Pub Date : 2021-10-05DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.reintegration
K. Cisek, Thi Nguyet Nguyen, A. García-Rudolph, J. Saurí, J. Kelleher
ABSTRACT The quality of life of post-ischemic stroke patients during reintegration is affected by a range of factors, including the risk of insufficient social and family support, as well as socio-economic status. A patient who is unable to access needed social support, such as home health care or a day center, is at a greater risk of poorer quality of life during reintegration. Consequently, the key goals of post-stroke reintegration are to improve patient outcomes across these factors, to inform reintegration decisions, as well as design personalized interventions for patients with social risk. This chapter presents a case-study of 240 patients of the Catalonia region of Spain that uses data visualization techniques (known as Sankey diagrams) to provide insight into changes in quality of life risk factors such as gender, and stroke severity, during reintegration. As supported by the case-study, social risk is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that can vary significantly for an individual over the course of stroke rehabilitation and reintegration.
{"title":"Understanding Social Risk Variation Across Reintegration of Post-Ischemic Stroke Patients","authors":"K. Cisek, Thi Nguyet Nguyen, A. García-Rudolph, J. Saurí, J. Kelleher","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.reintegration","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.reintegration","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000The quality of life of post-ischemic stroke patients during reintegration is affected by a range of factors, including the risk of insufficient social and family support, as well as socio-economic status. A patient who is unable to access needed social support, such as home health care or a day center, is at a greater risk of poorer quality of life during reintegration. Consequently, the key goals of post-stroke reintegration are to improve patient outcomes across these factors, to inform reintegration decisions, as well as design personalized interventions for patients with social risk. This chapter presents a case-study of 240 patients of the Catalonia region of Spain that uses data visualization techniques (known as Sankey diagrams) to provide insight into changes in quality of life risk factors such as gender, and stroke severity, during reintegration. As supported by the case-study, social risk is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that can vary significantly for an individual over the course of stroke rehabilitation and reintegration.","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130846013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.rehabilitation
{"title":"Community-Based Rehabilitation After Brain Infarction in Japan: From the Acute Phase to Home","authors":"","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.rehabilitation","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.rehabilitation","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133478435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The hippocampal formation is responsible for memory processing, learning, spatial navigation, and emotions. It includes the indusium griseum, longitudinal striae, gyrus fasciolaris, hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) and part of the uncus. The hippocampus has the archipallial cortex and is formed by the infoldings of the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis and subiculum. The dentate gyrus is a narrow crenated strip of grey matter. The dentate gyrus consists of three layers, from the outside in: the molecular layer, granular layer, and polymorphic layer. The granular neurons receive input from the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex) via the perforant pathway. The granular neurons send mossy fibers to the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells present in the cornu ammonis. The axons of hippocampal pyramidal cells form a sheet of white fibers known as the alveus which continues as fimbria and fornix. The fornix projects into the septal area. From the septal area few fibers synapse into the cingulate gyrus which returns to the hippocampus. The neuronal intrinsic circuit, known as the Papez circuit of the hippocampus, plays a crucial role in the memory processing.
{"title":"The Anatomy of the Hippocampus","authors":"Mbbs Ms Crm Pradip Chauhan, Mbbs Kinjal Jethwa, Mbbs Ashish Rathawa, Bds Mds Girish Chauhan, Mbbs Simmi Mehra","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.hippocampus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.hippocampus","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000The hippocampal formation is responsible for memory processing, learning, spatial navigation, and emotions. It includes the indusium griseum, longitudinal striae, gyrus fasciolaris, hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) and part of the uncus. The hippocampus has the archipallial cortex and is formed by the infoldings of the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis and subiculum. The dentate gyrus is a narrow crenated strip of grey matter. The dentate gyrus consists of three layers, from the outside in: the molecular layer, granular layer, and polymorphic layer. The granular neurons receive input from the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex) via the perforant pathway. The granular neurons send mossy fibers to the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells present in the cornu ammonis. The axons of hippocampal pyramidal cells form a sheet of white fibers known as the alveus which continues as fimbria and fornix. The fornix projects into the septal area. From the septal area few fibers synapse into the cingulate gyrus which returns to the hippocampus. The neuronal intrinsic circuit, known as the Papez circuit of the hippocampus, plays a crucial role in the memory processing.","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132911379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.therapy
Xuan Zheng, Matteo Haupt, M. Bähr, L. Tatenhorst, T. Doeppner
ABSTRACT Although systemic thrombolysis and endovascular treatment have revolutionized modern stroke treatment, the majority of patients do not qualify for either treatment paradigm. Hence, novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies are required. This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of novel therapeutic strategies in preclinical stroke models. The chapter is organized in three major parts to cover the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of ischemic stroke. The potential of various pharmacological agents, stem cells, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles as therapeutic avenues along with the progress and challenges are discussed.
