Abstract Void space and permeability are two primary factors controlling the movement and storage of fluids in rock and sediments. To investigate fluid flow anisotropy in Berea sandstone, permeability was measured in three perpendicular directions under effective confining pressure as a function of pore pressure. Permeability anisotropy was observed slightly in the normal and in two parallel directions to the bedding planes. We introduced microfocus X-ray computed tomography (CT) as a non-destructive tool and the three-dimensional medial axis (3DMA) method to quantify the flow-relevant geometric properties of the voids structure. Using this apparatus and structure analysis software, we obtained the distributions of pore size, throat size and the number of connecting paths between two faces in an arbitrary region of Berea sandstone. Using these data, we also evaluated the number of connecting paths between two faces and tortuosity within an arbitrary region, and discussed the relationship between permeability anisotropy and voids geometry.
{"title":"Three-dimensional pore geometry and permeability anisotropy of Berea sandstone under hydrostatic pressure: connecting path and tortuosity data obtained by microfocus X-ray CT","authors":"M. Takahashi, M. Kato, W. Lin, M. Sato","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.18","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Void space and permeability are two primary factors controlling the movement and storage of fluids in rock and sediments. To investigate fluid flow anisotropy in Berea sandstone, permeability was measured in three perpendicular directions under effective confining pressure as a function of pore pressure. Permeability anisotropy was observed slightly in the normal and in two parallel directions to the bedding planes. We introduced microfocus X-ray computed tomography (CT) as a non-destructive tool and the three-dimensional medial axis (3DMA) method to quantify the flow-relevant geometric properties of the voids structure. Using this apparatus and structure analysis software, we obtained the distributions of pore size, throat size and the number of connecting paths between two faces in an arbitrary region of Berea sandstone. Using these data, we also evaluated the number of connecting paths between two faces and tortuosity within an arbitrary region, and discussed the relationship between permeability anisotropy and voids geometry.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126515431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Culshaw, M. Culshaw, D. Entwisle, Dave Giles, T. Berry, A. Collings, V. Banks, L. Donnelly
Abstract In engineering terms, all materials deposited as a result of glacial and periglacial processes are transported soils. Many of these deposits have engineering characteristics that differ from those of water-lain sediments. In the UK, the most extensive glacial and periglacial deposits are tills. Previously, engineering geologists have classified them geotechnically as lodgement, melt-out, flow and deformation tills, or as variants of these. However, in this book tills have been reclassified as: subglacial traction till, glaciotectonite and supraglacial mass-flow diamicton/glaciogenic debris-flow deposits (see Chapter 4, Sections 4.1–4.3). Because this classification is new, it is not possible to relate geotechnical properties and characteristics to the subdivisions of the new classification. Consequently, the domain/stratigraphic classification, recently developed by the British Geological Survey and others, has been used and their geotechnical properties and characteristics are discussed on this basis. The geotechnical properties and characteristics of the other main glacial and periglacial deposits are also discussed. For some of these (e.g. glaciolacustrine deposits, quick clays and loess), geohazards relating to the lithology and/or fabric of the deposit are discussed along with their properties. Other geohazards that do not relate to lithology and/or fabric are discussed separately as either local or regional geohazards. In some cases (e.g. glaciofluvial sands and gravels), the geotechnical properties and behaviour are similar to sediments deposited under different climatic conditions; these deposits are therefore not discussed at length. Similarly, some of the local geohazards that are found associated with glacial and periglacial deposits relate to current climatic conditions and are not discussed here. Examples include landsliding and highly compressible organic soils (peats).
