Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0012
G. Buzsáki
This chapter discusses the hypothesis that the strongly skewed nature of our perceptions and memory result from log-normal distributions of anatomical connectivity at both micro- and mesoscales, synaptic weight distributions, firing rates, and neuronal population activity. Nearly all anatomical and physiological features of the brain are part of a continuous but wide distribution, typically obeying a log-normal form. This organization implies that the interactions that give rise to this distribution involve multiplication or division of random factors, resulting in values that can span several orders of magnitude. Neuronal networks with such broad distributions are needed to maintain stability against competing needs, including wide dynamic range, redundancy, resilience, homeostasis, and plasticity. These features of the brain may explain the Weber-Fechner law: for any sensory modality, perceptual intensity is a logarithmic function of physical intensity. Neuronal systems organized according to log rules form brain networks that can produce good-enough and fast decisions in most situations using only a subset of the brain’s resources.
{"title":"Everything Is a Relationship","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the hypothesis that the strongly skewed nature of our perceptions and memory result from log-normal distributions of anatomical connectivity at both micro- and mesoscales, synaptic weight distributions, firing rates, and neuronal population activity. Nearly all anatomical and physiological features of the brain are part of a continuous but wide distribution, typically obeying a log-normal form. This organization implies that the interactions that give rise to this distribution involve multiplication or division of random factors, resulting in values that can span several orders of magnitude. Neuronal networks with such broad distributions are needed to maintain stability against competing needs, including wide dynamic range, redundancy, resilience, homeostasis, and plasticity. These features of the brain may explain the Weber-Fechner law: for any sensory modality, perceptual intensity is a logarithmic function of physical intensity. Neuronal systems organized according to log rules form brain networks that can produce good-enough and fast decisions in most situations using only a subset of the brain’s resources.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126806593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0002
G. Buzsáki
Causality is the most critical pillar of scientific inference in the Western world. Revealing a cause amounts to an explanation. However, other cultures that do not rely on cause-and-effect arguments can also arrive at valid scientific conclusions. The concept of causation is especially problematic in self-organized systems with amplifying-damping feedback loops, such as the brain. Causes in such systems are often circular or multidirectional; events are not caused but emerge. Correlation is symmetric, in the mathematical sense. However, in searching for the cause of the assumed interactions, we designate one set of variables as independent and the other as dependent, interpreting the relationship as asymmetric. Precaution should be taken not to conflate the “thing-to-be-explained” with “things that explain.”
{"title":"Causation and Logic in Neuroscience","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Causality is the most critical pillar of scientific inference in the Western world. Revealing a cause amounts to an explanation. However, other cultures that do not rely on cause-and-effect arguments can also arrive at valid scientific conclusions. The concept of causation is especially problematic in self-organized systems with amplifying-damping feedback loops, such as the brain. Causes in such systems are often circular or multidirectional; events are not caused but emerge. Correlation is symmetric, in the mathematical sense. However, in searching for the cause of the assumed interactions, we designate one set of variables as independent and the other as dependent, interpreting the relationship as asymmetric. Precaution should be taken not to conflate the “thing-to-be-explained” with “things that explain.”","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127405299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0004
G. Buzsáki
To effectively send a message, a single neuron must cooperate with its peers. Such cooperation can be achieved by synchronizing their spikes together within the time window limited by the ability of the downstream reader neuron to integrate the incoming signals. Therefore, the cell assembly, defined from the point of view of the reader neuron, can be considered as a unit of neuronal communication, a “neuronal letter.” Acting in assemblies has several advantages. A cooperative assembly partnership tolerates spike rate variation in individual cells effectively because the total excitatory effect of the assembly is what matters to the reader mechanism. Interacting assembly members can compute probabilities rather than convey deterministic information and can robustly tolerate noise even if the individual members respond probabilistically.
