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When Zen Becomes Philosophy: The Case of Dōgen’s Uji 当禅成为哲学:道元的《宇治》案例
Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340018
R. Steineck
Dōgen is among the few authors from historic Japan who have received substantial attention in modern philosophical discourse. His thought on time figures prominently in this regard. Association between Uji 有時, the title of his short instruction on the subject, and Heidegger’s Being and Time has facilitated this integration into modern philosophical discourse. It is customary in this discourse to treat Dōgen’s writings as philosophical texts. Against this tendency, I apply the concept of ‘frames of equivalence’ from translation studies and demonstrate how the philosophical mode of reading leads to substantial shifts in all three dimensions of the semiotic process. In the pragmatic dimension, the religious impetus of Dōgen’s texts is toned down to an appeal in favor of certain epistemological and ontological commitments. In the syntactic dimension, the formal organization of his texts is ignored, obfuscating the overall structure and intent of his argument. Given the context-dependency of meaning, this leads to significant shifts in the semantic dimension as well. I argue that paying attention to frames of equivalence in reading Dōgen serves to identify creative investments and inadvertent projections. This prepares the ground for historically more accurate interpretations and prevents the misappropriation of ‘enlightened’ authority for philosophical hypothesizing.
道源是日本历史上少数几位在现代哲学论述中受到广泛关注的作家之一。在这方面,他关于时间的思想占有重要地位。他的短文《宇治有時》和海德格尔的《存在与时间》之间的联系促进了他的思想融入现代哲学话语。在这一论述中,人们习惯于将道根的著作视为哲学文本。针对这一倾向,我运用了翻译研究中的 "对等框架 "概念,并展示了哲学阅读模式是如何导致符号学过程的三个维度发生实质性转变的。在语用维度上,道根文本中的宗教推动力被淡化为对某些认识论和本体论承诺的诉求。在句法维度上,道根文本的形式组织被忽视,混淆了其论证的整体结构和意图。鉴于意义的语境依赖性,这也导致了语义维度的重大变化。我认为,在阅读道根时注意对等框架,有助于识别创造性的投资和无意的投射。这为从历史角度进行更准确的阐释奠定了基础,并防止将 "开明 "的权威挪用于哲学假设。
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引用次数: 0
The Zen of Mahāvairocana, Or: Does Bodhidharma’s Nose Preach the Dharma? 大日如来禅,或:菩提达摩的鼻子能宣扬佛法吗?
Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340017
S. Licha
This paper addresses the relationship between Zen and tantric or esoteric Buddhism in premodern Japan from the point of view of the Buddhas and Buddha bodies considered to be preaching these two traditions. After surveying theories on the dharmakāya teaching already present in Chinese Buddhism, it considers the development of this doctrinal notion in the Japanese tantric traditions. The paper demonstrates that this tantric discourse on the Buddha as preacher provided thinkers such as Enni 圓爾 (1202–1280) and Chikotsu Daie 癡兀大慧 (1229–1312) with a framework to integrate Zen into a tantric world. Eventually, and under the influence of embryological motifs circulating widely in medieval Buddhism, Zen practitioners came to establish their own theories on the human as Buddha body. The paper concludes that medieval Zen and medieval tantric Buddhism should be considered sister movements.
本文从被认为宣扬这两个传统的佛陀和佛身的角度,探讨了前现代日本的禅宗与密宗或密教之间的关系。在考察了中国佛教中已有的 "达摩迦叶 "教义理论之后,本文探讨了这一教义概念在日本密宗传统中的发展。论文论证了密宗关于佛陀作为传道者的论述为圆尔圆尼(1202-1280 年)和筑津大江癡兀大慧(1229-1312 年)等思想家提供了将禅融入密宗世界的框架。最终,在中世纪佛教中广泛流传的胚胎学主题的影响下,禅宗修行者开始建立自己的人即佛身理论。本文的结论是,中世纪禅宗和中世纪密宗应被视为姊妹运动。
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引用次数: 0
Tantra Ducks and Zen Bunnies 密宗鸭子和禅宗兔子
Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340016
S. Licha
This paper reconsiders the relationship between esoteric or tantric Buddhism and Zen in premodern Japan. Taking the teachings of Enni 圓爾 (1202–1280) and early modern Sōtō lore as its examples, as well as an adapted version of Wittgenstein’s concept of “seeing-as” as its methodological guideline, the paper argues that the categories of “esoteric Buddhism” and “Zen” themselves should be treated as discursively constructed. From this point of view, the scholarly desideratum is to undertake the genealogical elucidation of the process of their construction. The paper concludes that “esoteric Zen” should be considered a family of strategic, discursive practices predicated on acts of “seeing-as” and their subsequent sedimentation through repetition.
