Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74856
L. El-Leathey
Integration of distributed generation units and other users within the low and medium voltage distribution grid induces a variety of problems related to the management and control of microgrids. These aspects can be solved by using significantly different Energy Management Systems for the operation of microgrids, comparing to those applied to conventional power systems. The main objective of the Energy Management System is to ensure the rational use of energy, while minimizing its costs. The secondary objectives relate to increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption, but especially to assuring the power facilities security. Moreover, the management of power systems to which renewable sources are connected is one of the main concerns of Distribution System Operators in order to ensure the safe opera tion, security of power supply, and the operation optimization from the economic side. The chapter regards the LabVIEW design and testing of an Energy Management System for the interconnected or islanded operation of a microgrid to the electric pub - lic grid. Furthermore, the chapter leads to the microgrids development in terms of operation and efficiency by achieving an Energy Management System designed for a small mixed microgrid with separate AC and DC rings bidirectionally interconnected by static converters.
{"title":"Energy Management System Designed for the Interconnected or Islanded Operation of a Microgrid Using LabVIEW Software","authors":"L. El-Leathey","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74856","url":null,"abstract":"Integration of distributed generation units and other users within the low and medium voltage distribution grid induces a variety of problems related to the management and control of microgrids. These aspects can be solved by using significantly different Energy Management Systems for the operation of microgrids, comparing to those applied to conventional power systems. The main objective of the Energy Management System is to ensure the rational use of energy, while minimizing its costs. The secondary objectives relate to increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption, but especially to assuring the power facilities security. Moreover, the management of power systems to which renewable sources are connected is one of the main concerns of Distribution System Operators in order to ensure the safe opera tion, security of power supply, and the operation optimization from the economic side. The chapter regards the LabVIEW design and testing of an Energy Management System for the interconnected or islanded operation of a microgrid to the electric pub - lic grid. Furthermore, the chapter leads to the microgrids development in terms of operation and efficiency by achieving an Energy Management System designed for a small mixed microgrid with separate AC and DC rings bidirectionally interconnected by static converters.","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134333675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75980
Ibrahim Aldaouab, M. Daniels
Renewable energy resource (RER) energy systems are becoming more cost-effective and this work investigates the effect of shared load on the optimal sizing of a renewable energy resource (RER) microgrid. The RER system consists of solar panels, wind tur - bines, battery storage, and a backup diesel generator, and it is isolated from conventional grid power. The building contains a restaurant and 12 residential apartments. Historical meter readings and restaurant modeling represent the apartments and restaurant, respectively. Weather data determines hourly RER power, and a dispatching algorithm predicts power flows between system elements. A genetic algorithm approach minimizes total annual cost over the number of PV and turbines, battery capacity, and generator size, with a constraint on the renewable penetration. Results indicate that load-mixing serves to reduce cost, and the reduction is largest if the diesel backup is removed from the system. This cost is optimized with a combination of particle swarm optimization with genetic-algorithm approach minimizes total annual cost over the number of solar panels and micro-turbines, battery capacity, and diesel generator size, with a constraint on the renewable penetration. Results indicate that load-mixing serves to reduce cost, and the reduction is largest if the diesel backup is removed from the system.
{"title":"Renewable Energy Microgrid Design for Shared Loads","authors":"Ibrahim Aldaouab, M. Daniels","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75980","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy resource (RER) energy systems are becoming more cost-effective and this work investigates the effect of shared load on the optimal sizing of a renewable energy resource (RER) microgrid. The RER system consists of solar panels, wind tur - bines, battery storage, and a backup diesel generator, and it is isolated from conventional grid power. The building contains a restaurant and 12 residential apartments. Historical meter readings and restaurant modeling represent the apartments and restaurant, respectively. Weather data determines hourly RER power, and a dispatching algorithm predicts power flows between system elements. A genetic algorithm approach minimizes total annual cost over the number of PV and turbines, battery capacity, and generator size, with a constraint on the renewable penetration. Results indicate that load-mixing serves to reduce cost, and the reduction is largest if the diesel backup is removed from the system. This cost is optimized with a combination of particle swarm optimization with genetic-algorithm approach minimizes total annual cost over the number of solar panels and micro-turbines, battery capacity, and diesel generator size, with a constraint on the renewable penetration. Results indicate that load-mixing serves to reduce cost, and the reduction is largest if the diesel backup is removed from the system.","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123306317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76760
M. Mendoza, C. Angeles-Camacho, P. Bacher, H. Madsen
Distributed resource (DR) impacts voltage and frequency, and deviations out of tolerance limits are financial damage to the customers. This chapter presents an energy management system (EMS) with several approaches to overcome intermittency and create a semidispatchable generation supply. The EMS will work as a prosumer considering its level of dispatchability, without disturbing the frequency of the network. The power generation model is based on a small wind turbine, solar panels, PEMFC, and a hydrogen storage system. Probabilistic information concerning short-term forecast applied to wind speed and radiation is provided by individual stochastic models. The prosumer is modeled by applying time series analysis through the root mean square algorithm with forgetting factor and by using model predictive control to integrate the system. A case is presented using historic wind speed and radiation data from Mexico City and loads curves based on average households and mini-store on a daily basis.
