Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to the Engineering Group of the Geological Society of London (EGGS) Working Party book on the engineering geology and geomorphology of glaciated and periglaciated terrains. A summary of changes in the extent of glacial and periglacial conditions throughout the Quaternary to the present day is provided initially. The engineering difficulties associated with working in glaciated and periglaciated terrains are demonstrated through the inclusion of seven important case histories. The chapter then discusses the background to the Working Party, the scope and structure of the book, including abstracts of each chapter, before finally guiding the reader on how the book may be used at a site where glacial or periglacial conditions had formerly prevailed. In particular, the importance of updating the ground model at each stage of the project as an approach to risk management is emphasized.
{"title":"Chapter 1 Introduction to engineering geology and geomorphology of glaciated and periglaciated terrains","authors":"C. Martin, A. Morley, J. Griffiths","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to the Engineering Group of the Geological Society of London (EGGS) Working Party book on the engineering geology and geomorphology of glaciated and periglaciated terrains. A summary of changes in the extent of glacial and periglacial conditions throughout the Quaternary to the present day is provided initially. The engineering difficulties associated with working in glaciated and periglaciated terrains are demonstrated through the inclusion of seven important case histories. The chapter then discusses the background to the Working Party, the scope and structure of the book, including abstracts of each chapter, before finally guiding the reader on how the book may be used at a site where glacial or periglacial conditions had formerly prevailed. In particular, the importance of updating the ground model at each stage of the project as an approach to risk management is emphasized.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125700846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract It has been long recognized that the residual shear strength of clayey soil is influenced by porewater chemistry due to physico-chemical interactions between clay and porewater. However, although the correlation between the residual shear strength of clayey soils and salinity of porewater has been discussed by many researchers, it has not been quantitatively specified either in theory or experiment. In this study, the residual shear strength of pure and mixed clays made of smectite, interlayered illite/smectite and kaolinite were investigated after being saturated with NaCl solutions of various concentrations. It was found that the residual shear strength of smectite significantly increased when the concentration of the NaCl was in the range of 0–1 mol L−1 and showed little change when the NaCl concentration was higher. The residual shear strength of kaolinite displayed insignificant change when NaCl concentration varied. Variation of the residual shear strength of interlayered illite/smectite with porewater salinity was quite similar to that of smectite, but with much less magnitude. Moreover, the residual shear strength of the clay mixtures also displayed great variation with the porewater salinity, and the variation may be mainly attributed to aggregation when porewater salinity varied as a result of change in double-layer thickness among clay particles.
{"title":"Effect of porewater salinity on residual shear strength of clays and their mixtures","authors":"L. He, B. Wen","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.21","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It has been long recognized that the residual shear strength of clayey soil is influenced by porewater chemistry due to physico-chemical interactions between clay and porewater. However, although the correlation between the residual shear strength of clayey soils and salinity of porewater has been discussed by many researchers, it has not been quantitatively specified either in theory or experiment. In this study, the residual shear strength of pure and mixed clays made of smectite, interlayered illite/smectite and kaolinite were investigated after being saturated with NaCl solutions of various concentrations. It was found that the residual shear strength of smectite significantly increased when the concentration of the NaCl was in the range of 0–1 mol L−1 and showed little change when the NaCl concentration was higher. The residual shear strength of kaolinite displayed insignificant change when NaCl concentration varied. Variation of the residual shear strength of interlayered illite/smectite with porewater salinity was quite similar to that of smectite, but with much less magnitude. Moreover, the residual shear strength of the clay mixtures also displayed great variation with the porewater salinity, and the variation may be mainly attributed to aggregation when porewater salinity varied as a result of change in double-layer thickness among clay particles.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120961714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Periglacial environments are characterized by cold-climate non-glacial conditions and ground freezing. The coldest periglacial environments in Pleistocene Britain were underlain by permafrost (ground that remains at or below 0°C for two years or more), while many glaciated areas experienced paraglacial modification as the landscape adjusted to non-glacial conditions. The growth and melt of ground ice, supplemented by temperature-induced ground deformation, leads to periglacial disturbance and drives the periglacial debris system. Ice segregation can fracture porous bedrock and sediment, and produce an ice-rich brecciated layer in the upper metres of permafrost. This layer is vulnerable to melting and thaw consolidation, which can release debris into the active layer and, in undrained conditions, result in elevated porewater pressures and sediment deformation. Thus, an important difference arises between ground that is frost-susceptible, and hence prone to ice segregation, and ground that is not. Mass-movement, fluvial and aeolian processes operating under periglacial conditions have also contributed to reworking sediment under cold-climate conditions and the evolution of periglacial landscapes. A fundamental distinction exists between lowland landscapes, which have evolved under periglacial conditions throughout much of the Quaternary, and upland periglacial landscapes, which have largely evolved over the past c. 19 ka following retreat and downwastage of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Periglacial landsystems provide a conceptual framework to interpret the imprint of periglacial processes on the British landscape, and to predict the engineering properties of the ground. Landsystems are distinguished according to topography, relief and the presence or absence of a sediment mantle. Four landsystems characterize both lowland and upland periglacial terrains: plateau landsystems, sediment-mantled hillslope landsystems, rock-slope landsystems, and slope-foot landsystems. Two additional landsystems are also identified in lowland terrains, where thick sequences of periglacial deposits are common: valley landsystems and buried landsystems. Finally, submerged landsystems (which may contain more than one of the above) exist on the continental shelf offshore of Great Britain. Individual landsystems contain a rich variety of periglacial, permafrost and paraglacial landforms, sediments and sedimentary structures. Key periglacial lowland landsystems are summarized using ground models for limestone plateau-clay-vale terrain and caprock-mudstone valley terrain. Upland periglacial landsystems are synthesized through ground models of relict and active periglacial landforms, supplemented by maps of upland periglacial features developed on bedrock of differing lithology.
