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Machine Learning (ML) based on an extensive measurement campaign conducted at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). SWC characterization is critical for optimal industrial farming irrigation and, in turn, impacts water conservation and the mitigation of soil quality degradation. Accurate prediction of the water table and SWC of the root-zone soil is invaluable for precision farming. High-resolution modeling of SWC at varying sub-surface depths can potentially increase irrigation efficiency and the yield of crops such as maize, which has a massive water footprint upwards of 768 billion cubic meters and accounts for an estimated 5% percent of the world’s daily calorie intake. Traditional methods of subsurface soil characterization by subsurface probes are invasive, costly, and labor-intensive. Our approach generates an accurate and precise characterization of the soil water content of loamy soil at multiple root level depths using Signal Processing principles and ML applied to a small dataset of size 51 of real field measurements collected between October 20th to 30th 2022. We applied ML algorithms to the preprocessed data collected by a Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) GPR signal and extracted the most relevant features related to SWC prediction at multiple depths. We used these extracted features to achieve a mean absolute percentage error as low as 6% across the four root-zone depths of our field data. This study was conducted within the 0.4 to 2.0 GHz frequency range, and provides an analysis of frequencies key to root-zone SWC characterization.
{"title":"Data-Driven Soil Water Content Estimation at Multiple Depths Using SFCW GPR","authors":"Vincent Filardi, Allen Cheung, Ruba Khan, Oren Mangoubi, Majid Moradikia, S. Zekavat, B. Wilson, Radwin Askari, D. Petkie","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161940","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a cost-effective solution to Soil Water Content (SWC) estimation at multiple root-zone depths using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Machine Learning (ML) based on an extensive measurement campaign conducted at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). SWC characterization is critical for optimal industrial farming irrigation and, in turn, impacts water conservation and the mitigation of soil quality degradation. Accurate prediction of the water table and SWC of the root-zone soil is invaluable for precision farming. High-resolution modeling of SWC at varying sub-surface depths can potentially increase irrigation efficiency and the yield of crops such as maize, which has a massive water footprint upwards of 768 billion cubic meters and accounts for an estimated 5% percent of the world’s daily calorie intake. Traditional methods of subsurface soil characterization by subsurface probes are invasive, costly, and labor-intensive. Our approach generates an accurate and precise characterization of the soil water content of loamy soil at multiple root level depths using Signal Processing principles and ML applied to a small dataset of size 51 of real field measurements collected between October 20th to 30th 2022. We applied ML algorithms to the preprocessed data collected by a Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) GPR signal and extracted the most relevant features related to SWC prediction at multiple depths. We used these extracted features to achieve a mean absolute percentage error as low as 6% across the four root-zone depths of our field data. This study was conducted within the 0.4 to 2.0 GHz frequency range, and provides an analysis of frequencies key to root-zone SWC characterization.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161950
The need for internet access in Indonesia is overgrowing. However, the geographical conditions in Indonesia have hindered the development of communication infrastructure, especially terrestrial communications using both wired and wireless transmission. Meanwhile, the satellite communication system is still restrained in terms of high operating costs. In overcoming the deficiencies of the terrestrial and satellite communication systems, High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) were developed. HAPS enables the expansion of broadband wireless telecommunications services in densely populated urban areas and underserved urban areas. East Kalimantan has been announced as the new capital city of Indonesia in the coming year. Network development is crucial to support the implementation of the nation’s capital (IKN). The quantitative study of HAPS feasibility with coverage planning methods determine the need for telecommunication infrastructure in urban areas in East Kalimantan. Based on this study, regarding the coverage area in km2, the number of platforms for each city is listed. HAPS coverage is affected by the elevation angle and HAPS height when operating. In the economic aspect, the Payback Period value that meets or is less than the HAPS operating period in this study is the city of Bontang City with economic parameters used 3 scenarios.
