This paper develops an overlapping generations model of entrepreneurship to analyze the effects of financier patience on aggregate productivity of capital and macroeconomic development. The purpose of the enquiry is to show that while limited financier patience constrains the supply of investable funds allocated at productive long-term entrepreneurial projects and aggregate productivity, financial markets that favor short-term lending do not necessarily retard steady state output. I show that this potential non-linear effect of financier patience exists if entrepreneurial sector of the society consists of economic agents with heterogeneous interests in adopting long-term investment projects.
{"title":"Investment Composition and Productivity with Heterogeneous Entrepreneurs","authors":"Burak R. Uras","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1983619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1983619","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops an overlapping generations model of entrepreneurship to analyze the effects of financier patience on aggregate productivity of capital and macroeconomic development. The purpose of the enquiry is to show that while limited financier patience constrains the supply of investable funds allocated at productive long-term entrepreneurial projects and aggregate productivity, financial markets that favor short-term lending do not necessarily retard steady state output. I show that this potential non-linear effect of financier patience exists if entrepreneurial sector of the society consists of economic agents with heterogeneous interests in adopting long-term investment projects.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129408522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many months the British government has been trying to convince the nation that it wants to promote economic growth. The evidence suggests that the economic giants of the future are the very smallest firms of today. This being the case, no policy to increase growth can neglect obstacles that face the self-employed and small businesses. The self-employed and small businesses form a sector of the economy that is difficult to research and little understood. However, Peter Urwin, Director of the Centre for Employment Research at Westminster Business School, provides radical insights in this IEA publication. In particular he shows how the self-employed and employees of small firms have a very different profile from the employees of large firms. If we prevent small firms from flourishing we will cut off opportunities for large sectors of society who may struggle to find alternative employment. Furthermore, the nature of entrepreneurship is such that government policy can never identify successful firms in advance. The only option is to de-regulate business so that tomorrow’s successful firms are not strangled at birth. This publication is important reading for those who wish to understand a sector that employs nearly one third of the British workforce. It is also vital reading for those who wish to develop the policies that will liberate a culture of entrepreneurship within the UK.
几个月来，英国政府一直试图让国民相信，它希望促进经济增长。有证据表明，未来的经济巨头是今天最小的公司。在这种情况下，任何促进增长的政策都不能忽视个体户和小企业面临的障碍。个体经营者和小企业构成了一个难以研究和理解的经济部门。然而，威斯敏斯特商学院(Westminster Business School)就业研究中心主任彼得•厄温(Peter Urwin)在这份IEA出版物中提供了激进的见解。他特别指出，小公司的个体经营者和雇员与大公司的雇员有着非常不同的形象。如果我们阻止小公司蓬勃发展，我们将切断社会上可能难以找到替代工作的大部分人的机会。此外，企业家精神的本质是，政府政策永远无法事先确定成功的公司。唯一的选择是放松对商业的管制，这样明天成功的公司就不会在诞生时就被扼杀。对于那些希望了解这个雇佣了英国近三分之一劳动力的行业的人来说，这本出版物是一本重要的读物。对于那些希望制定政策、解放英国创业文化的人来说，这本书也是一本重要的读物。
{"title":"Self-Employment, Small Firms and Enterprise","authors":"P. Urwin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3922110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3922110","url":null,"abstract":"For many months the British government has been trying to convince the nation that it wants to promote economic growth. The evidence suggests that the economic giants of the future are the very smallest firms of today. This being the case, no policy to increase growth can neglect obstacles that face the self-employed and small businesses. The self-employed and small businesses form a sector of the economy that is difficult to research and little understood. However, Peter Urwin, Director of the Centre for Employment Research at Westminster Business School, provides radical insights in this IEA publication. In particular he shows how the self-employed and employees of small firms have a very different profile from the employees of large firms. If we prevent small firms from flourishing we will cut off opportunities for large sectors of society who may struggle to find alternative employment. Furthermore, the nature of entrepreneurship is such that government policy can never identify successful firms in advance. The only option is to de-regulate business so that tomorrow’s successful firms are not strangled at birth. This publication is important reading for those who wish to understand a sector that employs nearly one third of the British workforce. It is also vital reading for those who wish to develop the policies that will liberate a culture of entrepreneurship within the UK.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113953133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standard models of investment predict that credit-constrained firms should grow rapidly when given additional capital, and that how this capital is provided should not affect decisions to invest in the business or consume the capital. We randomly gave cash and in-kind grants to male- and female-owned microenterprises in urban Ghana. Our findings cast doubt on the ability of capital alone to stimulate the growth of female microenterprises. First, while the average treatment effects of the in-kind grants are large and positive for both males and females, the gain in profits is almost zero for women with initial profits below the median, suggesting that capital alone is not enough to grow subsistence enterprises owned by women. Second, for women we strongly reject equality of the cash and in-kind grants; only in-kind grants lead to growth in business profits. The results for men also suggest a lower impact of cash, but differences between cash and in-kind grants are less robust. The difference in the effects of cash and in-kind grants is associated more with a lack of self-control than with external pressure. As a result, the manner in which funding is provided affects microenterprise growth.
