A. Caraban, E. Karapanos, Pedro F. Campos, Daniel Gonçalves
Despite the initial premise of behavior change tools, recent work has questioned their efficacy over the long term. Many of these technologies rely on a "one-size fits all" strategy -- self-monitoring -- to foster behavior change. However, individual's capacity to change their behaviors depends on their ability and motivation for self-regulation. We explore a different approach to persuasive technology design and investigate how subtle influences falling outside conscious awareness can instinctively motivate behaviors. Subliminal priming has the potential to influence people's attitudes and behaviors, without relying on people's will to engage with the process. Yet, little research has studied it effectiveness encouraging behavior change outside a laboratory setting. In this paper we explore the feasibility of subliminal priming on web-platforms. We present an in the wild study where 12 participants were exposed to subliminal cues to motivate water intake while they browsed on the web. This paper contributes with a practical application of subliminal priming in the field of behavior change as well as design implications for future research.
{"title":"Exploring the Feasibility of Subliminal Priming on Web platforms","authors":"A. Caraban, E. Karapanos, Pedro F. Campos, Daniel Gonçalves","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232095","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the initial premise of behavior change tools, recent work has questioned their efficacy over the long term. Many of these technologies rely on a \"one-size fits all\" strategy -- self-monitoring -- to foster behavior change. However, individual's capacity to change their behaviors depends on their ability and motivation for self-regulation. We explore a different approach to persuasive technology design and investigate how subtle influences falling outside conscious awareness can instinctively motivate behaviors. Subliminal priming has the potential to influence people's attitudes and behaviors, without relying on people's will to engage with the process. Yet, little research has studied it effectiveness encouraging behavior change outside a laboratory setting. In this paper we explore the feasibility of subliminal priming on web-platforms. We present an in the wild study where 12 participants were exposed to subliminal cues to motivate water intake while they browsed on the web. This paper contributes with a practical application of subliminal priming in the field of behavior change as well as design implications for future research.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132573522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loading screens are still important in 2018, and there is a reason for that: they provide a great way to give feedback to the user in the interface during wait times after a user's action. Previous research shows that it is essential for a well designed interface and it is a well established way to increase and maintain a user's satisfaction. This study specifically examine the looped, passive animation screen with regards to how the animation speed affects the user. Results suggests that with faster animation, perceived wait time gets shorter and the user is more satisfied.
{"title":"The Users' Time Perception: The effect of various animation speeds on loading screens","authors":"Ulrik Söderström, Martin Bååth, Thomas Mejtoft","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232092","url":null,"abstract":"Loading screens are still important in 2018, and there is a reason for that: they provide a great way to give feedback to the user in the interface during wait times after a user's action. Previous research shows that it is essential for a well designed interface and it is a well established way to increase and maintain a user's satisfaction. This study specifically examine the looped, passive animation screen with regards to how the animation speed affects the user. Results suggests that with faster animation, perceived wait time gets shorter and the user is more satisfied.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129505838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose and analyse the use of a Role-Playing Simulation (RPS) for supporting assessment of a sustainable sociotechnical system, a neighbourhood that encourages collaborative consumption practices; and for creating new solutions about this system. We analyse the processes by which solutions are collaboratively designed by citizens who are playing the roles of potential inhabitants, focussing on the analysis of argumentative interactions. Results show that the RPS stimulates debate about sociotechnical solutions, rules and rational criteria, in addition to sustainability values and ideological criteria. The RPS is thus a means for making sociotechnical solutions evolve and for identifying what is "technically", "socially" and "ideologically" necessary for acceptance and success of the future system.