本文重新探讨了前现代日本密宗或密教与禅宗之间的关系。本文以圆尔圆尼(1202-1280 年)的教义和近代早期的总持传说为例,并以维特根斯坦的 "视如 "概念为方法论指导,认为 "密宗 "和 "禅 "这两个范畴本身应被视为话语建构的范畴。从这一观点出发,学术的当务之急是对其建构过程进行谱系学阐释。本文的结论是,"密宗禅 "应被视为一系列策略性的话语实践,其前提是 "视之为 "的行为及其随后通过重复的沉淀。
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引用次数: 0
How Zen became Chan: Pre-modern and Modern Representations of a Transnational East Asian Buddhist Tradition 禅宗是如何成为禅宗的?跨国东亚佛教传统的前现代和现代表征
Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340020
Albert Welter
This paper looks at the vexed relationship of doctrine, or teaching (C. jiao/K. kyo/J. kyō 教) in the three kindred traditions subsumed under the rubric of the Sino-East Asian graph 禪, known through their distinctive pronunciations in modern languages as Chan, Sŏn, and Zen. While the stipulation of these traditions as ‘a special/separate transmission outside the teachings’; (jiaowai biechuan 教外別傳) presumes independence from Mahayana doctrinal teachings, the reality, as we know, was much more complicated. In this paper, I use Yongming Yanshou 永明延壽 (904–975/6), one of the most prominent Chan figures to promote doctrinal engagement, as a barometer to look at how doctrinal engagements and disengagements are regarded throughout each tradition. Perspectives on Yanshou, a figure at once revered and marginalized, unlock key features of each of these three interconnected traditions, what they share and how they disagree. Fundamentally, perspectives on doctrinal engagements and disengagements are rooted in seminal Chan disputes over the nature and value of Buddhist teaching, and Yanshou is a conduit for these disputes. Given the theme of the conference, ‘How Zen Became Chan’; I also look at the discrepancies these disputes reveal between modern Rinzai Zen orthodoxy’s defining of Zen in the modern world and the practice of Chan in China and Sŏn in Korea. The options that these discrepancies reveal are indicative of the relevance of doctrinal entanglements and disentanglements to the contemporary Chan, Sŏn, and Zen worlds.
本文探讨了在中国-东亚图形禅(在现代语言中以其独特的发音被称为禅宗、释教和禅宗)下的三个同类传统中教义或教法(C. jiao/K. kyo/J. kyō 教)的复杂关系。虽然这些传统被规定为 "教外别传",假定它们独立于大乘教义,但我们知道,实际情况要复杂得多。在本文中,我以永明延寿(904-975/6)--禅宗推动教义接触的最著名人物之一--为晴雨表,来考察各个传统如何看待教义接触与脱离。对延寿这位既受人尊敬又被边缘化的人物的看法,揭示了这三个相互关联的传统各自的关键特征、共同点和分歧。从根本上说,关于教义的接触和分离的观点植根于禅宗关于佛教教义的性质和价值的开创性争论,而延寿则是这些争论的渠道。鉴于本次会议的主题是 "禅宗是如何成为禅宗的",我还探讨了这些争议所揭示的现代临济禅宗正统派对现代世界禅宗的定义与中国禅宗和韩国禅宗的实践之间的差异。这些差异所揭示的选择表明了教义上的纠葛和分歧与当代禅宗、僧伽和禅宗世界的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
The Date of the Stein Manuscript of the Platform Sūtra 斯坦因《月台经》手稿的日期
Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340013
I. Galambos
As some of the earliest extant examples of Chan writings survived in the Dunhuang library cave, they have been studied extensively in modern scholarship as witnesses of texts that were to leave a lasting impact throughout East Asia. This paper uses a codicological perspective to re-examine the so-called Stein manuscript of the Platform Sūtra kept at the British Library. This is one of the key sources for the study of early Chan, primarily because it contains what is often claimed to the be the earliest copy of the Platform Sūtra. The paper’s aim is to demonstrate that the manuscript, in its physical reality, can tell us additional information beyond what has already been learned from the text in it. This entails a shift from a focus on the transmission of the text to its use in a concrete setting. On the one hand, the ‘material’ approach can offer insights into the identity and background of the persons and communities involved in copying and using such texts, and on the other, it can help to reassess the accepted dating of the manuscript. Among the key pieces of information not considered before is an ownership note written on the spine of the manuscript, pointing to a connection with educational setting.