{"title":"A Proposed Energy Management System to Overcome Intermittence of Hybrid Systems Based on Wind, Solar, and Fuel Cells","authors":"M. Mendoza, C. Angeles-Camacho, P. Bacher, H. Madsen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76760","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed resource (DR) impacts voltage and frequency, and deviations out of tolerance limits are financial damage to the customers. This chapter presents an energy management system (EMS) with several approaches to overcome intermittency and create a semidispatchable generation supply. The EMS will work as a prosumer considering its level of dispatchability, without disturbing the frequency of the network. The power generation model is based on a small wind turbine, solar panels, PEMFC, and a hydrogen storage system. Probabilistic information concerning short-term forecast applied to wind speed and radiation is provided by individual stochastic models. The prosumer is modeled by applying time series analysis through the root mean square algorithm with forgetting factor and by using model predictive control to integrate the system. A case is presented using historic wind speed and radiation data from Mexico City and loads curves based on average households and mini-store on a daily basis.","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124496188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74780
Mohammad Shakeri, N. Amin
In an ever-growing state of electricity demand due to population growth as well as modernization of societies, it has compelled us to look for many options to cope with the situations. However, for a balanced electrical power demand and supply, it is necessary to respond requirement at any time without any interruption with the strategy of demand response programs (DRP) to the users. In order to promote smart usage of electrical power, smart grid networks are gradually transforming conventional grids in many places. As a part of smart grid, conventional houses may be transformed to smart house by simply implementing some intelligent controller with interfaces like smart plugs to the conventional electrical appliances. This chapter elaborates a new strategy of home energy management system (HEMS) in a smart grid environment to transform any ordinary premises to smart house to be energy efficient by simply rescheduling operation time.
{"title":"Transformation of Conventional Houses to Smart Homes by Adopting Demand Response Program in Smart Grid","authors":"Mohammad Shakeri, N. Amin","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74780","url":null,"abstract":"In an ever-growing state of electricity demand due to population growth as well as modernization of societies, it has compelled us to look for many options to cope with the situations. However, for a balanced electrical power demand and supply, it is necessary to respond requirement at any time without any interruption with the strategy of demand response programs (DRP) to the users. In order to promote smart usage of electrical power, smart grid networks are gradually transforming conventional grids in many places. As a part of smart grid, conventional houses may be transformed to smart house by simply implementing some intelligent controller with interfaces like smart plugs to the conventional electrical appliances. This chapter elaborates a new strategy of home energy management system (HEMS) in a smart grid environment to transform any ordinary premises to smart house to be energy efficient by simply rescheduling operation time.","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114754447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78563
Andrea Schröder, Christoph Kahlen, M. Martino, AntonisPapanikolaou
Renewable energy sources offer unprecedented opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But some challenges remain to be solved before their full benefits can be reaped. The main one relates to the intermittency of their electricity supply which can lead to grid problems such as congestion and imbalance between generation and demand. Energy conversion and storage has been touted as a very promising solution to all aforementioned issues. PLANET will develop a holistic decision support system for the optimal orchestration of the different energy networks for aggregators and balance responsible parties, policy makers and network operators. It will aid them to leverage innovative energy conversion in alternative carriers and storage technologies in order to explore, identify, evaluate and quantitatively assess optimal grid planning and manage ment strategies for future energy scenarios targetting full energy system decarboniza - tion. Moreover, an analysis of the possible synergies between electricity, gas and heat networks will be carried out by creating simulation models for the integration between energy networks and conversion/storage technologies, for example power-to-gas, power-to-heat and virtual thermal energy storage. Application of the developed tools in two different test cases in Italy and France will showcase their benefits and reveal potential grid stability issues and effective countermeasures.
