Recent research in economic geography and management studies has scrutinized financialization and its permeation into ‘everyday’ life. In particular, studies have highlighted how government policy is transferring the responsibility of pension planning to individuals, where retirement income is funded from financial market returns. However, research has also suggested that a financialized model of retirement is not fully viable. Our study seeks to contribute to research on the geographies of retirement planning by examining an emerging model of retirement: older entrepreneurship. In doing so, we examine how households and individuals are attempting to manage the inadequacies of finance-centric retirement plans through the development of enterprises in ‘retirement’. Specifically, we explore how people are running businesses from home at an ‘older’ age, displacing the notion of ‘retirement’ with a work–retirement balance.
{"title":"Beyond Financialization: Older Entrepreneurship and Retirement Planning","authors":"T. Wainwright, Ewald Kibler","doi":"10.1093/JEG/LBT023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JEG/LBT023","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research in economic geography and management studies has scrutinized financialization and its permeation into ‘everyday’ life. In particular, studies have highlighted how government policy is transferring the responsibility of pension planning to individuals, where retirement income is funded from financial market returns. However, research has also suggested that a financialized model of retirement is not fully viable. Our study seeks to contribute to research on the geographies of retirement planning by examining an emerging model of retirement: older entrepreneurship. In doing so, we examine how households and individuals are attempting to manage the inadequacies of finance-centric retirement plans through the development of enterprises in ‘retirement’. Specifically, we explore how people are running businesses from home at an ‘older’ age, displacing the notion of ‘retirement’ with a work–retirement balance.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124336032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-14DOI: 10.22740/KDI.FOCUS.E.2014.35
Yongseong Kim
To help young people find jobs, the government must reallocate financing in government-funded job programs and improve the system for public employment services and start-up new businesses.
为了帮助年轻人就业，政府必须重新配置政府就业计划的资金，完善公共就业服务和创业体系。
{"title":"Ways to Activate Youth Employment: Focusing on Government-Funded Job Programs and Promotion of Entrepreneurship","authors":"Yongseong Kim","doi":"10.22740/KDI.FOCUS.E.2014.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22740/KDI.FOCUS.E.2014.35","url":null,"abstract":"To help young people find jobs, the government must reallocate financing in government-funded job programs and improve the system for public employment services and start-up new businesses.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129198167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and labor force participation on aggregate productivity and income per capita. We simulate an occupational choice model with heterogeneous agents in entrepreneurial ability, where agents choose to be workers, self-employed or employers. The model assumes that men and women have the same talent distribution, but we impose several frictions on women's opportunities and pay in the labor market. In particular, we restrict the fraction of women participating in the labor market. Moreover, we limit the number of women who can work as employers or as self-employed and, finally, women who become workers receive a lower wage. Our model shows that gender gaps in entrepreneurship and in female workers' pay affect aggregate productivity negatively, while gender gaps in labor force participation reduce income per capita. Specifically, if all women are excluded from entrepreneurship, average output per worker drops by almost 12% because the average talent of entrepreneurs falls down, while if all women are excluded from the labor force income per capita is reduced by almost 40%. In the cross-country analysis, we find that gender gaps and their implied income losses differ importantly across geographical regions, with a total income loss of 27% in Middle East and North Africa and a 10% loss in Europe.
{"title":"Aggregate Costs of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate","authors":"Marc Teignier, David Cuberes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2405006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2405006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and labor force participation on aggregate productivity and income per capita. We simulate an occupational choice model with heterogeneous agents in entrepreneurial ability, where agents choose to be workers, self-employed or employers. The model assumes that men and women have the same talent distribution, but we impose several frictions on women's opportunities and pay in the labor market. In particular, we restrict the fraction of women participating in the labor market. Moreover, we limit the number of women who can work as employers or as self-employed and, finally, women who become workers receive a lower wage. Our model shows that gender gaps in entrepreneurship and in female workers' pay affect aggregate productivity negatively, while gender gaps in labor force participation reduce income per capita. Specifically, if all women are excluded from entrepreneurship, average output per worker drops by almost 12% because the average talent of entrepreneurs falls down, while if all women are excluded from the labor force income per capita is reduced by almost 40%. In the cross-country analysis, we find that gender gaps and their implied income losses differ importantly across geographical regions, with a total income loss of 27% in Middle East and North Africa and a 10% loss in Europe.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131960435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study analyzes how Spaniard’s general/specific human capital influences their likelihood of perceiving entrepreneurial opportunities and creating a business. The analysis pivots around the comparison of two processes which are part of entrepreneurship. Data from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor—GEM of 2008 are used. Logistic regression analysis is performed to test several theoretical hypotheses. Findings revealed that general human capital such as education is not significant for both perceiving entrepreneurial opportunities and creating a business. However, work experience, managerial business, and entrepreneurial training are positively significant to perceive entrepreneurial opportunities and to create a business. This research reveals that specific types of human capital play different roles in entrepreneurship. The contribution of this paper is to compare how the human capital influences upon two processes of entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Does Human Capital Impact Differently to the Opportunity Perception and Business Creation? The Case of Spain","authors":"Rocío Aliaga-Isla","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2343195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2343195","url":null,"abstract":"The current study analyzes how Spaniard’s general/specific human capital influences their likelihood of perceiving entrepreneurial opportunities and creating a business. The analysis pivots around the comparison of two processes which are part of entrepreneurship. Data from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor—GEM of 2008 are used. Logistic regression analysis is performed to test several theoretical hypotheses. Findings revealed that general human capital such as education is not significant for both perceiving entrepreneurial opportunities and creating a business. However, work experience, managerial business, and entrepreneurial training are positively significant to perceive entrepreneurial opportunities and to create a business. This research reveals that specific types of human capital play different roles in entrepreneurship. The contribution of this paper is to compare how the human capital influences upon two processes of entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122287815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dilemmas that may encounter entrepreneurship result of an expected conflict between VCs and entrepreneur, disagreement can be beneficial for the venture performance. While the conflicts classified as personal disagreement, which negatively associated with entrepreneur’s performance. In this paper, after the author reviewed the literature studies that involve the entrepreneur and venture capital, related domains of research into relationships between both. There is a significant gap in research, which focus on possible resolution of relationship conflict between the entrepreneurs and venture capital.