{"title":"Chapter 6 Material properties and geohazards","authors":"M. Culshaw, M. Culshaw, D. Entwisle, Dave Giles, T. Berry, A. Collings, V. Banks, L. Donnelly","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In engineering terms, all materials deposited as a result of glacial and periglacial processes are transported soils. Many of these deposits have engineering characteristics that differ from those of water-lain sediments. In the UK, the most extensive glacial and periglacial deposits are tills. Previously, engineering geologists have classified them geotechnically as lodgement, melt-out, flow and deformation tills, or as variants of these. However, in this book tills have been reclassified as: subglacial traction till, glaciotectonite and supraglacial mass-flow diamicton/glaciogenic debris-flow deposits (see Chapter 4, Sections 4.1–4.3). Because this classification is new, it is not possible to relate geotechnical properties and characteristics to the subdivisions of the new classification. Consequently, the domain/stratigraphic classification, recently developed by the British Geological Survey and others, has been used and their geotechnical properties and characteristics are discussed on this basis. The geotechnical properties and characteristics of the other main glacial and periglacial deposits are also discussed. For some of these (e.g. glaciolacustrine deposits, quick clays and loess), geohazards relating to the lithology and/or fabric of the deposit are discussed along with their properties. Other geohazards that do not relate to lithology and/or fabric are discussed separately as either local or regional geohazards. In some cases (e.g. glaciofluvial sands and gravels), the geotechnical properties and behaviour are similar to sediments deposited under different climatic conditions; these deposits are therefore not discussed at length. Similarly, some of the local geohazards that are found associated with glacial and periglacial deposits relate to current climatic conditions and are not discussed here. Examples include landsliding and highly compressible organic soils (peats).","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Engineering geology is inter alia concerned with the application of geology to the civil engineering industry to ensure safe and economic design and construction. It is a discipline that advances through practice, and case studies of both successes and failures are critical to its development. In this concluding chapter, 19 case studies have been compiled, mainly by those who were directly involved in the projects, to illustrate the nature and complexity of the ground conditions that can be encountered when working in relict glacial and periglacial terrain. The chapter finishes with a section on how the Working Party volume as a whole can be used to guide and improve best practice.
{"title":"Chapter 9 Conclusions and illustrative case studies","authors":"J. Griffiths, D. Giles","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Engineering geology is inter alia concerned with the application of geology to the civil engineering industry to ensure safe and economic design and construction. It is a discipline that advances through practice, and case studies of both successes and failures are critical to its development. In this concluding chapter, 19 case studies have been compiled, mainly by those who were directly involved in the projects, to illustrate the nature and complexity of the ground conditions that can be encountered when working in relict glacial and periglacial terrain. The chapter finishes with a section on how the Working Party volume as a whole can be used to guide and improve best practice.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124840420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Indrawan, David J. Williams, Alexander Scheuermann
Abstract Four kaolinite-dominant clays were moisture-conditioned with coal seam gas (CSG) water (CW) and deionized water (DW) and their consistency limits and compaction characteristics were compared. Further, two of the four clay samples were moisture-conditioned with CW, compacted in compaction mould permeameters and permeated with DW, CW and brine water (BW) under a 100 kPa hydraulic loading, simulating a pond water depth of 10 m in the field. The test results show that CW tended to increase the liquid and plastic limits and decrease the compaction densities of the clay samples. The hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples tended to decrease with decreasing concentration of salt and increasing pH value of the permeating waters. The hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples that were permeated with DW and CW were about one order of magnitude lower than those permeated with BW. At pH values above the isoelectric point of the edges (IEPedge) of the clay particles, the hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples tended to increase with increasing concentration of salt of the permeating water. The changes in the index and hydraulic parameters of the clay samples were attributed to changes in the net interparticle forces and in the associated clay structure.