{"title":"Chapter 5 Periglacial and permafrost ground models for Great Britain","authors":"J. Murton, C. Ballantyne","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Periglacial environments are characterized by cold-climate non-glacial conditions and ground freezing. The coldest periglacial environments in Pleistocene Britain were underlain by permafrost (ground that remains at or below 0°C for two years or more), while many glaciated areas experienced paraglacial modification as the landscape adjusted to non-glacial conditions. The growth and melt of ground ice, supplemented by temperature-induced ground deformation, leads to periglacial disturbance and drives the periglacial debris system. Ice segregation can fracture porous bedrock and sediment, and produce an ice-rich brecciated layer in the upper metres of permafrost. This layer is vulnerable to melting and thaw consolidation, which can release debris into the active layer and, in undrained conditions, result in elevated porewater pressures and sediment deformation. Thus, an important difference arises between ground that is frost-susceptible, and hence prone to ice segregation, and ground that is not. Mass-movement, fluvial and aeolian processes operating under periglacial conditions have also contributed to reworking sediment under cold-climate conditions and the evolution of periglacial landscapes. A fundamental distinction exists between lowland landscapes, which have evolved under periglacial conditions throughout much of the Quaternary, and upland periglacial landscapes, which have largely evolved over the past c. 19 ka following retreat and downwastage of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Periglacial landsystems provide a conceptual framework to interpret the imprint of periglacial processes on the British landscape, and to predict the engineering properties of the ground. Landsystems are distinguished according to topography, relief and the presence or absence of a sediment mantle. Four landsystems characterize both lowland and upland periglacial terrains: plateau landsystems, sediment-mantled hillslope landsystems, rock-slope landsystems, and slope-foot landsystems. Two additional landsystems are also identified in lowland terrains, where thick sequences of periglacial deposits are common: valley landsystems and buried landsystems. Finally, submerged landsystems (which may contain more than one of the above) exist on the continental shelf offshore of Great Britain. Individual landsystems contain a rich variety of periglacial, permafrost and paraglacial landforms, sediments and sedimentary structures. Key periglacial lowland landsystems are summarized using ground models for limestone plateau-clay-vale terrain and caprock-mudstone valley terrain. Upland periglacial landsystems are synthesized through ground models of relict and active periglacial landforms, supplemented by maps of upland periglacial features developed on bedrock of differing lithology.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133593183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. H. D. Freitas, James S. Griffiths, N. Press, J. Russell, A. Parkes, I. Stimpson, D. Norbury, C. Coleman, J. Black, G. Towler, K. Thatcher
Abstract Ground affected by periglacial and glacial processes can be among the most variable formed by nature. Previous chapters have graphically illustrated this variability and explained the topographic and sedimentary associations to be expected within former and present-day cold regions. This chapter shows how that background is needed to design and execute an investigation for predicting either the ground response to engineering change or the volumes of material the ground contains. Such an investigation of the ground is also needed to explain its current and former state of stability on slopes and its natural groundwater flow. The starting point of any such investigation is a conceptual model of the ground which subsequent investigation tests and refines; investigations conducted without such a model can easily become sterile and expensive exercises in collecting data. Such a model starts with knowledge of landscape, cold climate processes and their products, initially refined with the aid of a desk study. This then develops with each phase of the investigation, starting with what is known via desk studies, and progressing through what can be readily seen by walkover surveys and shallow investigations, including surface geophysics and remote sensing, all leading towards a model that can be tested directly by various intrusive investigations. Techniques appropriate for such investigations, including sampling, in glaciated and frost-disturbed ground both onshore and offshore are reviewed. Great care must be taken with the description of coarse materials, glaciotectonic structures and the materials within them; a unique feature of this chapter is the correlation it presents between the engineering descriptions of glacial sediments, as used in ground engineering, and the descriptions used by glacial sedimentologists for the same materials. Water levels are also obtained during these investigations, and in these types of ground they are often misinterpreted by applying thinking more appropriate to aquifer hydrogeology. A surprising feature of glaciated ground is its low permeability overall, and the correct interpretation of heads measured in such environments is often that for aquitards rather than aquifers. The initial conceptual model starts with little more than an idea and a broad outline, and evolves as the investigation progresses. It should continue to evolve throughout construction as more and more of the ground is exposed and its behaviour is better known; in this way, the ground model can be thought of as a living document, especially appropriate in such variable ground. The chapter concludes with a review of how this information can be brought together as three-dimensional models that effectively communicate the knowns and unknowns of a volume of ground and their associated risks, in both deterministic and probabilistic ways.