{"title":"A Role-Playing Simulation to support assessment of sustainable sociotechnical systems for and by citizens","authors":"Chloé Le Bail, F. Détienne, M. Baker","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232091","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and analyse the use of a Role-Playing Simulation (RPS) for supporting assessment of a sustainable sociotechnical system, a neighbourhood that encourages collaborative consumption practices; and for creating new solutions about this system. We analyse the processes by which solutions are collaboratively designed by citizens who are playing the roles of potential inhabitants, focussing on the analysis of argumentative interactions. Results show that the RPS stimulates debate about sociotechnical solutions, rules and rational criteria, in addition to sustainability values and ideological criteria. The RPS is thus a means for making sociotechnical solutions evolve and for identifying what is \"technically\", \"socially\" and \"ideologically\" necessary for acceptance and success of the future system.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121049140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Witchel, Harry L. Claxton, Daisy C. Holmes, Thomas T. Ranji, Joe D. Chalkley, Carlos P. Santos, Carina E. I. Westling, M. Valstar, Matt Celuszak, Patrick Fagan
Introduction: Automated tutoring systems aim to respond to the learner's cognitive state in order to maintain engagement. The end-user's state might be inferred by interactive timings, bodily movements or facial expressions. Problematic computerized stimuli are known to cause smiling during periods of frustration. Methods: Forty-four seated, healthy participants (age range 18-35, 18 male) used a handheld trackball to answer a computer-presented, formative, 3-way multiple choice geography quiz, with 9 questions, lasting a total of 175 seconds. Frontal facial videos (10 Hz) were collected with a webcam and processed for facial expressions by CrowdEmotion using a pattern recognition algorithm. Interactivity was recorded by a keystroke logger (Inputlog 5.2). Subjective responses were collected immediately after each quiz using a panel of visual analogue scales (VAS). Results: Smiling was five-fold enriched during the instantaneous feedback segments of the quiz, and this was correlated with VAS ratings for engagement but not with happiness or frustration. Nevertheless, smiling rate was significantly higher after wrong answers compared to correct ones, and frustration was correlated with the number of questions answered incorrectly. Conclusion: The apparent disconnect between the increased smiling during incorrect answers but the lack of correlation between VAS frustration and smiles suggests a trigger-substrate model where engagement is the permissive substrate, while the noises made by the quiz after wrong answers may be the trigger.
{"title":"A trigger-substrate model for smiling during an automated formative quiz: engagement is the substrate, not frustration","authors":"H. Witchel, Harry L. Claxton, Daisy C. Holmes, Thomas T. Ranji, Joe D. Chalkley, Carlos P. Santos, Carina E. I. Westling, M. Valstar, Matt Celuszak, Patrick Fagan","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232084","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Automated tutoring systems aim to respond to the learner's cognitive state in order to maintain engagement. The end-user's state might be inferred by interactive timings, bodily movements or facial expressions. Problematic computerized stimuli are known to cause smiling during periods of frustration. Methods: Forty-four seated, healthy participants (age range 18-35, 18 male) used a handheld trackball to answer a computer-presented, formative, 3-way multiple choice geography quiz, with 9 questions, lasting a total of 175 seconds. Frontal facial videos (10 Hz) were collected with a webcam and processed for facial expressions by CrowdEmotion using a pattern recognition algorithm. Interactivity was recorded by a keystroke logger (Inputlog 5.2). Subjective responses were collected immediately after each quiz using a panel of visual analogue scales (VAS). Results: Smiling was five-fold enriched during the instantaneous feedback segments of the quiz, and this was correlated with VAS ratings for engagement but not with happiness or frustration. Nevertheless, smiling rate was significantly higher after wrong answers compared to correct ones, and frustration was correlated with the number of questions answered incorrectly. Conclusion: The apparent disconnect between the increased smiling during incorrect answers but the lack of correlation between VAS frustration and smiles suggests a trigger-substrate model where engagement is the permissive substrate, while the noises made by the quiz after wrong answers may be the trigger.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134181093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People can generate mental representations of one physical magnitude (e.g., distance) in terms of another (e.g., pitch). Capitalizing on this ability, we developed a system that could help visually impaired people navigate by presenting them with sounds of lower or higher pitch according to their distance from objects that they gaze at. Eight blind-folded participants completed a Hebb-Williams Maze with the system and twelve blind-folded participants completed the maze without it. Both groups completed the maze five times. We found that participants completed the maze faster in the last three trials compared to the first trial. There were no differences between the groups in the pace of improvement and in the time to complete the maze. However, participants who used the system made less errors in the maze than participants who did not use it. Our findings indicate that the system can potentially assist visually impaired people navigate. The contribution of the system to navigation will be further investigated with larger number of participants and with more extensive training.
{"title":"Using Sound Feedback to Help Blind People Navigate","authors":"Assaf Botzer, N. Shvalb, Boaz Ben-Moshe","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232083","url":null,"abstract":"People can generate mental representations of one physical magnitude (e.g., distance) in terms of another (e.g., pitch). Capitalizing on this ability, we developed a system that could help visually impaired people navigate by presenting them with sounds of lower or higher pitch according to their distance from objects that they gaze at. Eight blind-folded participants completed a Hebb-Williams Maze with the system and twelve blind-folded participants completed the maze without it. Both groups completed the maze five times. We found that participants completed the maze faster in the last three trials compared to the first trial. There were no differences between the groups in the pace of improvement and in the time to complete the maze. However, participants who used the system made less errors in the maze than participants who did not use it. Our findings indicate that the system can potentially assist visually impaired people navigate. The contribution of the system to navigation will be further investigated with larger number of participants and with more extensive training.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116675188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many domains, applications have a lifetime of several years, and evolve with new technologies, changing requirements and user behavior. Simulators have been used for training for decades and have evolved in different directions. To learn how applications evolve over time, it is important to understand what stimulates changes. There can be factors in the world external to the application, e.g. human, organizational and technological factors that stimulate changes and there can be factors internal to a software system, such as its structure and complexities. This paper investigates how new work, fidelity and evaluations can contribute to the understanding of evolution of simulators.