{"title":"The EU Research Project PLANET","authors":"Andrea Schröder, Christoph Kahlen, M. Martino, AntonisPapanikolaou","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78563","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy sources offer unprecedented opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But some challenges remain to be solved before their full benefits can be reaped. The main one relates to the intermittency of their electricity supply which can lead to grid problems such as congestion and imbalance between generation and demand. Energy conversion and storage has been touted as a very promising solution to all aforementioned issues. PLANET will develop a holistic decision support system for the optimal orchestration of the different energy networks for aggregators and balance responsible parties, policy makers and network operators. It will aid them to leverage innovative energy conversion in alternative carriers and storage technologies in order to explore, identify, evaluate and quantitatively assess optimal grid planning and manage ment strategies for future energy scenarios targetting full energy system decarboniza - tion. Moreover, an analysis of the possible synergies between electricity, gas and heat networks will be carried out by creating simulation models for the integration between energy networks and conversion/storage technologies, for example power-to-gas, power-to-heat and virtual thermal energy storage. Application of the developed tools in two different test cases in Italy and France will showcase their benefits and reveal potential grid stability issues and effective countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114491488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-02DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75989
L. Pîslaru-Dănescu, L. Lipan
The continuity of power supply to users is considered to be one of the main problems in the design and implementation of low-voltage smart microgrid configurations. Switching to the backup power supply, when using two frequency converters, one of which is alter- nately maintained in cold reserve, is presented. Switching to the backup power supply, in the case of low-voltage symmetrical smart microgrids, is another highlighted aspect. In the case of modern residential buildings, the automatic switching is necessary between two or more types of users, critical and noncritical ones to the available sources, like the public grid, photovoltaic panels, power generator, etc. Also, in this study, the imple mentation of smart power microgrids, featuring auto-reconfiguration, is proposed. It is considered the conversion of the public grids to active (distribution/using) smart power microgrids, which have the autoconfiguration option and use high-tech smart devices, like recloser type. Thus, the faults and contingencies will be limited or even removed, creating the frame for the supplied equipment (in a continuously increasing number due to the local and regional expansion) to operate until the removal of the fault.
{"title":"Unconventional Backup Structures Used in Smart Microgrids","authors":"L. Pîslaru-Dănescu, L. Lipan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75989","url":null,"abstract":"The continuity of power supply to users is considered to be one of the main problems in the design and implementation of low-voltage smart microgrid configurations. Switching to the backup power supply, when using two frequency converters, one of which is alter- nately maintained in cold reserve, is presented. Switching to the backup power supply, in the case of low-voltage symmetrical smart microgrids, is another highlighted aspect. In the case of modern residential buildings, the automatic switching is necessary between two or more types of users, critical and noncritical ones to the available sources, like the public grid, photovoltaic panels, power generator, etc. Also, in this study, the imple mentation of smart power microgrids, featuring auto-reconfiguration, is proposed. It is considered the conversion of the public grids to active (distribution/using) smart power microgrids, which have the autoconfiguration option and use high-tech smart devices, like recloser type. Thus, the faults and contingencies will be limited or even removed, creating the frame for the supplied equipment (in a continuously increasing number due to the local and regional expansion) to operate until the removal of the fault.","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130680877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_4
Jianyi Zhang, M. Amini, Paul Weng
{"title":"A Hierarchical Approach Based on the Frank–Wolfe Algorithm and Dantzig–Wolfe Decomposition for Solving Large Economic Dispatch Problems in Smart Grids","authors":"Jianyi Zhang, M. Amini, Paul Weng","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133609857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_2
Rasel Mahmud, A. Nejadpak
{"title":"Laboratory-Scale Microgrid System for Control of Power Distribution in Local Energy Networks – Part I: Theory and Design","authors":"Rasel Mahmud, A. Nejadpak","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128200382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_6
A. El-Shahat, M. Hasan, A. Abdelaziz
{"title":"Micro-Small-Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Design and Performance Analysis for Micro-Grids Applications","authors":"A. El-Shahat, M. Hasan, A. Abdelaziz","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":268320,"journal":{"name":"Smart Microgrids","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116802917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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