{"title":"Chapter 7 Engineering investigation and assessment","authors":"M. H. D. Freitas, James S. Griffiths, N. Press, J. Russell, A. Parkes, I. Stimpson, D. Norbury, C. Coleman, J. Black, G. Towler, K. Thatcher","doi":"10.1144/EGSP28.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ground affected by periglacial and glacial processes can be among the most variable formed by nature. Previous chapters have graphically illustrated this variability and explained the topographic and sedimentary associations to be expected within former and present-day cold regions. This chapter shows how that background is needed to design and execute an investigation for predicting either the ground response to engineering change or the volumes of material the ground contains. Such an investigation of the ground is also needed to explain its current and former state of stability on slopes and its natural groundwater flow. The starting point of any such investigation is a conceptual model of the ground which subsequent investigation tests and refines; investigations conducted without such a model can easily become sterile and expensive exercises in collecting data. Such a model starts with knowledge of landscape, cold climate processes and their products, initially refined with the aid of a desk study. This then develops with each phase of the investigation, starting with what is known via desk studies, and progressing through what can be readily seen by walkover surveys and shallow investigations, including surface geophysics and remote sensing, all leading towards a model that can be tested directly by various intrusive investigations. Techniques appropriate for such investigations, including sampling, in glaciated and frost-disturbed ground both onshore and offshore are reviewed. Great care must be taken with the description of coarse materials, glaciotectonic structures and the materials within them; a unique feature of this chapter is the correlation it presents between the engineering descriptions of glacial sediments, as used in ground engineering, and the descriptions used by glacial sedimentologists for the same materials. Water levels are also obtained during these investigations, and in these types of ground they are often misinterpreted by applying thinking more appropriate to aquifer hydrogeology. A surprising feature of glaciated ground is its low permeability overall, and the correct interpretation of heads measured in such environments is often that for aquitards rather than aquifers. The initial conceptual model starts with little more than an idea and a broad outline, and evolves as the investigation progresses. It should continue to evolve throughout construction as more and more of the ground is exposed and its behaviour is better known; in this way, the ground model can be thought of as a living document, especially appropriate in such variable ground. The chapter concludes with a review of how this information can be brought together as three-dimensional models that effectively communicate the knowns and unknowns of a volume of ground and their associated risks, in both deterministic and probabilistic ways.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122239464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Price, S. Price, J. Ford, S. Campbell, I. Jefferson
Abstract Over half of the world's population now live in cities. In 2011 it was estimated that the global population exceeded 7 billion. Pressures on the environment including land use are increasing. The ground beneath cities and the interaction between physical, biological and chemical processes provides natural capital on which society depends. These benefits and the ground properties and processes that support and deliver them can be considered ecosystem services. Characterizing the ground properties on which ecosystem services depend involves a qualitative assessment of positive and negative impacts of proposed urban sustainability solutions, including use of the ground. The sustainability of a proposed solution depends on how the future might unfold. Future scenario analysis allows consideration of the social, technological, economic, environmental and political changes that may determine the ability of a proposed solution to deliver its benefits now and in the future. Analysis of the positive and negative impacts of a proposed use of the ground on ecosystem function, measured against future scenarios of change, can be integrated to deliver strategies for the future management of the ground and the wider environment beneath cities.