{"title":"When is Capital Enough to Get Female Microenterprises Growing? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ghana","authors":"M. Fafchamps, D. McKenzie, S. Quinn","doi":"10.3386/w17207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w17207","url":null,"abstract":"Standard models of investment predict that credit-constrained firms should grow rapidly when given additional capital, and that how this capital is provided should not affect decisions to invest in the business or consume the capital. We randomly gave cash and in-kind grants to male- and female-owned microenterprises in urban Ghana. Our findings cast doubt on the ability of capital alone to stimulate the growth of female microenterprises. First, while the average treatment effects of the in-kind grants are large and positive for both males and females, the gain in profits is almost zero for women with initial profits below the median, suggesting that capital alone is not enough to grow subsistence enterprises owned by women. Second, for women we strongly reject equality of the cash and in-kind grants; only in-kind grants lead to growth in business profits. The results for men also suggest a lower impact of cash, but differences between cash and in-kind grants are less robust. The difference in the effects of cash and in-kind grants is associated more with a lack of self-control than with external pressure. As a result, the manner in which funding is provided affects microenterprise growth.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129445193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recession the United States economy entered in December of 2007 is considered to be the most severe downturn the country has experienced since the Great Depression. The unemployment rate reached as high as 10.1 percent in October 2009 - the highest we have seen since the 1982 recession. In this paper we examine the severity of this recession compared to those in the past by examining worker flows into and out of unemployment taking into account changes in the demographic structure of the population. We identify the most vulnerable groups of this recession by dissagregating the workforce by age, gender and race. We find that adjusting for the aging of the U.S. labor force increases the severity of this recession. Our results indicate that the increase in the unemployment rate is driven to a larger extent by the lack of hiring (low outflows), but flows into unemployment are still important for understanding unemployment rate dynamics (they are not as acyclical as some literature suggests) and differences in unemployment rates across demographic groups. We find that this is indeed a "mancession," as men face higher job separation probabilities, lower job finding probabilities and, as a result, higher unemployment rates than women. Lastly, there is some evidence that blacks suffered more than whites (again, this difference is particularly pronounced for men).
{"title":"Job Flows, Demographics and the Great Recession","authors":"Eva Sierminska, Yelena Takhtamanova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1659667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1659667","url":null,"abstract":"The recession the United States economy entered in December of 2007 is considered to be the most severe downturn the country has experienced since the Great Depression. The unemployment rate reached as high as 10.1 percent in October 2009 - the highest we have seen since the 1982 recession. In this paper we examine the severity of this recession compared to those in the past by examining worker flows into and out of unemployment taking into account changes in the demographic structure of the population. We identify the most vulnerable groups of this recession by dissagregating the workforce by age, gender and race. We find that adjusting for the aging of the U.S. labor force increases the severity of this recession. Our results indicate that the increase in the unemployment rate is driven to a larger extent by the lack of hiring (low outflows), but flows into unemployment are still important for understanding unemployment rate dynamics (they are not as acyclical as some literature suggests) and differences in unemployment rates across demographic groups. We find that this is indeed a \"mancession,\" as men face higher job separation probabilities, lower job finding probabilities and, as a result, higher unemployment rates than women. Lastly, there is some evidence that blacks suffered more than whites (again, this difference is particularly pronounced for men).","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126732138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Where do firms' heterogeneous resources come from? Our qualitative, inductive study of nascent firms over seven years revealed that founders' differential use of emotion regula-tion behaviors can explain differential creation of social resources at the firm level. We found that founders' emotion regulation behaviors cluster around three themes: (1) the founder's temporal perspective (short-term versus long-term); (2) the nature of founder benefits (economic versus emotional rewards); and (3) the target of founder attention (self versus others). We theorize that founders' emotion regulation behaviors according to these themes influence the incentives of founders and stakeholders and thereby enable the creation of valuable and difficult-to-imitate social resources for their ventures. Social re-sources include discretionary support provided by founders and stakeholders, as well as founder persistence and stakeholder willingness-to-help. Our study contributes to the strategy literature by showing empirically the link between specific emotion regulation behaviors and the emergence of resource heterogeneity at the firm level. It specifically contributes to resource-based theory by separating the theory's main assumptions and outcomes, reducing concerns about potential tautology.
