We explore a particular historical episode that switched from a market institution (auctions) to a non-market institution (fixed quotas with a ban on trading) to allocate water. This water is used by farmers for agricultural purposes; some of the farmers are liquidity constraints. We present a model in which farmers face liquidity constraints to explain why the change took place. From a positive perspective, we show that demand is underestimated if these liquidity constraints are not taken into account. We use a dynamic discrete choice model to estimate demand during the auction period; we also estimate the probability of being liquidity constrained by a farmer. From a normative perspective, auctions achieve the first-best allocation only in the absence of liquidity constraints; the quota achieves the first best allocation only if farmers are homogeneous in productivity. We compute the welfare under both institutions using the estimated parameters of the structural model.
{"title":"The Illiquidity of Water Markets","authors":"J. Donna, José‐Antonio Espín‐Sánchez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2667654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2667654","url":null,"abstract":"We explore a particular historical episode that switched from a market institution (auctions) to a non-market institution (fixed quotas with a ban on trading) to allocate water. This water is used by farmers for agricultural purposes; some of the farmers are liquidity constraints. We present a model in which farmers face liquidity constraints to explain why the change took place. From a positive perspective, we show that demand is underestimated if these liquidity constraints are not taken into account. We use a dynamic discrete choice model to estimate demand during the auction period; we also estimate the probability of being liquidity constrained by a farmer. From a normative perspective, auctions achieve the first-best allocation only in the absence of liquidity constraints; the quota achieves the first best allocation only if farmers are homogeneous in productivity. We compute the welfare under both institutions using the estimated parameters of the structural model.","PeriodicalId":265317,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Water (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126558681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose of this study is to explore level of local community participation in Watershed Management Programs (WMP) within the rural population in Iran, and explore how level of people participation varies according to their socio demographic backgrounds. Data for this study were collected from 200 respondents through personal interviews using a pre-coded questionnaire from three villages in Hable-Rud basin during the August and September of 2008. Descriptive analysis, independent t-test, and one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyze the data. Results of this study indicated that level of local people participation in WMP was moderate to low and there was variation in patterns of participation. Data showed significant differences between level of participation in gender, marital status, educational groups, occupational groups, sources of motivation to join to program, and number of local group membership.
{"title":"Analyzing Local Community Participation in Watershed Management Programs in Iran","authors":"R. Bagherian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2368702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2368702","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of this study is to explore level of local community participation in Watershed Management Programs (WMP) within the rural population in Iran, and explore how level of people participation varies according to their socio demographic backgrounds. Data for this study were collected from 200 respondents through personal interviews using a pre-coded questionnaire from three villages in Hable-Rud basin during the August and September of 2008. Descriptive analysis, independent t-test, and one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyze the data. Results of this study indicated that level of local people participation in WMP was moderate to low and there was variation in patterns of participation. Data showed significant differences between level of participation in gender, marital status, educational groups, occupational groups, sources of motivation to join to program, and number of local group membership.","PeriodicalId":265317,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Water (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124335179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While water remains one of the most abundant resources on earth but less than 1 percent of the total supply is reliably available for human consumption. Drinking-water is certainly essential for human survival but water-related illnesses are the most common health threat in the developing world. An estimated 25 000 people die every day as a result of water-related diseases Human existence depends on water. Water interacts with solar energy to determine climate and it transforms and transports the physical and chemical substances necessary for all life on earth. Competition among agriculture, industry and cities for limited water supplies is already constraining development efforts in many countries including India. As populations expand and economies grow, the competition for limited supplies is most likely to intensify, resulting in potential conflict situation among water users in days to come. Despite shortages of water, its misuse is widespread, be it in small communities or large cities, farmers or industries, developing countries or industrialized economies every where the mismanagement of water resources is evident. Surface water quality is deteriorating in key basins from urban and industrial wastes. Agriculture is often unable to compete with cities and industries for water, as it is unable to pay more for water it needs. Further, irrigated agriculture is expected to produce much more in the future while using less water than it uses today. At present, 2.4 billion people depend on irrigated agriculture for jobs, food and income (some 55 percent of all wheat and rice output is irrigated). Over the next 30 years, an estimated 80 percent of the additional food supplies required to feed the world will depend on irrigation. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, in January 2012, released a draft National Water Policy for the consideration and opinion of state governments and other stakeholders. The need for a holistic national policy has its genesis in the changing patterns of water use across India – both personal and industrial use. This includes the imperatives of providing both clean drinking water and adequate resources for irrigation; the move to look at renewable sources of energy like hydro power; and natural disaster management and rehabilitation following devastating floods and drought. The policy also seeks to offer economic incentives and penalties to reduce pollution and wastage. For reversing the usual approach of projecting a future demand and bringing about a supply-side response to meet that demand, we must start from the fact that the availability of fresh water in nature is finite, and learn to manage our water needs within that availability. This means a restraint on the growth of 'demand' for water (other than basic needs) which will be difficult and will involve painful adjustments; but this has become inevitable. So, to have a more equitable and inclusive water resources management, the primacy has to shift f
{"title":"Water Policy in India: A Review","authors":"Krishna M. Singh, R. Singh, M. Meena, Abhay Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2226877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2226877","url":null,"abstract":"While water remains one of the most abundant resources on earth but less than 1 percent of the total supply is reliably available for human consumption. Drinking-water is certainly essential for human survival but water-related illnesses are the most common health threat in the developing world. An estimated 25 000 people die every day as a result of water-related diseases Human existence depends on water. Water interacts with solar energy to determine climate and it transforms and transports the physical and chemical substances necessary for all life on earth. Competition among agriculture, industry and cities for limited water supplies is already constraining development efforts in many countries including India. As populations expand and economies grow, the competition for limited supplies is most likely to intensify, resulting in potential conflict situation among water users in days to come. Despite shortages of water, its misuse is widespread, be it in small communities or large cities, farmers or industries, developing countries or industrialized economies every where the mismanagement of water resources is evident. Surface water quality is deteriorating in key basins from urban and industrial wastes. Agriculture is often unable to compete with cities and industries for water, as it is unable to pay more for water it needs. Further, irrigated agriculture is expected to produce much more in the future while using less water than it uses today. At present, 2.4 billion people depend on irrigated agriculture for jobs, food and income (some 55 percent of all wheat and rice output is irrigated). Over the next 30 years, an estimated 80 percent of the additional food supplies required to feed the world will depend on irrigation. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, in January 2012, released a draft National Water Policy for the consideration and opinion of state governments and other stakeholders. The need for a holistic national policy has its genesis in the changing patterns of water use across India – both personal and industrial use. This includes the imperatives of providing both clean drinking water and adequate resources for irrigation; the move to look at renewable sources of energy like hydro power; and natural disaster management and rehabilitation following devastating floods and drought. The policy also seeks to offer economic incentives and penalties to reduce pollution and wastage. For reversing the usual approach of projecting a future demand and bringing about a supply-side response to meet that demand, we must start from the fact that the availability of fresh water in nature is finite, and learn to manage our water needs within that availability. This means a restraint on the growth of 'demand' for water (other than basic needs) which will be difficult and will involve painful adjustments; but this has become inevitable. So, to have a more equitable and inclusive water resources management, the primacy has to shift f","PeriodicalId":265317,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Water (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124359278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: La industria de la prestacion del servicio publico del agua se encuentra generalmente bajo la estructura de monopolio natural, por tal motivo la creencia general es que la prestacion del mismo deberia estar en manos del Estado. De esta manera nace el cuestionamiento acerca de si prestar este servicio por medio de una empresa estatal es eficiente, o si se podria recurrir a un modelo de privatizacion, como lo fue el caso de Inglaterra y Gales. Este trabajo se centra en estudiar el caso britanico del servicio de prestacion de aguas y alcantarillado, mirando su evolucion, caracteristicas y su regulacion, ya que es considerado como uno de los mejores modelos de agua y alcantarillado del mundo. Posteriormente se hace una comparacion con el caso Bogotano, teniendo en cuenta caracteristicas que se puedan tomar del caso ingles para aplicarlas en la ciudad de Bogota, en busca de mayor eficiencia.English Abstract: The industry of providing public service of water is under structure of natural monopoly, for this reason the general belief is that the provision of this service should be from State. Thus, the question arises whether this service through a state company is efficient, or if it could use a model of privatization, like it was case in England and Wales. This work focuses on studying the British case, considering its evolution, characteristics and its regulation; because it is known as one of the best models of the world. Then we make a comparison with the Bogota´s case, considering which characteristics could be taken to implement the English case in the city of Bogota, in search of greater efficiency.