{"title":"Effects of saline coal seam gas water on consistency limits, compaction characteristics and hydraulic conductivities of clays used for liners","authors":"I. Indrawan, David J. Williams, Alexander Scheuermann","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.20","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Four kaolinite-dominant clays were moisture-conditioned with coal seam gas (CSG) water (CW) and deionized water (DW) and their consistency limits and compaction characteristics were compared. Further, two of the four clay samples were moisture-conditioned with CW, compacted in compaction mould permeameters and permeated with DW, CW and brine water (BW) under a 100 kPa hydraulic loading, simulating a pond water depth of 10 m in the field. The test results show that CW tended to increase the liquid and plastic limits and decrease the compaction densities of the clay samples. The hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples tended to decrease with decreasing concentration of salt and increasing pH value of the permeating waters. The hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples that were permeated with DW and CW were about one order of magnitude lower than those permeated with BW. At pH values above the isoelectric point of the edges (IEPedge) of the clay particles, the hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples tended to increase with increasing concentration of salt of the permeating water. The changes in the index and hydraulic parameters of the clay samples were attributed to changes in the net interparticle forces and in the associated clay structure.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133608415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. V. Kozlyakova, O. Eremina, N. Anisimova, I. Kozhevnikova
Abstract Carboniferous deposits in Moscow are composed of interlaying carbonate and clay-marl massifs. The roof of Carboniferous deposits occurs at a depth 5–150 m below the surface. It has been affected by several generations of river erosion. Carbonate layers consist mainly of limestones karstified to a different extent. Suffosion development in overlaying sandy-clayey and sandy horizons resulting in karst-suffosion sinkholes and surface subsidence are related to the ancient buried karst forms. The geological map of Carboniferous deposits is compiled to a scale of 1: 10 000 for the entire territory of Moscow. The map shows the geological structure at the roof of Carboniferous deposits. It also displays the spatial distribution of various stratigraphical and lithological series of Carboniferous system, the subcrop topography of the Carboniferous deposits and thalwegs of pre-Jurassic and pre-Pleistocene (pre-glacial) buried river valleys and gullies. The specifics of karst development in Carboniferous limestone massifs are studied. Karstification and fracturing distribution is analysed in connection with the ancient topography. The geological map of Carboniferous deposits is one of the principal maps for compiling the map of karst and karst-suffosion hazard and the map of engineering geological zoning of Moscow.
{"title":"Study of geology and Carboniferous subcrop topography upon engineering geological mapping of Moscow territory","authors":"I. V. Kozlyakova, O. Eremina, N. Anisimova, I. Kozhevnikova","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Carboniferous deposits in Moscow are composed of interlaying carbonate and clay-marl massifs. The roof of Carboniferous deposits occurs at a depth 5–150 m below the surface. It has been affected by several generations of river erosion. Carbonate layers consist mainly of limestones karstified to a different extent. Suffosion development in overlaying sandy-clayey and sandy horizons resulting in karst-suffosion sinkholes and surface subsidence are related to the ancient buried karst forms. The geological map of Carboniferous deposits is compiled to a scale of 1: 10 000 for the entire territory of Moscow. The map shows the geological structure at the roof of Carboniferous deposits. It also displays the spatial distribution of various stratigraphical and lithological series of Carboniferous system, the subcrop topography of the Carboniferous deposits and thalwegs of pre-Jurassic and pre-Pleistocene (pre-glacial) buried river valleys and gullies. The specifics of karst development in Carboniferous limestone massifs are studied. Karstification and fracturing distribution is analysed in connection with the ancient topography. The geological map of Carboniferous deposits is one of the principal maps for compiling the map of karst and karst-suffosion hazard and the map of engineering geological zoning of Moscow.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115012003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Flentje, T. Miner, D. Stirling, D. Palamakumbure, D. Windle
Abstract A landmark Australian landslide research project, that will produce a series of medium-scale landslide inventory and susceptibility zoning datasets for substantial areas of Australia, is proposed. The project will produce a series of planning tools to facilitate the implementation of the AGS 2007 Landslide Risk Management (LRM) guidelines within government, and also address the new paradigm in risk management of due diligence. The project will also summarize the current variable status of landslide regulations around the country at both state and local government levels. This project will complement the earlier National Disaster Mitigation funding of the Australian Geomechanics Society and will address the difficulty in assembling a meaningful landslide inventory, essential for the development of susceptibility and hazard maps in landslide risk management practice. Susceptibility maps are seen as the best product from which to produce planning and development control areas for use in local government planning schemes addressing landslide issues. The development of a National Landslide Inventory framework would enhance data collection standards for this hazard across Australia. The costs associated with landslide damage and management are poorly documented within Australia and this project will also contribute to enhancing this element. Preliminary figures from early work in this area suggests government spending in the Wollongong area alone is at least $5 million annually since 1950 on landslide related costs. The project will also result in a series of regional to local zoning inventory and susceptibility zoning datasets and associated maps ranging from 1:250 000 and perhaps in some areas up to 1:25 000 scales for substantial areas of Australia. A modelling process will also be documented to promote transparency and to facilitate subsequent review and revisions. Achieving appropriate levels of funding to undertake this project remains a priority for the team. However, substantial elements are being developed already (some of which are summarized in this paper) and the authors are confident this project will come to fruition.