{"title":"Treating Cerebral Ischemia: Novel Therapeutic Strategies from Experimental Stroke Research","authors":"Xuan Zheng, Matteo Haupt, M. Bähr, L. Tatenhorst, T. Doeppner","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.therapy","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.therapy","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000Although systemic thrombolysis and endovascular treatment have revolutionized modern stroke treatment, the majority of patients do not qualify for either treatment paradigm. Hence, novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies are required. This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of novel therapeutic strategies in preclinical stroke models. The chapter is organized in three major parts to cover the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of ischemic stroke. The potential of various pharmacological agents, stem cells, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles as therapeutic avenues along with the progress and challenges are discussed.","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121756463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.hyperhomocysteinemia
Dsc Jan Lehotsky, M. Kovalska, E. Baranovicova, P. Hnilicová, D. Kalenská, P. Kaplan
ABSTRACT Homocysteine is an intermediate product of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia can be caused by high intake of methionine, deficiency of vitamin B12, folate, or both. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases, including ischemic stroke. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus are sensitive to prolonged levels of homocysteine due to the absence of metabolization by transsulfuration as well as by folate- or B12- dependent remethylation. This chapter highlights the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in neurodegenerative changes following cerebral ischemia. An overview of how hyperhomocysteinemia by itself, or in combination with ischemia-reperfusion injury, exacerbates neurodegeneration is presented. The role of hyperhomocysteinemia in amyloid deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the brain, along with plasma metabolic alterations in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is reviewed. Prevention of hyperhomocysteinemia may have therapeutic implications in cerebral ischemic stroke and deserves investigation.
{"title":"Ischemic Brain Injury in Hyperhomocysteinemia","authors":"Dsc Jan Lehotsky, M. Kovalska, E. Baranovicova, P. Hnilicová, D. Kalenská, P. Kaplan","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.hyperhomocysteinemia","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.hyperhomocysteinemia","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000Homocysteine is an intermediate product of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia can be caused by high intake of methionine, deficiency of vitamin B12, folate, or both. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases, including ischemic stroke. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus are sensitive to prolonged levels of homocysteine due to the absence of metabolization by transsulfuration as well as by folate- or B12- dependent remethylation. This chapter highlights the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in neurodegenerative changes following cerebral ischemia. An overview of how hyperhomocysteinemia by itself, or in combination with ischemia-reperfusion injury, exacerbates neurodegeneration is presented. The role of hyperhomocysteinemia in amyloid deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the brain, along with plasma metabolic alterations in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is reviewed. Prevention of hyperhomocysteinemia may have therapeutic implications in cerebral ischemic stroke and deserves investigation.","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"390 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131999898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.cathepsin
{"title":"The Role of Cathepsin B in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Stroke","authors":"","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.cathepsin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.cathepsin","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130887110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.cerebralcortex
{"title":"The Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex","authors":"","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.cerebralcortex","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.cerebralcortex","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128252240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.exosomes
R. Pluta, M. Jabłoński
Ischemic stroke is a destructive vascular disease that carries the risk of high mortality, disability, and eventually the development of full-blown dementia. Despite the continuous development of new prognostic methods, the prediction of ischemic sequelae and early and late prognosis of stroke is still much easier said than to apply in practice. Cell-to-cell communication between neuronal, glial, and vascular cells are essential for normal functioning of the brain, and in cerebral ischemia, this communication is interrupted. New research has demonstrated the important role of exosomes in cell-to-cell communication via microRNA transfer, playing an integral role in multicellular crosstalk. Following a stroke, harmful and/or beneficial microRNAs are released into the circulation, significantly affecting the severity and prognosis of a stroke. This chapter provides an overview of the current literature on the possible harmful and beneficial roles of cargo derived from exosomes in ischemic stroke. A snapshot of experimental evidence for the role of exosome-derived microRNAs in ischemic stroke followed by clinical studies exploring the diagnostic and prognostic potential of exosomes in stroke patients are presented. Finally, the promises and pitfalls along with future directions are discussed.
{"title":"Exosomes in Post-Ischemic Brain","authors":"R. Pluta, M. Jabłoński","doi":"10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.exosomes","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.exosomes","url":null,"abstract":"Ischemic stroke is a destructive vascular disease that carries the risk of high mortality, disability, and eventually the development of full-blown dementia. Despite the continuous development of new prognostic methods, the prediction of ischemic sequelae and early and late prognosis of stroke is still much easier said than to apply in practice. Cell-to-cell communication between neuronal, glial, and vascular cells are essential for normal functioning of the brain, and in cerebral ischemia, this communication is interrupted. New research has demonstrated the important role of exosomes in cell-to-cell communication via microRNA transfer, playing an integral role in multicellular crosstalk. Following a stroke, harmful and/or beneficial microRNAs are released into the circulation, significantly affecting the severity and prognosis of a stroke. This chapter provides an overview of the current literature on the possible harmful and beneficial roles of cargo derived from exosomes in ischemic stroke. A snapshot of experimental evidence for the role of exosome-derived microRNAs in ischemic stroke followed by clinical studies exploring the diagnostic and prognostic potential of exosomes in stroke patients are presented. Finally, the promises and pitfalls along with future directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":263181,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129455877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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