{"title":"Neuronal Assembly","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"To effectively send a message, a single neuron must cooperate with its peers. Such cooperation can be achieved by synchronizing their spikes together within the time window limited by the ability of the downstream reader neuron to integrate the incoming signals. Therefore, the cell assembly, defined from the point of view of the reader neuron, can be considered as a unit of neuronal communication, a “neuronal letter.”\u0000Acting in assemblies has several advantages. A cooperative assembly partnership tolerates spike rate variation in individual cells effectively because the total excitatory effect of the assembly is what matters to the reader mechanism. Interacting assembly members can compute probabilities rather than convey deterministic information and can robustly tolerate noise even if the individual members respond probabilistically.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130405526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0013
G. Buzsáki
In this final chapter, I propose that behavior-based calibration of perceptions and abstract representations are constrained by a preconfigured brain. The nervous system may have evolved to mimic the statistical probabilities of the physical world and the behavior of already existing species and thus become an efficient predictor of events. Because of their high diversity, neurophysiological and perceptual brain dynamics, both spanning several orders of magnitude, share a common mathematical foundation: the log rule. The tails of these wide and skewed distributions have apparently distinct qualitative features that we describe by discrete words, such as familiar and novel, rigid and plastic, good-enough and precise. Yet every novel situation contains elements of familiarity. Brain correlates of newly acquired experience are not created in the sense of adding new neuronal words to an ever-expanding vocabulary. Instead, the preconfigured brain is a dictionary in which the behavioral significance or meaning of initially nonsense neuronal words is acquired through exploration.
{"title":"The Brain’s Best Guess","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"In this final chapter, I propose that behavior-based calibration of perceptions and abstract representations are constrained by a preconfigured brain. The nervous system may have evolved to mimic the statistical probabilities of the physical world and the behavior of already existing species and thus become an efficient predictor of events. Because of their high diversity, neurophysiological and perceptual brain dynamics, both spanning several orders of magnitude, share a common mathematical foundation: the log rule. The tails of these wide and skewed distributions have apparently distinct qualitative features that we describe by discrete words, such as familiar and novel, rigid and plastic, good-enough and precise. Yet every novel situation contains elements of familiarity. Brain correlates of newly acquired experience are not created in the sense of adding new neuronal words to an ever-expanding vocabulary. Instead, the preconfigured brain is a dictionary in which the behavioral significance or meaning of initially nonsense neuronal words is acquired through exploration.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125150023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0014
G. Buzsáki
The outside is always an inside. —LE CORBUSIER1 It’s what’s inside that counts. —CUBESMART (SUBWAY AD) All enquiry and all learning is but recollection. —SOCRATES IN PLATO’S MENO 1. Le Corbusier (1923). I did not aim to write a perfect book—just a story good enough that the reader can understand my views and challenge them. My goal was not so much to convince but to expose the problems and highlight my offered solutions. Perfection and precise solutions will have to wait for numerous experiments to be performed and reported in detail in scientific journals. I analyzed how an undefined and unagreed-upon terminology, which we inherited from our pre-neuroscience ancestors and never questioned, has become a roadblock to progress. The neuronal mechanisms of invented terms with ill-defined content are hard to discover. Such conceptual confusion is perhaps the primary reason why “my scientist” could not explain to me my pig friend’s cognitive abilities (see the Preface). This message is especially important today, when newly invented terms are again popping up like mushrooms after a rain. I do not insist that my inside-out framework is right or the only way to go, but I hope I presented enough evidence in this book to convince the attentive reader that the outside-in strategy has reached its limits in neuroscience research....