{"title":"Feasibility Study of High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) Implementation for Urban Areas in Indonesia: A Case Study of East Kalimantan","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161950","url":null,"abstract":"The need for internet access in Indonesia is overgrowing. However, the geographical conditions in Indonesia have hindered the development of communication infrastructure, especially terrestrial communications using both wired and wireless transmission. Meanwhile, the satellite communication system is still restrained in terms of high operating costs. In overcoming the deficiencies of the terrestrial and satellite communication systems, High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) were developed. HAPS enables the expansion of broadband wireless telecommunications services in densely populated urban areas and underserved urban areas. East Kalimantan has been announced as the new capital city of Indonesia in the coming year. Network development is crucial to support the implementation of the nation’s capital (IKN). The quantitative study of HAPS feasibility with coverage planning methods determine the need for telecommunication infrastructure in urban areas in East Kalimantan. Based on this study, regarding the coverage area in km2, the number of platforms for each city is listed. HAPS coverage is affected by the elevation angle and HAPS height when operating. In the economic aspect, the Payback Period value that meets or is less than the HAPS operating period in this study is the city of Bontang City with economic parameters used 3 scenarios.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128702683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161871
Coleman Alvarez, Hoseon Lee
In this paper, we propose a way of wirelessly recharging multiple proximity sensors dispersed underground for various applications including homeland security or private security. Due to the wide area of dispersion of sensors underground, the transmitter antenna must have high gain in all possible directions to cover an area without blind spots. An 8x8 patch array antenna is designed with Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate at 2.4 GHz. Six panels of these array antennas are combined into a hexagon shape for 360 degree beam steering, and is raised above the ground using a mount. The panels are tilted at 45 degrees and can be tilted forward and backward to change the coverage. The sidelobes of the array antenna are optimized using Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution and binomial array. A hexagonal 3D structure is created using six panels of the array antenna. The simulation results show beam steering angles of 120 degrees for each panel with gain of 19.48 dBi at 0 degrees, and 17.66 dBi at both 60 and −60 degrees for Dolph-Tschebyscheff. Similar results were shown for the binomial array.
{"title":"360 Degree Beam Steering for Wirelessly Charging Underground Proximity Sensors","authors":"Coleman Alvarez, Hoseon Lee","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161871","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a way of wirelessly recharging multiple proximity sensors dispersed underground for various applications including homeland security or private security. Due to the wide area of dispersion of sensors underground, the transmitter antenna must have high gain in all possible directions to cover an area without blind spots. An 8x8 patch array antenna is designed with Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate at 2.4 GHz. Six panels of these array antennas are combined into a hexagon shape for 360 degree beam steering, and is raised above the ground using a mount. The panels are tilted at 45 degrees and can be tilted forward and backward to change the coverage. The sidelobes of the array antenna are optimized using Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution and binomial array. A hexagonal 3D structure is created using six panels of the array antenna. The simulation results show beam steering angles of 120 degrees for each panel with gain of 19.48 dBi at 0 degrees, and 17.66 dBi at both 60 and −60 degrees for Dolph-Tschebyscheff. Similar results were shown for the binomial array.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114565403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161949
A. Couch, Muhammad Salman
The purpose of this paper is to present the experimental data concerning alternative methods of gathering muscle stiffness information and the procedures utilized for this experiment. In an effort to reduce cost and size of current muscle stiffness detection methods, accelerometers are utilized to gather vibrational data. During the initial stages of testing, the first method used was inaccurate and inconsistent due to certain steps which were revised for the second method. Implementation of the second method removed inconsistency within each individual test. Results were found to be satisfactory, so after further testing in order to increase sample size, plans for device design are soon to be undertaken.Current methods of measuring muscle stiffness and degradation, such as Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), are both highly invasive and expensive. The purpose of this study is to develop a method of determining muscle stiffness using surface vibrational testing which will be both cost-effective and non-invasive. Thus far, the test subjects have been males in the age range of 20–22 years old. This pool will be expanded in future testing, but for now this data suffices for preliminary research. This method makes use of three accelerometers in contact with various locations on the surface of the bicep. Using a medical hammer, a vibration is induced on the unstressed bicep in proximity with the sensors which will then determine the difference in vibration from one sensor to the next. The test is repeated with the bicep stressed using a 10 lb. weight. The vibration difference between the sensors is used to determine the speed in meters per second and a muscle stiffness value in kilopascals for both unstressed and stressed. Our method of testing during the initial phases differed from this where instead of a medical hammer being used by the experimenter, the subject would induce the vibration with his own index finger. This proved to be inconsistent, and the use of the medical hammer was introduced in successive tests. We believe that the simplicity of this device will serve as an affordable alternative to current methods of determining muscle deterioration/rehabilitation. In further proceedings, once the sample pool has been expanded, we hope to be able to make approximations for the stiffness of an individual’s biceps based on unstressed readings and other varying physical factors such as height, weight, and gender. Current subjects’ demographics have spanned 20–22-year-old males. In future proceedings, subject demographics need to be expanded in order to obtain a more diverse range of data. However, with the data that has been collected thus far, the results shown here reflect expectations. Due to strength differences across test subjects, the standard deviation for the stressed tests is significantly larger than that of the unstressed. This is visualized in figure 2 where the error bars indicate that the data points are tightly packed for the un