{"title":"The Affective Roots of Resource Heterogeneity: How Founders' Emotion Regulation Helps Create Social Resources in Startups","authors":"C. Zott, Q. Huy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1716885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716885","url":null,"abstract":"Where do firms' heterogeneous resources come from? Our qualitative, inductive study of nascent firms over seven years revealed that founders' differential use of emotion regula-tion behaviors can explain differential creation of social resources at the firm level. We found that founders' emotion regulation behaviors cluster around three themes: (1) the founder's temporal perspective (short-term versus long-term); (2) the nature of founder benefits (economic versus emotional rewards); and (3) the target of founder attention (self versus others). We theorize that founders' emotion regulation behaviors according to these themes influence the incentives of founders and stakeholders and thereby enable the creation of valuable and difficult-to-imitate social resources for their ventures. Social re-sources include discretionary support provided by founders and stakeholders, as well as founder persistence and stakeholder willingness-to-help. Our study contributes to the strategy literature by showing empirically the link between specific emotion regulation behaviors and the emergence of resource heterogeneity at the firm level. It specifically contributes to resource-based theory by separating the theory's main assumptions and outcomes, reducing concerns about potential tautology.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124448559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immigrants have mainly been studied as part of the wage-earning workforce. However, they can become entrepreneurs. There is evidence in the literature that immigrants can be relatively more entrepreneurial than local inhabitants. Previous studies indicate that immigrants do not have any greater entrepreneurial capacity in rural areas, but local inhabitants do. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of rurality and the geographical concentration of immigrants on the entrepreneurship of foreigners. The paper also studies the influence over immigrant entrepreneurial activity of socio-institutional factors such as role models, the perception of social fear of failure and the perception that becoming an entrepreneur increases social status. To conduct this study, a logit model adjusted for rare events was applied using the GEM survey (Global Entrepreneur Monitor) for Spain for the year 2007. The results indicate that the concentration of immigrants plays a determinant role in explaining the impact of rurality and socio-institutional factors on foreign entrepreneurial activity.
{"title":"How Entrepreneurially Influential Social Traits and the Concentration of Immigrants Affect Business Creation Among Rural Immigrants","authors":"Claudio Mancilla, Y. Vaillant, Esteban Lafuente","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1627509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1627509","url":null,"abstract":"Immigrants have mainly been studied as part of the wage-earning workforce. However, they can become entrepreneurs. There is evidence in the literature that immigrants can be relatively more entrepreneurial than local inhabitants. Previous studies indicate that immigrants do not have any greater entrepreneurial capacity in rural areas, but local inhabitants do. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of rurality and the geographical concentration of immigrants on the entrepreneurship of foreigners. The paper also studies the influence over immigrant entrepreneurial activity of socio-institutional factors such as role models, the perception of social fear of failure and the perception that becoming an entrepreneur increases social status. To conduct this study, a logit model adjusted for rare events was applied using the GEM survey (Global Entrepreneur Monitor) for Spain for the year 2007. The results indicate that the concentration of immigrants plays a determinant role in explaining the impact of rurality and socio-institutional factors on foreign entrepreneurial activity.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128734528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-28DOI: 10.1108/13552551111107507
R. Trevelyan
Propositions about the impact cognitive processes have on entrepreneurial effort across different tasks are developed. These propositions draw on self-regulatory theory, in particular our understanding of regulatory focus and self-efficacy. It is argued that a promotion orientation motivates effort on explorative tasks, and a prevention orientation motivates effort on exploitative tasks. Further, I propose that high self-efficacy motivates effort on action tasks, but high self-efficacy reduces effort on judgment tasks. One implication of these propositions for entrepreneurs is to understand self-regulatory processes and to consciously decide how much effort to put into different tasks, rather than relying on (hidden) preferences. Another implication is for those involved in selecting and developing entrepreneurs. That implication is that entrepreneurs’ self-regulatory processes can inhibit effective effort. These processes can be managed to increase effectiveness.