敦煌藏经洞现存的一些禅宗写本是现存最早的例子,现代学术界对它们进行了广泛的研究,将其视为对整个东亚产生持久影响的文本的见证。本文从编纂学的角度重新审视了大英图书馆收藏的所谓《月台经》斯坦因手稿。该手稿是研究早期禅宗的重要资料之一,主要是因为它包含了通常被称为最早的《月台经》副本。本文的目的是要证明,除了从手稿的文字中已经了解到的信息外,手稿的实物还能告诉我们更多的信息。这就要求我们从关注文本的传播转向其在具体环境中的使用。一方面,"物质 "方法可以让我们深入了解参与抄写和使用这些文本的个人和群体的身份和背景,另一方面,它可以帮助我们重新评估手稿的公认年代。手稿书脊上写有所有权说明,表明手稿与教育环境有关。
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引用次数: 0
Chan Texts in Practice 禅宗文本在实践中的应用
Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340019
Sam van Schaik
Research into early Chan has relied heavily on the manuscripts found in Cave 17 in Dunhuang, which generally date from before the eleventh century. However this research has often abstracted texts from their context as part of the varied and multilingual collection that was found in the cave. Furthermore, the date, form and original use of the manuscripts containing early Chan texts is often forgotten in the discussion. This brief paper looks at early Chan practice from a historical and local perspective, that is, as a kind of social history. Taking one text, The Record of the Masters and Students of the Lanka (Lengqie shizi ji 楞伽師資記) I discuss some of the meditation practices that it contains and compare these to manuscripts from the Dunhuang collection that fall outside the usual concept of ‘Chan Buddhism’. I conclude that first, early Chan texts should be understood as existing in specific social and ritual settings, such as group initiation rituals, educational settings with teachers and students, or indeed solitary meditation. Second, in the social setting that produced the Dunhuang manuscript cache, distinctions between what we tend to think of as ‘Chan meditation’ and other forms of meditation from tantric or pure land contexts, meant little in practice.
对早期禅宗的研究在很大程度上依赖于敦煌第 17 窟发现的手抄本,这些手抄本的年代一般在 11 世纪之前。然而,这些研究往往将手稿从其上下文中抽象出来,将其作为石窟中发现的各种多语种藏品的一部分。此外,包含早期禅宗经文的手稿的日期、形式和最初用途往往在讨论中被遗忘。这篇简短的论文从历史和地方的角度,也就是作为一种社会史来审视早期禅宗的实践。以《楞伽师资记》为例,我讨论了其中包含的一些禅修方法,并将其与敦煌藏经中不属于通常 "禅宗 "概念的手稿进行了比较。我的结论是:首先,早期的禅宗文本应被理解为存在于特定的社会和仪式环境中,如集体入门仪式、师生共修的教育环境,或实际上的独处禅修。其次,在产生敦煌手抄本的社会环境中,我们通常认为的 "禅宗禅修 "与密宗或净土宗背景下的其他禅修形式之间的区别在实践中意义不大。
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引用次数: 0
Zen Chanting and Jazz at a Public Arts Festival 公共艺术节上的禅宗诵经和爵士乐
Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340009
M. Mross
This article explores ritual change and innovation based on my participation as a saxophone player in two rituals featuring traditional Buddhist chant and jazz, which were performed at the Sōtō Zen temple Tōkōji in Ōmiya (Saitama prefecture) during the Yume Arts Festival. In designing these ceremonies, the monks selected elements from traditional rituals and put them together in new ways, while adding new entertaining elements, such as jazz and yōkai. I suggest that the modularity of rituals made it possible to easily create new ceremonies and perform them without extensive rehearsals. Moreover, I show that the monks aimed to offer an entertaining performance in order to reach out to the local community. This article further illuminates that Sōtō Zen has a rich sonic dimension, which our crossover ceremonies showcased.