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The outside is always an inside.\u0000 —LE CORBUSIER1\u0000 \u0000 It’s what’s inside that counts.\u0000 —CUBESMART (SUBWAY AD)\u0000 All enquiry and all learning is but recollection.\u0000 —SOCRATES IN PLATO’S MENO\u0000 \u0000 1. Le Corbusier (1923).\u0000 I did not aim to write a perfect book—just a story good enough that the reader can understand my views and challenge them. My goal was not so much to convince but to expose the problems and highlight my offered solutions. Perfection and precise solutions will have to wait for numerous experiments to be performed and reported in detail in scientific journals. I analyzed how an undefined and unagreed-upon terminology, which we inherited from our pre-neuroscience ancestors and never questioned, has become a roadblock to progress. The neuronal mechanisms of invented terms with ill-defined content are hard to discover. Such conceptual confusion is perhaps the primary reason why “my scientist” could not explain to me my pig friend’s cognitive abilities (see the Preface). This message is especially important today, when newly invented terms are again popping up like mushrooms after a rain. I do not insist that my inside-out framework is right or the only way to go, but I hope I presented enough evidence in this book to convince the attentive reader that the outside-in strategy has reached its limits in neuroscience research....","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121373093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0003
G. Buzsáki
The outside-in framework inevitably poses the question: What comes between perception and action? The homunculus with its decision-making power produces unavoidable logical consequences from the separation of perception from action. I promote the alternative view that things and events in the world can acquire meaning only through brain-initiated actions. In this process, the brain builds a simplified, customized model of the world by encoding the relationships of events to each other. I introduce the concept of “corollary discharge,” the main physiological mechanism that grounds the sensory input to make it an experience. This is a comparator mechanism that allows the brain to examine the relationship between a true change in the sensory input and a change due to self-initiated movement of the sensors.
{"title":"Perception from Action","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The outside-in framework inevitably poses the question: What comes between perception and action? The homunculus with its decision-making power produces unavoidable logical consequences from the separation of perception from action. I promote the alternative view that things and events in the world can acquire meaning only through brain-initiated actions. In this process, the brain builds a simplified, customized model of the world by encoding the relationships of events to each other. I introduce the concept of “corollary discharge,” the main physiological mechanism that grounds the sensory input to make it an experience. This is a comparator mechanism that allows the brain to examine the relationship between a true change in the sensory input and a change due to self-initiated movement of the sensors.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116471434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0006
G. Buzsáki
Brain oscillations are present in the same form in all mammals and represent a fundamental aspect of neuronal computation, including the generation of movement patterns, speech, and music production. Neuronal oscillators readily entrain each other, making the exchange of messages between brain areas effective. Because all neuronal oscillations are based on inhibition, they can parse and concatenate neuronal messages, a prerequisite for any coding mechanism. This chapter discusses how the hierarchical nature of cross-frequency–coupled rhythms can serve as a scaffold for combining neuronal letters into words and words into sentences, thus providing a syntactic structure for information exchange.
{"title":"Brain Rhythms Provide a Framework for Neural Syntax","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Brain oscillations are present in the same form in all mammals and represent a fundamental aspect of neuronal computation, including the generation of movement patterns, speech, and music production. Neuronal oscillators readily entrain each other, making the exchange of messages between brain areas effective. Because all neuronal oscillations are based on inhibition, they can parse and concatenate neuronal messages, a prerequisite for any coding mechanism. This chapter discusses how the hierarchical nature of cross-frequency–coupled rhythms can serve as a scaffold for combining neuronal letters into words and words into sentences, thus providing a syntactic structure for information exchange.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134224510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0009
G. Buzsáki
The brain areas in charge of generating plans and thoughts share many similarities with the motor cortex in terms of cellular architecture and input–output connectivity. The main difference is that prefrontal cortex does not directly innervate motor circuits. Instead, prefrontal cortical areas can be designated collectively as an internalized action system, so plans and thoughts can be conceived as internalized actions. These same brain areas and mechanisms are also responsible for externalizing thought in the form of artifacts, measuring instruments, language, art, and literature. In turn, externalized objects, as the tangible products of abstract thought, can have a profound impact on the creator’s mind and on the minds of others. Thus, externalized brain function facilitates the communication of explicit knowledge, hard-earned by a few, to all members of the community, enabling the quick and efficient spread of semantic knowledge.