{"title":"The Relationship Conflict between Venture Capital and Entrepreneur","authors":"Tahsen Alqatawni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2289585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2289585","url":null,"abstract":"The dilemmas that may encounter entrepreneurship result of an expected conflict between VCs and entrepreneur, disagreement can be beneficial for the venture performance. While the conflicts classified as personal disagreement, which negatively associated with entrepreneur’s performance. In this paper, after the author reviewed the literature studies that involve the entrepreneur and venture capital, related domains of research into relationships between both. There is a significant gap in research, which focus on possible resolution of relationship conflict between the entrepreneurs and venture capital.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123890593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study approaches entrepreneurship from the angle that nothing is more common than the most personal (see Rogers 1989). This research is my interpretation of entrepreneurship and the objective is to discuss the nature and concept of entrepreneurship. When I present my personal interpretations of entrepreneurship, I hope that it touches as many as possible and so would be as prevailing as possible. But not so that my view is "The" definition of entrepreneurship, rather that it would arouse discussion and diverseness in entrepreneurship research and especially in the creation of new business activities amongst businesses, and would support the possible doubts and thoughts of others, which there no doubt is, and so would support the diversity that has prevailed in entrepreneurship research. I admire the work of many leading researchers of the field, through which they have been able to redirect entrepreneurship research, but I also suspect that something valuable is being thrown away. As the conception of entrepreneurship unifies, the questioning, recreating, alternativeness and the testing of new ideas decreases. Entrepreneurship researchers should perhaps perceive that this may be part of the field’s evolution and that unity is on some time frame dangerous to the vitality of research. A need amongst researchers to reach equilibrium is interacting in the background, even though the phenomenon of research is usually seen as being continually out of balance – there is a significant conflict between the two.
{"title":"Inside the Entrepreneurial Event: Creating Schemata of Opportunity for New Business","authors":"Vesa Puhakka","doi":"10.5772/37328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/37328","url":null,"abstract":"This study approaches entrepreneurship from the angle that nothing is more common than the most personal (see Rogers 1989). This research is my interpretation of entrepreneurship and the objective is to discuss the nature and concept of entrepreneurship. When I present my personal interpretations of entrepreneurship, I hope that it touches as many as possible and so would be as prevailing as possible. But not so that my view is \"The\" definition of entrepreneurship, rather that it would arouse discussion and diverseness in entrepreneurship research and especially in the creation of new business activities amongst businesses, and would support the possible doubts and thoughts of others, which there no doubt is, and so would support the diversity that has prevailed in entrepreneurship research. I admire the work of many leading researchers of the field, through which they have been able to redirect entrepreneurship research, but I also suspect that something valuable is being thrown away. As the conception of entrepreneurship unifies, the questioning, recreating, alternativeness and the testing of new ideas decreases. Entrepreneurship researchers should perhaps perceive that this may be part of the field’s evolution and that unity is on some time frame dangerous to the vitality of research. A need amongst researchers to reach equilibrium is interacting in the background, even though the phenomenon of research is usually seen as being continually out of balance – there is a significant conflict between the two.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"184 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120871467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines how networks of professional contacts contribute to the development of the careers of executives of European and US companies. We build a dynamic model of career progression in which career moves both depend upon existing networks and contribute to the development of future networks. We test the theory on an original dataset of nearly 6000 executives in over 3000 firms. We find evidence that professional networks are relevant both because valuable for the employer and because they facilitate job mobility. Our estimates of the elasticity of executives' salaries with respect to the size of their professional networks vary between around 6% and around 26% depending on the specification, with a point estimate under our preferred specification of 7.6%.