{"title":"Landslide inventory and susceptibility zoning across SE Australia","authors":"P. Flentje, T. Miner, D. Stirling, D. Palamakumbure, D. Windle","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A landmark Australian landslide research project, that will produce a series of medium-scale landslide inventory and susceptibility zoning datasets for substantial areas of Australia, is proposed. The project will produce a series of planning tools to facilitate the implementation of the AGS 2007 Landslide Risk Management (LRM) guidelines within government, and also address the new paradigm in risk management of due diligence. The project will also summarize the current variable status of landslide regulations around the country at both state and local government levels. This project will complement the earlier National Disaster Mitigation funding of the Australian Geomechanics Society and will address the difficulty in assembling a meaningful landslide inventory, essential for the development of susceptibility and hazard maps in landslide risk management practice. Susceptibility maps are seen as the best product from which to produce planning and development control areas for use in local government planning schemes addressing landslide issues. The development of a National Landslide Inventory framework would enhance data collection standards for this hazard across Australia. The costs associated with landslide damage and management are poorly documented within Australia and this project will also contribute to enhancing this element. Preliminary figures from early work in this area suggests government spending in the Wollongong area alone is at least $5 million annually since 1950 on landslide related costs. The project will also result in a series of regional to local zoning inventory and susceptibility zoning datasets and associated maps ranging from 1:250 000 and perhaps in some areas up to 1:25 000 scales for substantial areas of Australia. A modelling process will also be documented to promote transparency and to facilitate subsequent review and revisions. Achieving appropriate levels of funding to undertake this project remains a priority for the team. However, substantial elements are being developed already (some of which are summarized in this paper) and the authors are confident this project will come to fruition.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123406589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Former glaciation style is dictated by physiography and ice dynamics and is encoded in glacial landsystem imprints. As a holistic evaluation of sediment–landform associations and their genetic relationships to the processes involved in terrain development, glacial landsystems can facilitate a preliminary prediction of expected subsurface conditions using depositional surface morphology and wider physiographic setting. This chapter provides exemplars representative of the widely variable glacial depositional environments of the British Isles. The glacial deposits of the British Isles are viewed in terms of the dominant landsystems in the Quaternary sediment–landform record and can be grouped under four categories: (1) ice-sheet-related deposits and (2) upland (hard bedrock) glacial deposits, organized according to subglacial footprints, ice-marginal complexes and supraglacial assemblages; (3) glaciofluvial sediment–landforms, organized according to whether they are ice-contact or proglacial in nature; and (4) subaqueous depositional sequences, related to ice-proximal and ice-distal environments. These glacial landsystems are related to the concept of Quaternary domains in an attempt to translate sediment–landform assemblages into a format that has practicability in engineering geology. In this respect the regional distribution of landsystems resonates to some degree with the classification schemes of ‘glaciogenic subgroups’ and ‘till formation domains’. Beyond the glaciogenic subgroup and domain classifications, landsystems further identify localized complexities and ensure a higher level of detail for site investigations where intensive Quaternary geological assessments have yielded a range of data including geomorphological mapping and outcrop investigations with three-dimensional analyses of borehole archives.