{"title":"Drivers of evolution of training simulators","authors":"E. Hvannberg","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232094","url":null,"abstract":"In many domains, applications have a lifetime of several years, and evolve with new technologies, changing requirements and user behavior. Simulators have been used for training for decades and have evolved in different directions. To learn how applications evolve over time, it is important to understand what stimulates changes. There can be factors in the world external to the application, e.g. human, organizational and technological factors that stimulate changes and there can be factors internal to a software system, such as its structure and complexities. This paper investigates how new work, fidelity and evaluations can contribute to the understanding of evolution of simulators.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128103490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3232078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127332062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes experiences with new methodological approaches utilized in early viewer evaluations of a public service television drama series. We would like to challenge self-reports as the only source of data in viewer evaluations of television drama series. Based on two viewer evaluation studies of drama series, we outline the results and pros and cons of electroencephalography (EEG, EMOTIV Epoc, 14 channels) and skin conductance (SC, varioLAB-mini) measurements tested in combination with in-depth interviews and written self-reports. The main contribution within this study is how a one-hour television drama can be measured in an applied research setting. We suggest a research design consisting of skin conductance measurements combined with written self-reports as the preferred method for viewer evaluations of television drama series.
{"title":"How to evaluate emotional experiences in television drama series: Improving viewer evaluations by psychophysiological measurements and self-reports","authors":"L. Heiselberg, T. Bjørner","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232093","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes experiences with new methodological approaches utilized in early viewer evaluations of a public service television drama series. We would like to challenge self-reports as the only source of data in viewer evaluations of television drama series. Based on two viewer evaluation studies of drama series, we outline the results and pros and cons of electroencephalography (EEG, EMOTIV Epoc, 14 channels) and skin conductance (SC, varioLAB-mini) measurements tested in combination with in-depth interviews and written self-reports. The main contribution within this study is how a one-hour television drama can be measured in an applied research setting. We suggest a research design consisting of skin conductance measurements combined with written self-reports as the preferred method for viewer evaluations of television drama series.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125550777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smell is a strong trigger of memories and creativity. Different smells can create sensitive environments that can foster creative tasks. In this paper, we present CreaSenses, a study that includes olfactory cues, representing different types of sensitive environments such as "food" and "ambience" in a within-subject design. Our aim was to obtain a deeper understanding of which smell cues promote higher levels of creativity during the process of creative writing. We discuss the results in the light of creative senses and potential implications for the design of creativity support tools. In addition, our study was evaluated trough the Creativity Support Index.
{"title":"CreaSenses","authors":"Frederica Gonçalves, D. Cabral, Pedro Campos","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232090","url":null,"abstract":"Smell is a strong trigger of memories and creativity. Different smells can create sensitive environments that can foster creative tasks. In this paper, we present CreaSenses, a study that includes olfactory cues, representing different types of sensitive environments such as \"food\" and \"ambience\" in a within-subject design. Our aim was to obtain a deeper understanding of which smell cues promote higher levels of creativity during the process of creative writing. We discuss the results in the light of creative senses and potential implications for the design of creativity support tools. In addition, our study was evaluated trough the Creativity Support Index.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123158714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes an investigation into the public opinion about self-driving vehicles among Dutch people. New in our approach is to design a questionnaire on the basis of different theories of acceptance of new technology in organisations and society in combinations with additional questions about specific factors such as the economic implications of self-driving vehicle services. As results, we present a predictive model of public opinion about self-driving cars that evaluates the relevant factors and which shows the feasibility of a theory-based approach to design survey tools.
{"title":"Public Opinion about Self-Driving Vehicles in the Netherlands","authors":"Arulanandam Jude Niranjan, G. D. Haan","doi":"10.1145/3232078.3232080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3232078.3232080","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes an investigation into the public opinion about self-driving vehicles among Dutch people. New in our approach is to design a questionnaire on the basis of different theories of acceptance of new technology in organisations and society in combinations with additional questions about specific factors such as the economic implications of self-driving vehicle services. As results, we present a predictive model of public opinion about self-driving cars that evaluates the relevant factors and which shows the feasibility of a theory-based approach to design survey tools.","PeriodicalId":263115,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132313750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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