{"title":"Self-Regulation and Effort in Entrepreneurial Tasks","authors":"R. Trevelyan","doi":"10.1108/13552551111107507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551111107507","url":null,"abstract":"Propositions about the impact cognitive processes have on entrepreneurial effort across different tasks are developed. These propositions draw on self-regulatory theory, in particular our understanding of regulatory focus and self-efficacy. It is argued that a promotion orientation motivates effort on explorative tasks, and a prevention orientation motivates effort on exploitative tasks. Further, I propose that high self-efficacy motivates effort on action tasks, but high self-efficacy reduces effort on judgment tasks. One implication of these propositions for entrepreneurs is to understand self-regulatory processes and to consciously decide how much effort to put into different tasks, rather than relying on (hidden) preferences. Another implication is for those involved in selecting and developing entrepreneurs. That implication is that entrepreneurs’ self-regulatory processes can inhibit effective effort. These processes can be managed to increase effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130342779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moving towards the entrepreneurial society requires an entrepreneurship capital, which consists of individuals who intend to take risk of creating new firms. The business-graduates can be considered as such capital who have self–efficacy for as well as positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The article is based on empirical study on business graduates from Dhaka University in Bangladesh aimed at to build up an insight into their Entrepreneurial Intention. The study is enrooted in well-known Entrepreneurial Intention Models as well as proposes a revised model for Bangladesh context.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Intention Among Business Graduate Students in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Rahman, Rumana Parveen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1447767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1447767","url":null,"abstract":"Moving towards the entrepreneurial society requires an entrepreneurship capital, which consists of individuals who intend to take risk of creating new firms. The business-graduates can be considered as such capital who have self–efficacy for as well as positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The article is based on empirical study on business graduates from Dhaka University in Bangladesh aimed at to build up an insight into their Entrepreneurial Intention. The study is enrooted in well-known Entrepreneurial Intention Models as well as proposes a revised model for Bangladesh context.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125993644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women’s Initiative for Self Employment has found that microenterprise is a highly successful strategy for increasing household wealth as well as income. In 2008 we completed a decade-long study of our clients’ asset growth after completing our 20-session business management course, Simple Steps to Business Success. The study collected and analyzed empirical data which shows that business ownership is particularly effective in bridging the wealth gap for women of color who receive culturally-competent training and resources to start and grow their own businesses.
{"title":"Closing the Wealth Gap Through Self-Employment – Women of Color Achieving the American Dream","authors":"Elizabeth A. de Renzy, Karuna Jaggar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1831769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1831769","url":null,"abstract":"Women’s Initiative for Self Employment has found that microenterprise is a highly successful strategy for increasing household wealth as well as income. In 2008 we completed a decade-long study of our clients’ asset growth after completing our 20-session business management course, Simple Steps to Business Success. The study collected and analyzed empirical data which shows that business ownership is particularly effective in bridging the wealth gap for women of color who receive culturally-competent training and resources to start and grow their own businesses.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130220630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the conditions under which it is rational for a representative entrepreneur to start a nonprofit firm. Taking as point of departure a model of entrepreneurial choice proposed by Glaeser and Shleifer (2001), we analyze consequences of weak enforcement of the non-distribution constraint on entrepreneurial choice and price and quality of the product. We find that the nonprofit organizational form becomes unequivocally more attractive to entrepreneurs if enforcement of the non-distribution constraint is weak. We also nd that the quality delivered by nonprofit firms is lower under weak enforcement than that of the nonprofit firm under strict enforcement, but higher than the quality delivered by a for-prot rm. We discuss the implications and limitations of our results.
{"title":"The Impact of the Non-Distribution Constraint and its Enforcement on Entrepreneurial Choice, Price, and Quality","authors":"P. Brhlikova, A. Ortmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1133435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1133435","url":null,"abstract":"We study the conditions under which it is rational for a representative entrepreneur to start a nonprofit firm. Taking as point of departure a model of entrepreneurial choice proposed by Glaeser and Shleifer (2001), we analyze consequences of weak enforcement of the non-distribution constraint on entrepreneurial choice and price and quality of the product. We find that the nonprofit organizational form becomes unequivocally more attractive to entrepreneurs if enforcement of the non-distribution constraint is weak. We also nd that the quality delivered by nonprofit firms is lower under weak enforcement than that of the nonprofit firm under strict enforcement, but higher than the quality delivered by a for-prot rm. We discuss the implications and limitations of our results.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122966236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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