{"title":"Chapter 4 Conceptual glacial ground models: British and Irish case studies","authors":"D. Evans","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Former glaciation style is dictated by physiography and ice dynamics and is encoded in glacial landsystem imprints. As a holistic evaluation of sediment–landform associations and their genetic relationships to the processes involved in terrain development, glacial landsystems can facilitate a preliminary prediction of expected subsurface conditions using depositional surface morphology and wider physiographic setting. This chapter provides exemplars representative of the widely variable glacial depositional environments of the British Isles. The glacial deposits of the British Isles are viewed in terms of the dominant landsystems in the Quaternary sediment–landform record and can be grouped under four categories: (1) ice-sheet-related deposits and (2) upland (hard bedrock) glacial deposits, organized according to subglacial footprints, ice-marginal complexes and supraglacial assemblages; (3) glaciofluvial sediment–landforms, organized according to whether they are ice-contact or proglacial in nature; and (4) subaqueous depositional sequences, related to ice-proximal and ice-distal environments. These glacial landsystems are related to the concept of Quaternary domains in an attempt to translate sediment–landform assemblages into a format that has practicability in engineering geology. In this respect the regional distribution of landsystems resonates to some degree with the classification schemes of ‘glaciogenic subgroups’ and ‘till formation domains’. Beyond the glaciogenic subgroup and domain classifications, landsystems further identify localized complexities and ensure a higher level of detail for site investigations where intensive Quaternary geological assessments have yielded a range of data including geomorphological mapping and outcrop investigations with three-dimensional analyses of borehole archives.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131599973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mike G. Winter, Mike G. Winter, V. Troughton, R. Bayliss, C. Golightly, L. Spasic-Gril, Peter Hobbs, K. Privett
Abstract Relict glacial and periglacial environments are widespread, and the deposits that they are associated with mean it is inevitable that the design and construction of many projects will be influenced by their presence and nature. Tills and other glaciogenic deposits prove to be particularly challenging in this context for reasons that include: the spatial variability of the nature of the deposits; the wide range of particle sizes often included within a given soil, including large-sized particles; spatial variation in soil type and properties; variation in depth to rockhead and variable degrees of weathering and alteration; the presence of groundwater, that is misinterpreted as perched water, as well as sub-artesian and artesian conditions; the presence of solution features and fissures, partly or completely infilled with soft or loose material; and the presence of (often shallow) shear surfaces at residual strength. In this chapter, some of the more common problems and associated solutions associated with earthworks and man-made slopes, tunnels and underground structures, dams and reservoirs, foundations, and offshore engineering and installations are reviewed. It is important that great care is taken in addressing the influences of variability, complexity and uncertainty inherent in glacial/periglacial soil formations at all stages of the construction process, from feasibility to end-of-project activities, such as preparation of the as-built drawings.
{"title":"Chapter 8 Design and construction considerations","authors":"Mike G. Winter, Mike G. Winter, V. Troughton, R. Bayliss, C. Golightly, L. Spasic-Gril, Peter Hobbs, K. Privett","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Relict glacial and periglacial environments are widespread, and the deposits that they are associated with mean it is inevitable that the design and construction of many projects will be influenced by their presence and nature. Tills and other glaciogenic deposits prove to be particularly challenging in this context for reasons that include: the spatial variability of the nature of the deposits; the wide range of particle sizes often included within a given soil, including large-sized particles; spatial variation in soil type and properties; variation in depth to rockhead and variable degrees of weathering and alteration; the presence of groundwater, that is misinterpreted as perched water, as well as sub-artesian and artesian conditions; the presence of solution features and fissures, partly or completely infilled with soft or loose material; and the presence of (often shallow) shear surfaces at residual strength. In this chapter, some of the more common problems and associated solutions associated with earthworks and man-made slopes, tunnels and underground structures, dams and reservoirs, foundations, and offshore engineering and installations are reviewed. It is important that great care is taken in addressing the influences of variability, complexity and uncertainty inherent in glacial/periglacial soil formations at all stages of the construction process, from feasibility to end-of-project activities, such as preparation of the as-built drawings.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123000927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The development of the conceptual ground model (CGM) is a critical component of any desk study or ground engineering project planning process. A key task of the engineering geologist is to develop the CGM in order to predict the occurrence of known terrain units, elements and facets within a given landsystem, and to communicate the lateral and vertical variability of engineering rocks and soils found within that system. This chapter details the significant ground components of glacial and periglacial landsystems within a geomorphological framework describing the sediments, structures and landforms that could reasonably be expected to be encountered in these terrains. Examples are provided of both modern and relict glacial and periglacial landforms, their mode of formation and their field recognition. Glaciogenic and periglacial sediments are described both in terms of their sedimentological and formal engineering description. The chapter provides a suggested naming nomenclature for these sediments that can be used within a BS 5930 description. An extensive photoglossary is presented as a field aide memoir, enabling the engineering geologist to identify these features once on site.
