Pub Date : 2022-08-06DOI: 10.1177/14771535221080649
B. Portnov, S. Fotios, R. Saad, D. Kliger
The optimal illuminance from road lighting for pedestrian reassurance after dark is that beyond which further increase in illuminance has no significant effect on reassurance. Previous studies have not revealed a precise estimate of optimal illuminance. The current study investigates the use of segmented regression for defining optimal illuminance, applied to 25 662 reassurance evaluations by 380 test participants who recorded their reassurance assessments in 253 locations in three cities in Israel. Segmented regression led to models which better fit the empirical data than their unsegmented counterparts and offered precise estimates of optimal illuminance, these ranging from 8.9 lx to 26 lx, depending on location.
{"title":"Establishing optimal illuminance for pedestrian reassurance using segmented regression","authors":"B. Portnov, S. Fotios, R. Saad, D. Kliger","doi":"10.1177/14771535221080649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221080649","url":null,"abstract":"The optimal illuminance from road lighting for pedestrian reassurance after dark is that beyond which further increase in illuminance has no significant effect on reassurance. Previous studies have not revealed a precise estimate of optimal illuminance. The current study investigates the use of segmented regression for defining optimal illuminance, applied to 25 662 reassurance evaluations by 380 test participants who recorded their reassurance assessments in 253 locations in three cities in Israel. Segmented regression led to models which better fit the empirical data than their unsegmented counterparts and offered precise estimates of optimal illuminance, these ranging from 8.9 lx to 26 lx, depending on location.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124736928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-04DOI: 10.1177/14771535211069027
S. Fotios, Y. Mao, K. Hamoodh, C. Cheal
This study concerns road lighting for pedestrians. Many experiments have been conducted to determine how changes in lighting affect the ability to make interpersonal evaluations, usually considering variations in light level or light spectrum. Here, we consider an alternative approach, predicting performance using an existing model, Relative Visual Performance. The results show that face evaluation ability is affected by adaptation luminance, pavement surface reflectance, observer age, and skin tone of the observed person. Previous experimental studies have tended to use young test participants to evaluate Caucasian or Asian faces: if the situation instead involved an elderly person evaluating a face of South African skin tone, then the current analysis predicts that for optimal performance the light level would need to be doubled.
{"title":"Using relative visual performance to predict performance of an interpersonal evaluation task with variation in adaptation luminance, observer age, skin tone, pavement reflection and interpersonal distance","authors":"S. Fotios, Y. Mao, K. Hamoodh, C. Cheal","doi":"10.1177/14771535211069027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535211069027","url":null,"abstract":"This study concerns road lighting for pedestrians. Many experiments have been conducted to determine how changes in lighting affect the ability to make interpersonal evaluations, usually considering variations in light level or light spectrum. Here, we consider an alternative approach, predicting performance using an existing model, Relative Visual Performance. The results show that face evaluation ability is affected by adaptation luminance, pavement surface reflectance, observer age, and skin tone of the observed person. Previous experimental studies have tended to use young test participants to evaluate Caucasian or Asian faces: if the situation instead involved an elderly person evaluating a face of South African skin tone, then the current analysis predicts that for optimal performance the light level would need to be doubled.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123744336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1177/14771535221094275
V. Boucher, F. Greffier
Road surface reflection tables ( r-tables) relate scene illuminance to luminance seen by a car driver. They are important for many road lighting tasks accounting for road optical properties, such as new illumination design, new pavement texture or lighting design software, to reduce energy consumption without losses on safety and visibility. This paper aims first at finding a space of basis functions to describe r-tables. From a database of 34 r-tables covering a large variety of pavements, a principal component analysis allows to construct a 33-dimensional space, basis for r-table representations. From that statistical model, a method is exposed to retrieve r-table from a luminance map. The estimated r-table is then used to calculate a reconstructed luminance map. Road lighting quality criteria are also derived and they demonstrate the relevancy of the estimated r-table. Finally the model is tested with noisy input data and it remains stable and reliable, making it applicable with experimental luminance maps.