西班牙语摘要:公共供水行业通常处于自然垄断结构下，因此人们普遍认为供水应该掌握在国家手中。这就提出了一个问题，即通过国有企业提供这种服务是否有效，或者是否可以采用私有化模式，就像英格兰和威尔士的情况一样。本文的重点是研究英国的供水和污水服务案例，着眼于其演变、特点和监管，因为它被认为是世界上最好的供水和污水服务模式之一。在此基础上，对波哥大的案例进行了比较，考虑到英国案例的特点，将其应用于波哥大市，以寻求更大的效率。英文摘要:提供公共供水服务的工业是在自然垄断的结构下，因此普遍认为这种服务的提供应由国家提供。因此，问题是，通过国有公司提供这种服务是否有效，或者是否可以采用私有化模式，就像英格兰和威尔士的情况一样。这项工作的重点是研究英国案例，考虑其演变、特点和监管;由于it is as one of the best models of the world的成熟度。然后，我们将波哥大的案例进行比较，考虑在波哥大市实施英文案例可以采取哪些特点，以寻求更大的效率。
{"title":"Regulación de aguas en el Reino Unido: ideas para Bogotá. (Regulation of Water in the United Kingdom: Ideas for Bogota)","authors":"Juan Pablo Pico, Jhon Alejandro Sopó","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2599001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2599001","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: La industria de la prestacion del servicio publico del agua se encuentra generalmente bajo la estructura de monopolio natural, por tal motivo la creencia general es que la prestacion del mismo deberia estar en manos del Estado. De esta manera nace el cuestionamiento acerca de si prestar este servicio por medio de una empresa estatal es eficiente, o si se podria recurrir a un modelo de privatizacion, como lo fue el caso de Inglaterra y Gales. Este trabajo se centra en estudiar el caso britanico del servicio de prestacion de aguas y alcantarillado, mirando su evolucion, caracteristicas y su regulacion, ya que es considerado como uno de los mejores modelos de agua y alcantarillado del mundo. Posteriormente se hace una comparacion con el caso Bogotano, teniendo en cuenta caracteristicas que se puedan tomar del caso ingles para aplicarlas en la ciudad de Bogota, en busca de mayor eficiencia.English Abstract: The industry of providing public service of water is under structure of natural monopoly, for this reason the general belief is that the provision of this service should be from State. Thus, the question arises whether this service through a state company is efficient, or if it could use a model of privatization, like it was case in England and Wales. This work focuses on studying the British case, considering its evolution, characteristics and its regulation; because it is known as one of the best models of the world. Then we make a comparison with the Bogota´s case, considering which characteristics could be taken to implement the English case in the city of Bogota, in search of greater efficiency.","PeriodicalId":265317,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Water (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125856660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (referred to as IDWA-I in this paper) was first proposed in 2007 for 23 member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and formed part of the Asian Water and Development Outlook (AWDO), 2007 brought out by the ADB. IDWA-I was obtained by averaging 5 separate component indicators referring to capacity to buy water, extent of resource availability, amount of water used, water quality (indicated by a proxy variable, namely the death rate due to diarrhoea) and the percentage of people with access. This paper reports the main results of IDWA-I and IDWA-II, in which we replace general access with specific access via home connection, after discovering the relatively weak correlation between the two types of access. Because of the dominating influence of the other common components, IDWA-I and IDWA-II are highly correlated indicators. The two, however, bring out diverse relative ranks for different countries.
{"title":"Index of Drinking Water Adequacy for the Asian Economies","authors":"Seetharam Kallidaikurichi, B. Rao","doi":"10.2166/WP.2010.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WP.2010.018","url":null,"abstract":"An Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (referred to as IDWA-I in this paper) was first proposed in 2007 for 23 member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and formed part of the Asian Water and Development Outlook (AWDO), 2007 brought out by the ADB. IDWA-I was obtained by averaging 5 separate component indicators referring to capacity to buy water, extent of resource availability, amount of water used, water quality (indicated by a proxy variable, namely the death rate due to diarrhoea) and the percentage of people with access. This paper reports the main results of IDWA-I and IDWA-II, in which we replace general access with specific access via home connection, after discovering the relatively weak correlation between the two types of access. Because of the dominating influence of the other common components, IDWA-I and IDWA-II are highly correlated indicators. The two, however, bring out diverse relative ranks for different countries.","PeriodicalId":265317,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Water (Topic)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126263879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article will discuss the effects of humans on the unique ecosystem of the Dead Sea. It will show how poor management of an international lake has led to environmental degradation of catastrophic proportions. After presenting the geological and political background to the Dead Sea's present state, the article will present a model of governance based on both national and international water laws. Finally, the article will suggest a system of integrated water resource management to be implemented by a proposed Dead Sea Basin Commission.
{"title":"The Sound of One Hand Clapping: Limitations to Integrated Resources Water Management in the Dead Sea Basin הצליל של יד אחת מוחא כפיים: מגבלות לניהול אינטגרטיבי של משאבי המים באגן ים המלח","authors":"R. Laster, Dan Livney, Darrin Holender","doi":"10.58948/0738-6206.1138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58948/0738-6206.1138","url":null,"abstract":"This article will discuss the effects of humans on the unique ecosystem of the Dead Sea. It will show how poor management of an international lake has led to environmental degradation of catastrophic proportions. After presenting the geological and political background to the Dead Sea's present state, the article will present a model of governance based on both national and international water laws. Finally, the article will suggest a system of integrated water resource management to be implemented by a proposed Dead Sea Basin Commission.","PeriodicalId":265317,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Water (Topic)","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115019514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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