{"title":"Cost-Effective Method for Testing Muscle Stiffness in the Bicep Using Vibration-Induced Stimulation","authors":"A. Couch, Muhammad Salman","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161949","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present the experimental data concerning alternative methods of gathering muscle stiffness information and the procedures utilized for this experiment. In an effort to reduce cost and size of current muscle stiffness detection methods, accelerometers are utilized to gather vibrational data. During the initial stages of testing, the first method used was inaccurate and inconsistent due to certain steps which were revised for the second method. Implementation of the second method removed inconsistency within each individual test. Results were found to be satisfactory, so after further testing in order to increase sample size, plans for device design are soon to be undertaken.Current methods of measuring muscle stiffness and degradation, such as Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), are both highly invasive and expensive. The purpose of this study is to develop a method of determining muscle stiffness using surface vibrational testing which will be both cost-effective and non-invasive. Thus far, the test subjects have been males in the age range of 20–22 years old. This pool will be expanded in future testing, but for now this data suffices for preliminary research. This method makes use of three accelerometers in contact with various locations on the surface of the bicep. Using a medical hammer, a vibration is induced on the unstressed bicep in proximity with the sensors which will then determine the difference in vibration from one sensor to the next. The test is repeated with the bicep stressed using a 10 lb. weight. The vibration difference between the sensors is used to determine the speed in meters per second and a muscle stiffness value in kilopascals for both unstressed and stressed. Our method of testing during the initial phases differed from this where instead of a medical hammer being used by the experimenter, the subject would induce the vibration with his own index finger. This proved to be inconsistent, and the use of the medical hammer was introduced in successive tests. We believe that the simplicity of this device will serve as an affordable alternative to current methods of determining muscle deterioration/rehabilitation. In further proceedings, once the sample pool has been expanded, we hope to be able to make approximations for the stiffness of an individual’s biceps based on unstressed readings and other varying physical factors such as height, weight, and gender. Current subjects’ demographics have spanned 20–22-year-old males. In future proceedings, subject demographics need to be expanded in order to obtain a more diverse range of data. However, with the data that has been collected thus far, the results shown here reflect expectations. Due to strength differences across test subjects, the standard deviation for the stressed tests is significantly larger than that of the unstressed. This is visualized in figure 2 where the error bars indicate that the data points are tightly packed for the un","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127517428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161946
Andrew Nazareth, Bernardo Perez, Rachel Paul, James Root, Ritarka Samanta, William Vaught, Stefan Abi-Karam, Rishov Sarkar, Cong Hao
The increasing complexity of modern hardware designs makes it difficult for the developer to easily design, validate, and test ideas while creating RTL (Register Transfer Level) logic. HLS (High-Level Synthesis) has been introduced as a tool to easily design complex and specialized hardware such as machine learning accelerators, processors, and other FPGA designs on a behavioral level, significantly reducing the size and time typically necessary for such undertakings. However, the complex compilation process and the semantic gap between behavioral code and synthesized hardware make resulting designs hard to verify and debug. Cask HLS, a web-application debugger for Vitis HLS, not only loads relevant debugging information faster than Vitis, but also creates new visualizations and quality-of-life improvements such as a side-by-side C++/LLVM-IR schedule viewer, linter, and function call graph, allowing debugging through a lightweight, portable application.
{"title":"Cask HLS: A Better Development Tool for Vitis HLS","authors":"Andrew Nazareth, Bernardo Perez, Rachel Paul, James Root, Ritarka Samanta, William Vaught, Stefan Abi-Karam, Rishov Sarkar, Cong Hao","doi":"10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ORSS58323.2023.10161946","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing complexity of modern hardware designs makes it difficult for the developer to easily design, validate, and test ideas while creating RTL (Register Transfer Level) logic. HLS (High-Level Synthesis) has been introduced as a tool to easily design complex and specialized hardware such as machine learning accelerators, processors, and other FPGA designs on a behavioral level, significantly reducing the size and time typically necessary for such undertakings. However, the complex compilation process and the semantic gap between behavioral code and synthesized hardware make resulting designs hard to verify and debug. Cask HLS, a web-application debugger for Vitis HLS, not only loads relevant debugging information faster than Vitis, but also creates new visualizations and quality-of-life improvements such as a side-by-side C++/LLVM-IR schedule viewer, linter, and function call graph, allowing debugging through a lightweight, portable application.","PeriodicalId":263086,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE International Opportunity Research Scholars Symposium (ORSS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115076000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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