{"title":"Space of basis functions to retrieve road surface reflection tables from luminance maps","authors":"V. Boucher, F. Greffier","doi":"10.1177/14771535221094275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221094275","url":null,"abstract":"Road surface reflection tables ( r-tables) relate scene illuminance to luminance seen by a car driver. They are important for many road lighting tasks accounting for road optical properties, such as new illumination design, new pavement texture or lighting design software, to reduce energy consumption without losses on safety and visibility. This paper aims first at finding a space of basis functions to describe r-tables. From a database of 34 r-tables covering a large variety of pavements, a principal component analysis allows to construct a 33-dimensional space, basis for r-table representations. From that statistical model, a method is exposed to retrieve r-table from a luminance map. The estimated r-table is then used to calculate a reconstructed luminance map. Road lighting quality criteria are also derived and they demonstrate the relevancy of the estimated r-table. Finally the model is tested with noisy input data and it remains stable and reliable, making it applicable with experimental luminance maps.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114510298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1177/14771535221094727
E. Vicente, B. Matesanz, D. Galarreta, M. Rodríguez-Rosa, S. Mar, JA Aparicio, I. Arranz
In old subjects, the effect on visual performance of the interaction between the spectral power distribution of street lamps and the different types of intraocular lenses (IOLs) is unknown. Contrast threshold (CT) and reaction time (RT) were analysed in off-axis vision at mesopic illumination conditions provided by high-pressure sodium and metal-halide lamps, using a Maxwellian view optical system. Four groups of subjects participated: 10 young subjects, 20 elderly subjects with cataracts and the same subjects after cataract surgery were divided into two groups, 10 subjects implanted with a blue light-filtering and 10 subjects with a non-blue light-filtering IOL (NBIOL). Age-related cataract impairs detection and reaction capabilities; tasks that are nevertheless improved after surgery. The type of lamp does not affect both tasks in the case of the blue light-filtering IOL group, but it does in the NBIOL group. When comparing the two lenses, no detrimental effect of the blue light filter is observed in both tasks. In conclusion, at representative night-driving conditions, the spectral power distribution of the street lamp does not have a clinically relevant effect on visual tasks such as CT and visual RT in pseudophakic subjects, regardless of the type of IOL implanted.
{"title":"Effect of the spectral power distribution on visual performance of subjects implanted with intraocular lenses with or without a blue light-filter under night-driving conditions","authors":"E. Vicente, B. Matesanz, D. Galarreta, M. Rodríguez-Rosa, S. Mar, JA Aparicio, I. Arranz","doi":"10.1177/14771535221094727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221094727","url":null,"abstract":"In old subjects, the effect on visual performance of the interaction between the spectral power distribution of street lamps and the different types of intraocular lenses (IOLs) is unknown. Contrast threshold (CT) and reaction time (RT) were analysed in off-axis vision at mesopic illumination conditions provided by high-pressure sodium and metal-halide lamps, using a Maxwellian view optical system. Four groups of subjects participated: 10 young subjects, 20 elderly subjects with cataracts and the same subjects after cataract surgery were divided into two groups, 10 subjects implanted with a blue light-filtering and 10 subjects with a non-blue light-filtering IOL (NBIOL). Age-related cataract impairs detection and reaction capabilities; tasks that are nevertheless improved after surgery. The type of lamp does not affect both tasks in the case of the blue light-filtering IOL group, but it does in the NBIOL group. When comparing the two lenses, no detrimental effect of the blue light filter is observed in both tasks. In conclusion, at representative night-driving conditions, the spectral power distribution of the street lamp does not have a clinically relevant effect on visual tasks such as CT and visual RT in pseudophakic subjects, regardless of the type of IOL implanted.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116972638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.1177/14771535221100671
S. Fotios, C. Robbins, S. Farrall
Previous studies have suggested mixed results about the effect of road lighting on crime. One potential explanation is that the effect of lighting, if any, varies with the type of crime. This was tested through analysis of the effect of change in ambient light level on crimes recorded in 11 cities in the USA for the 10-year period 2010–2019. The results suggest that ambient light level had a consistent effect on robbery, with darkness leading to an increase in robbery, but did not suggest a significant effect for other types of crime.
{"title":"Research note: Variation of the effect of ambient light level on crime frequency with type of crime and location","authors":"S. Fotios, C. Robbins, S. Farrall","doi":"10.1177/14771535221100671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221100671","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have suggested mixed results about the effect of road lighting on crime. One potential explanation is that the effect of lighting, if any, varies with the type of crime. This was tested through analysis of the effect of change in ambient light level on crimes recorded in 11 cities in the USA for the 10-year period 2010–2019. The results suggest that ambient light level had a consistent effect on robbery, with darkness leading to an increase in robbery, but did not suggest a significant effect for other types of crime.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123133501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.1177/14771535221087133
B. Abboushi, N. Miller
In outdoor environments after dark, pedestrians may experience discomfort from glare caused by lighting. Several models to predict discomfort from glare have been proposed or extended for pedestrian applications; these models use different luminous and geometrical quantities to predict discomfort. Consistent measurements and reporting in studies of discomfort from glare are important for identifying best performing models; however, previous studies proposing a new model tended to only report the performance of the new model and its quantities. This practice makes it difficult to evaluate how a new model performs compared to other existing models. To promote more consistent and complete reporting, this research note proposes measuring and reporting all relevant quantities that are used in existing models. This can make it easier for researchers to use a study dataset to compare the performance of several models or to combine datasets from several studies to address between-study variance.