{"title":"Urban Futures: the sustainable management of the ground beneath cities","authors":"S. Price, S. Price, J. Ford, S. Campbell, I. Jefferson","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over half of the world's population now live in cities. In 2011 it was estimated that the global population exceeded 7 billion. Pressures on the environment including land use are increasing. The ground beneath cities and the interaction between physical, biological and chemical processes provides natural capital on which society depends. These benefits and the ground properties and processes that support and deliver them can be considered ecosystem services. Characterizing the ground properties on which ecosystem services depend involves a qualitative assessment of positive and negative impacts of proposed urban sustainability solutions, including use of the ground. The sustainability of a proposed solution depends on how the future might unfold. Future scenario analysis allows consideration of the social, technological, economic, environmental and political changes that may determine the ability of a proposed solution to deliver its benefits now and in the future. Analysis of the positive and negative impacts of a proposed use of the ground on ecosystem function, measured against future scenarios of change, can be integrated to deliver strategies for the future management of the ground and the wider environment beneath cities.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127983703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lihui Li, X. Deng, Yufang Tan, Beixiu Huang, Zhifa Yang
Abstract In June 1992, five large rock caverns were unearthed in a village near Longyou County in Zhejiang Province, south China. The caverns were manually excavated about 2000 years ago in argillaceous siltstone of Cretaceous age. Faults are not well developed, however there are clay interlayers within argillaceous siltstone bedding at each cavern. Field investigations suggest that the ancients had realized the influence of the clay interlayers on the stability of caverns and altered their location and layout accordingly. Several preserved trial adits at the site are good evidence of this conclusion. These adits are apparently abandoned due to the presence of clay interlayers. This is probably the earliest known use of geological exploration by adit methods, an approach now widely used. In this paper, the engineering geological conditions, especially the development of the clay interlayers, are presented in some detail. Statistical analysis shows that the numbers and average thickness of clay interlayers in the five completed caverns are less than those in other outcrops. It is concluded that trial adit methods and experience by geological observation were adopted by the ancients 2000 years ago in the excavation of underground rock caverns.
{"title":"Siting method of the ancients in the excavation of Longyou Caverns, 2000 years ago","authors":"Lihui Li, X. Deng, Yufang Tan, Beixiu Huang, Zhifa Yang","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In June 1992, five large rock caverns were unearthed in a village near Longyou County in Zhejiang Province, south China. The caverns were manually excavated about 2000 years ago in argillaceous siltstone of Cretaceous age. Faults are not well developed, however there are clay interlayers within argillaceous siltstone bedding at each cavern. Field investigations suggest that the ancients had realized the influence of the clay interlayers on the stability of caverns and altered their location and layout accordingly. Several preserved trial adits at the site are good evidence of this conclusion. These adits are apparently abandoned due to the presence of clay interlayers. This is probably the earliest known use of geological exploration by adit methods, an approach now widely used. In this paper, the engineering geological conditions, especially the development of the clay interlayers, are presented in some detail. Statistical analysis shows that the numbers and average thickness of clay interlayers in the five completed caverns are less than those in other outcrops. It is concluded that trial adit methods and experience by geological observation were adopted by the ancients 2000 years ago in the excavation of underground rock caverns.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114387158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the principle strategies of the European Community is efficient and sustainable usage of aggregate resources. The appropriation and implementation of these strategies are highly important. Rapid reductions in the usable aggregate resources, the possibility of future closure of quarries near the city centre and inefficient use of the resources are major problems for İstanbul. To provide efficient use of aggregate resources in İstanbul and its vicinity, it is therefore necessary to review the regional plan and develop new strategies for sustainable management of resources. However, sustainability is affected by local factors such as availability of a suitable transportation infrastructure and a lack of detailed knowledge of the geology. It is therefore important to manage existing resources effectively, and maximize the resources through use of operational systems that maintain quality.