{"title":"Enhancing Brain Performance by Externalizing Thought","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The brain areas in charge of generating plans and thoughts share many similarities with the motor cortex in terms of cellular architecture and input–output connectivity. The main difference is that prefrontal cortex does not directly innervate motor circuits. Instead, prefrontal cortical areas can be designated collectively as an internalized action system, so plans and thoughts can be conceived as internalized actions. These same brain areas and mechanisms are also responsible for externalizing thought in the form of artifacts, measuring instruments, language, art, and literature. In turn, externalized objects, as the tangible products of abstract thought, can have a profound impact on the creator’s mind and on the minds of others. Thus, externalized brain function facilitates the communication of explicit knowledge, hard-earned by a few, to all members of the community, enabling the quick and efficient spread of semantic knowledge.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114447113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0011
G. Buzsáki
Gain and normalization are fundamental computational mechanisms that can support various functions in the brain. Numerous neuronal mechanisms support gain control, including divisive inhibition, short-term plasticity of synapses, and subcortical neuromodulators. Gain control allows inputs from the retina and the positions of the eyes in their sockets, the head, and the hands to affect the magnitude of responses to visual inputs in multiple brain regions, particularly the parietal cortex. Gain control mechanisms can shift coordinate representations; for example, from visual space to head space to hand space, or recognize an object as the same when it is viewed from different directions. The mechanisms of translation and object invariance are the neuronal basis of abstraction, a process of ignoring features that are not essential for recognizing entities. Gain control allows judgment of distances independent of locomotion speed. Attention may be viewed as internalized gain control.
{"title":"Gain and Abstraction","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Gain and normalization are fundamental computational mechanisms that can support various functions in the brain. Numerous neuronal mechanisms support gain control, including divisive inhibition, short-term plasticity of synapses, and subcortical neuromodulators. Gain control allows inputs from the retina and the positions of the eyes in their sockets, the head, and the hands to affect the magnitude of responses to visual inputs in multiple brain regions, particularly the parietal cortex. Gain control mechanisms can shift coordinate representations; for example, from visual space to head space to hand space, or recognize an object as the same when it is viewed from different directions. The mechanisms of translation and object invariance are the neuronal basis of abstraction, a process of ignoring features that are not essential for recognizing entities. Gain control allows judgment of distances independent of locomotion speed. Attention may be viewed as internalized gain control.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116476600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0005
G. Buzsáki
This chapter describes how perceptual and navigation functions can become disengaged from their dependence on the external world. The key physiological mechanism that allows this “internalization” process is the corollary discharge system, which can interpret the activity of action circuits even in the absence of overt movement and sensory feedback from muscles. Within such an internalized world, brain networks can anticipate the consequences of imagined actions without the need to act them out. Instead the outcomes can be tested against previously acquired knowledge, which creates new knowledge entirely through self-organized brain activity. Neuronal circuits can perform both input-dependent and input-disengaged operations. Even simple brains of small animals have elements of internal operations (“cognition”). As the complexity of neural networks increases in larger brains, the share and efficacy of internalized computation also increases and can predict consequences of the brain’s actions over longer time scales and in more complex environments.
{"title":"Internalization of Experience","authors":"G. Buzsáki","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190905385.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how perceptual and navigation functions can become disengaged from their dependence on the external world. The key physiological mechanism that allows this “internalization” process is the corollary discharge system, which can interpret the activity of action circuits even in the absence of overt movement and sensory feedback from muscles. Within such an internalized world, brain networks can anticipate the consequences of imagined actions without the need to act them out. Instead the outcomes can be tested against previously acquired knowledge, which creates new knowledge entirely through self-organized brain activity. Neuronal circuits can perform both input-dependent and input-disengaged operations. Even simple brains of small animals have elements of internal operations (“cognition”). As the complexity of neural networks increases in larger brains, the share and efficacy of internalized computation also increases and can predict consequences of the brain’s actions over longer time scales and in more complex environments.","PeriodicalId":270832,"journal":{"name":"The Brain from Inside Out","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114180594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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