本文将以萨克斯管演奏者的身份,在Yume艺术节期间,在Ōmiya(埼玉县)的Sōtō禅寺Tōkōji,参与两场以传统佛教吟唱和爵士乐为特色的仪式,探讨仪式的变化和创新。在设计这些仪式时,僧侣们从传统仪式中选择了一些元素,并以新的方式将它们组合在一起,同时加入了新的娱乐元素,如爵士乐和yōkai。我认为,仪式的模块化可以很容易地创造新的仪式,并在没有大量排练的情况下执行它们。此外,我还指出,僧侣们的目的是提供一场娱乐表演,以接触当地社区。这篇文章进一步说明Sōtō禅宗有丰富的声音维度,我们的跨界仪式展示。
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引用次数: 0
Laitan: The Making of a Chan Cave Temple Site in Sichuan 来坛:四川禅窟寺遗址的形成
Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340011
A. Howard
Laitan 淶灘 is a monumental site in Sichuan, built during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), located approximately 69 km northwest of present day Chongqing. It is the only site in China whose sculpture derives from a comprehensive records of Chan developments. A crowded gathering of famous Chan prelates and anonymous personages of all sizes animate the cave’s walls; they were inspired both by the early Chan phase in Sichuan and the subsequent Song outside Sichuan.
来坛淶灘是四川的一个纪念性遗址,建于宋朝(960-1279),位于今天重庆西北约69公里处。这是中国唯一一个雕塑来源于对禅宗发展的全面记录的地方。著名的禅宗教士和大小不一的无名人士聚集在一起,使洞穴的墙壁生机勃勃;他们的灵感来自四川的早期禅宗和后来在四川以外的宋朝。
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引用次数: 0
Pei Xiu (791–864) and Lay Buddhism in Tang Chan 裴秀(791-864)与唐禅居士
Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340010
Jiang Wu
Pei Xiu 裴休 (791–864) was a literati follower of Buddhist teachers, among whom the two most eminent were Zongmi 宗密 (780–841) and Huangbo Xiyun 黃檗希運 (?–850). These two teachers had notably different spiritual orientations: one was the synthesizer of Chan and Huayan teachings, the other a member of the more radical Hongzhou 洪州 school. Rather than passively patronizing Buddhist teachers, Pei Xiu served as an active agent of his own religiosity and influenced Buddhist communities broadly. Through examining Pei Xiu’s Quanfa putixin wen 勸發菩提心文 [Essay Exhorting the Generation of Bodhicitta], Chuanxin fayao 傳心法要 [Essentials of The Transmission of Mind], which he prefaced and edited, and his various prefaces and epitaphs written for Zongmi and other monks, this study scrutinizes the transformation of early Chinese Chan communities before they were reimagined as ‘mature’ and ‘classical’ in later times.
裴修(791-864)是一位追随佛教导师的文人,其中最著名的两位是宗密(780-841)和黄波西云(檗-850)。这两位老师有着明显不同的精神取向:一位是禅宗和华严教义的合成器,另一位是更激进的洪州派的成员。裴修并没有被动地对佛教老师施恩,而是积极地传播自己的宗教信仰,并广泛地影响了佛教界。本研究通过考察裴秀编著的《全发菩提心文勸》、《传心要旨》,以及他为宗密和其他僧人撰写的各种序文和墓志铭,考察了早期中国禅宗群体在后来被重新想象为“成熟”和“经典”之前的转变。
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引用次数: 0
The Tangut Text of Suiyuan ji and the History of Chan Buddhism in Xixia 《绥远记》的唐古文本与西夏禅宗史
Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1163/25897179-12340012
K. Solonin, Zhang Yongfu
The paper discusses some problems pertaining to the spread of Sinitic Buddhism, especially of the Huayan Chan tradition in Xixia. These include issues of the transmission of the teaching as well as codicological and conceptual problems of the dissemination of the publications of Huayan Chan texts in Xixia. The paper presents evidence that the Chan Buddhist content available to the Tanguts was not limited to Huayan Chan, but included some knowledge of the Song-period Chan Buddhism. The paper introduces the previously unknown Tangut composition Suiyuan ji and discusses its structure as well as aspects of its contents.
本文论述了西夏地区汉传佛教,特别是华严禅在西夏地区传播的一些问题。这些问题包括教学的传播问题,以及华严禅文本出版物在西夏传播的法典问题和概念问题。本文提出证据表明,唐关人所掌握的禅宗内容并不局限于华严禅宗,还包括一些宋代禅宗的知识。本文介绍了此前不为人知的西部诗《绥源记》,并对其结构和内容进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Chan Buddhism
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