{"title":"Sustainable management of aggregate resources in İstanbul","authors":"A. Tugrul, M. Yilmaz, İ. Sönmez, S. Hasdemir","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the principle strategies of the European Community is efficient and sustainable usage of aggregate resources. The appropriation and implementation of these strategies are highly important. Rapid reductions in the usable aggregate resources, the possibility of future closure of quarries near the city centre and inefficient use of the resources are major problems for İstanbul. To provide efficient use of aggregate resources in İstanbul and its vicinity, it is therefore necessary to review the regional plan and develop new strategies for sustainable management of resources. However, sustainability is affected by local factors such as availability of a suitable transportation infrastructure and a lack of detailed knowledge of the geology. It is therefore important to manage existing resources effectively, and maximize the resources through use of operational systems that maintain quality.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122933914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Afulilo Dam was built as part of a hydroelectric scheme to augment the power supply for the island of Upolu, Samoa. The 23 m high concrete gravity dam sits on the crest of a waterfall that once drained an intermontane basin. Initially, concerns were expressed about a possible active fault through the dam site linked with a larger fault across the island. This assertion was refuted but not tested by the owners, and the dam came into operation as planned. This issue was again reviewed in 2009–10 as part of an environmental and power augmentation study. The opportunity was also taken to test the compliance of the dam with accepted international practices. Additional regional geological assessments, a review of the seismic data and further drilling at the dam site provided data to improve the geological model for the dam site. It is concluded and confirmed that there is no clear evidence for the existence of such faults. If they do exist, they are not active and therefore not significant for the safety of the dam.
{"title":"Revised hazard assessment for Afulilo Dam, Samoa","authors":"R. Goldsmith, K. Mccue","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Afulilo Dam was built as part of a hydroelectric scheme to augment the power supply for the island of Upolu, Samoa. The 23 m high concrete gravity dam sits on the crest of a waterfall that once drained an intermontane basin. Initially, concerns were expressed about a possible active fault through the dam site linked with a larger fault across the island. This assertion was refuted but not tested by the owners, and the dam came into operation as planned. This issue was again reviewed in 2009–10 as part of an environmental and power augmentation study. The opportunity was also taken to test the compliance of the dam with accepted international practices. Additional regional geological assessments, a review of the seismic data and further drilling at the dam site provided data to improve the geological model for the dam site. It is concluded and confirmed that there is no clear evidence for the existence of such faults. If they do exist, they are not active and therefore not significant for the safety of the dam.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128299295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Over half of the world's population is urbanized. Urban planners aim at sustainable development but often take more account of social and economic information than geoscience. Many authorities do not employ geoscientists. This leads to poor policies and decisions and increased costs and risks. Planning systems are complicated and lengthy, involving many participants from planners to elected members as well as the public who may have limited understanding of the importance of geoscience information, scientific methods and uncertainties in results. Careful presentation focusing on the requirements of each audience is needed. Researchers should engage with stakeholders to develop trust and understanding. Planners should be included in research teams. Information on resources, hazards and emissions should be combined with social and economic material. Collaboration with other specialists is important. Work is not over when the results are written up. Thorough dissemination is required for results to be used fully and properly. It is wise to train geoscientists in writing for, and communicating with, the public and media. Ongoing advice and guidance is needed not least when plans are reviewed and updated but that is often prevented by funding mechanisms.
{"title":"Urban planning: the geoscience input","authors":"B. Marker","doi":"10.1144/EGSP27.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP27.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over half of the world's population is urbanized. Urban planners aim at sustainable development but often take more account of social and economic information than geoscience. Many authorities do not employ geoscientists. This leads to poor policies and decisions and increased costs and risks. Planning systems are complicated and lengthy, involving many participants from planners to elected members as well as the public who may have limited understanding of the importance of geoscience information, scientific methods and uncertainties in results. Careful presentation focusing on the requirements of each audience is needed. Researchers should engage with stakeholders to develop trust and understanding. Planners should be included in research teams. Information on resources, hazards and emissions should be combined with social and economic material. Collaboration with other specialists is important. Work is not over when the results are written up. Thorough dissemination is required for results to be used fully and properly. It is wise to train geoscientists in writing for, and communicating with, the public and media. Ongoing advice and guidance is needed not least when plans are reviewed and updated but that is often prevented by funding mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":266864,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology Special Publication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129776445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sven Lukas, F. Preusser, D. J. Evans, C. M. Boston, H. Lovell
Abstract The Quaternary is the youngest geological period, beginning 2.58 Ma ago and including the present day; it is therefore the only geological period that is continuously growing. During the first epoch of the Quaternary, the Pleistocene, extremely cold and warm conditions alternated, frequently over short periods of time. This resulted in processes currently only operating in cold (polar and high-mountain) environments extending to and affecting the mid-latitudes, including the currently densely populated areas of North America and Europe. In Britain every region has been affected by cold-region processes, which have produced unique sedimentary and geomorphological signatures. Hence, an intimate knowledge of these processes is of direct relevance to engineering geologists and anyone working with natural materials. This chapter reviews the state of the art of (a) the stratigraphic (nomenclatorial) framework of the Quaternary, (b) prominent concepts that are of direct relevance to understanding the detailed overviews in Chapters 3–5; and (c) key findings on the dynamics of these processes and their implications for engineering-geological questions and problems.
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