{"title":"Professional Networks and Their Coevolution with Executives' Careers: Evidence from Europe and the US","authors":"N. Berardi, P. Seabright","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2166577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2166577","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how networks of professional contacts contribute to the development of the careers of executives of European and US companies. We build a dynamic model of career progression in which career moves both depend upon existing networks and contribute to the development of future networks. We test the theory on an original dataset of nearly 6000 executives in over 3000 firms. We find evidence that professional networks are relevant both because valuable for the employer and because they facilitate job mobility. Our estimates of the elasticity of executives' salaries with respect to the size of their professional networks vary between around 6% and around 26% depending on the specification, with a point estimate under our preferred specification of 7.6%.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125211741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses the Mexican Social Mobility Survey 2006 to analyze intergenerational social mobility as it relates to entrepreneurial activity. First, the paper analyzes whether entrepreneurs experience greater upward social mobility than self-employed workers or employees. Second, probit models are estimated to identify whether predetermined characteristics are the main determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur. Third, using the propensity score matching method (PSM), the paper estimates the effect of entrepreneurial activity on income. Results show that entrepreneurs have more options for upward social mobility. For entrepreneurs with low-income parents, it is more difficult to reach the top of the socioeconomic distribution compared to those with middle- or upper-class parents. Second, the probability of becoming an entrepreneur increases when the respondent’s father was an entrepreneur. Finally, the mean effect of entrepreneurial activity on income is positive, and is greater for those whose parents belonged to the extreme ends of the socioeconomic distribution.
{"title":"Intergenerational Mobility and Income Effects for Entrepreneurial Activity in Mexico","authors":"Viviana Velez-grajales, Roberto Velez-Grajales","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2156790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2156790","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses the Mexican Social Mobility Survey 2006 to analyze intergenerational social mobility as it relates to entrepreneurial activity. First, the paper analyzes whether entrepreneurs experience greater upward social mobility than self-employed workers or employees. Second, probit models are estimated to identify whether predetermined characteristics are the main determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur. Third, using the propensity score matching method (PSM), the paper estimates the effect of entrepreneurial activity on income. Results show that entrepreneurs have more options for upward social mobility. For entrepreneurs with low-income parents, it is more difficult to reach the top of the socioeconomic distribution compared to those with middle- or upper-class parents. Second, the probability of becoming an entrepreneur increases when the respondent’s father was an entrepreneur. Finally, the mean effect of entrepreneurial activity on income is positive, and is greater for those whose parents belonged to the extreme ends of the socioeconomic distribution.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"249 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132679018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conduct an experiment assessing the extent to which people trade off the economic costs of truthfulness against the intrinsic costs of lying. The results allow us to reject a type-based model. People's preferences for truthfulness do not identify them as only either "economic types" (who care only about consequences) or "ethical types" (who care only about process). Instead, we find that preferences for truthfulness are heterogeneous among individuals. Moreover, when examining possible sources of intrinsic costs of lying and their interplay with economic costs of truthfulness, we find that preferences for truthfulness are also heterogeneous within individuals.
{"title":"Preferences for Truthfulness: Heterogeneity Among and Within Individuals","authors":"Rajna Gibson, Carmen Tanner, A. Wagner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1323283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1323283","url":null,"abstract":"We conduct an experiment assessing the extent to which people trade off the economic costs of truthfulness against the intrinsic costs of lying. The results allow us to reject a type-based model. People's preferences for truthfulness do not identify them as only either \"economic types\" (who care only about consequences) or \"ethical types\" (who care only about process). Instead, we find that preferences for truthfulness are heterogeneous among individuals. Moreover, when examining possible sources of intrinsic costs of lying and their interplay with economic costs of truthfulness, we find that preferences for truthfulness are also heterogeneous within individuals.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132420929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines how characteristics of university departments impact students’ self-employment intentions. We argue that four organizational-level factors (entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship support programs, industry ties, and research orientation) increase such intentions. Using a dataset of 1,530 business students and 132 professors at 25 university departments, this study shows that entrepreneurship education and industry ties are related to self-employment intentions only for the males in our sample. A negative effect of the department’s research orientation was found. Our study suggests that the organizational context plays an important, but gender-specific role in shaping future entrepreneurs. Implications of our findings are discussed.
{"title":"University Departments and Self-Employment Intentions of Business Students: A Cross-Level Analysis","authors":"Sascha G. Walter, K. P. Parboteeah, A. Walter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1953844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1953844","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how characteristics of university departments impact students’ self-employment intentions. We argue that four organizational-level factors (entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship support programs, industry ties, and research orientation) increase such intentions. Using a dataset of 1,530 business students and 132 professors at 25 university departments, this study shows that entrepreneurship education and industry ties are related to self-employment intentions only for the males in our sample. A negative effect of the department’s research orientation was found. Our study suggests that the organizational context plays an important, but gender-specific role in shaping future entrepreneurs. Implications of our findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":268317,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Individuals (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130908349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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