{"title":"What to measure and report in studies of discomfort from glare for pedestrian applications","authors":"B. Abboushi, N. Miller","doi":"10.1177/14771535221087133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221087133","url":null,"abstract":"In outdoor environments after dark, pedestrians may experience discomfort from glare caused by lighting. Several models to predict discomfort from glare have been proposed or extended for pedestrian applications; these models use different luminous and geometrical quantities to predict discomfort. Consistent measurements and reporting in studies of discomfort from glare are important for identifying best performing models; however, previous studies proposing a new model tended to only report the performance of the new model and its quantities. This practice makes it difficult to evaluate how a new model performs compared to other existing models. To promote more consistent and complete reporting, this research note proposes measuring and reporting all relevant quantities that are used in existing models. This can make it easier for researchers to use a study dataset to compare the performance of several models or to combine datasets from several studies to address between-study variance.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133671127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1177/14771535211069028
S. Fotios, C. Robbins
Ambient light level, one of the items recorded by police investigating a road traffic collision (RTC) was previously suggested to be incorrectly recorded in 5%–15% of cases. Significant erroneous categorisation of ambient light level, as suggested by the latter estimate, may lead to incorrect conclusions being drawn about the impact of light on RTCs which is critical where such data inform transport policy decisions. This study investigated the accuracy with which ambient light level was recorded in comparison to that determined using solar altitude at the time, date and location of the RTC. Data were drawn from the STATS19 database of RTCs in the UK for the period 2005 to 2015. Ambient light level was incorrectly reported in 103 021 (5.79%) of the 1 779 903 RTCs in that period. The percentage of errors was greater for RTCs occurring after dark than in daylight, and for RTCs where the scene was not attended by a police officer than those that were attended: ambient light level was incorrectly categorized in 8.72% unattended RTCs in darkness. The highest percentage of errors (57%) occurred within civil twilight; if these are omitted the overall percentage reduces to 2.81%, a similar error rate to that available for the determination of RTC location.
{"title":"Incorrect categorisation of ambient light level at the time of a road traffic collision","authors":"S. Fotios, C. Robbins","doi":"10.1177/14771535211069028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535211069028","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient light level, one of the items recorded by police investigating a road traffic collision (RTC) was previously suggested to be incorrectly recorded in 5%–15% of cases. Significant erroneous categorisation of ambient light level, as suggested by the latter estimate, may lead to incorrect conclusions being drawn about the impact of light on RTCs which is critical where such data inform transport policy decisions. This study investigated the accuracy with which ambient light level was recorded in comparison to that determined using solar altitude at the time, date and location of the RTC. Data were drawn from the STATS19 database of RTCs in the UK for the period 2005 to 2015. Ambient light level was incorrectly reported in 103 021 (5.79%) of the 1 779 903 RTCs in that period. The percentage of errors was greater for RTCs occurring after dark than in daylight, and for RTCs where the scene was not attended by a police officer than those that were attended: ambient light level was incorrectly categorized in 8.72% unattended RTCs in darkness. The highest percentage of errors (57%) occurred within civil twilight; if these are omitted the overall percentage reduces to 2.81%, a similar error rate to that available for the determination of RTC location.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125912196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-20DOI: 10.1177/14771535221080657
S. Fotios, J. Uttley, S. Gorjimahlabani
Previous studies have gained data from automated counters to compare the influence of ambient light level on the numbers of people walking and cycling. This paper reports an exploratory study using instead in-person counting, the advantage being that the apparent age and gender of each pedestrian and cyclist can also be recorded. The analysis compares travel counts in case and control periods, with case periods in daylight and darkness, to isolate the effect of change in ambient light level. As expected, the results reveal that there are fewer people walking and cycling after dark. What was unexpected was that for pedestrians, the deterrence of darkness was similar for males and females, which disagrees with previous studies capturing stated preferences suggesting that darkness is a greater deterrent for females than for males.
{"title":"Extending observations of ambient light level and active travel to explore age and gender differences in reassurance","authors":"S. Fotios, J. Uttley, S. Gorjimahlabani","doi":"10.1177/14771535221080657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14771535221080657","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have gained data from automated counters to compare the influence of ambient light level on the numbers of people walking and cycling. This paper reports an exploratory study using instead in-person counting, the advantage being that the apparent age and gender of each pedestrian and cyclist can also be recorded. The analysis compares travel counts in case and control periods, with case periods in daylight and darkness, to isolate the effect of change in ambient light level. As expected, the results reveal that there are fewer people walking and cycling after dark. What was unexpected was that for pedestrians, the deterrence of darkness was similar for males and females, which disagrees with previous studies capturing stated preferences suggesting that darkness is a greater deterrent for females than for males.","PeriodicalId":269493,"journal":{"name":"Lighting Research & Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126756045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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