{"title":"Chapter 3 Geomorphological framework: glacial and periglacial sediments, structures and landforms","authors":"D. Giles, J. Griffiths, D. Evans, J. Murton","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The development of the conceptual ground model (CGM) is a critical component of any desk study or ground engineering project planning process. A key task of the engineering geologist is to develop the CGM in order to predict the occurrence of known terrain units, elements and facets within a given landsystem, and to communicate the lateral and vertical variability of engineering rocks and soils found within that system. This chapter details the significant ground components of glacial and periglacial landsystems within a geomorphological framework describing the sediments, structures and landforms that could reasonably be expected to be encountered in these terrains. Examples are provided of both modern and relict glacial and periglacial landforms, their mode of formation and their field recognition. Glaciogenic and periglacial sediments are described both in terms of their sedimentological and formal engineering description. The chapter provides a suggested naming nomenclature for these sediments that can be used within a BS 5930 description. An extensive photoglossary is presented as a field aide memoir, enabling the engineering geologist to identify these features once on site.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126701150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cenozoic age detrital sequences in the Pilbara region of Western Australia are becoming a focus for engineering geological and hydrogeological investigations with an increasing number of final open-pit walls developed in these materials for iron ore mining. Historically, detrital sequences were classified chronostratigraphically. However, within each chronostratigraphic unit exist sub-units of variable engineering geological and hydrogeological character. As the majority of drill-hole data from Pilbara iron ore mines is derived from reverse circulation techniques, a methodology to identify the engineering geological units through downhole geophysics and geochemical assays was required to progress model development to the level of detail required for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies. The methodology entails a review of cored hole data and use of twin holes to assess the typical geochemical and geophysical signatures of units identified. Improved interpretation of reverse circulation drill-holes has resulted in the development of detailed 3D engineering geological models, which have improved the understanding of geological variability and engineering properties for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies.
{"title":"Geophysics, geochemistry and engineering geology: how disciplines combine to improve mine slope design in the Pilbara detrital valleys of Western Australia","authors":"H. Baxter","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cenozoic age detrital sequences in the Pilbara region of Western Australia are becoming a focus for engineering geological and hydrogeological investigations with an increasing number of final open-pit walls developed in these materials for iron ore mining. Historically, detrital sequences were classified chronostratigraphically. However, within each chronostratigraphic unit exist sub-units of variable engineering geological and hydrogeological character. As the majority of drill-hole data from Pilbara iron ore mines is derived from reverse circulation techniques, a methodology to identify the engineering geological units through downhole geophysics and geochemical assays was required to progress model development to the level of detail required for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies. The methodology entails a review of cored hole data and use of twin holes to assess the typical geochemical and geophysical signatures of units identified. Improved interpretation of reverse circulation drill-holes has resulted in the development of detailed 3D engineering geological models, which have improved the understanding of geological variability and engineering properties for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131445366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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