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Comparison of Borehole Ultrasound and borehole radar in evaluating the length of two unknown bridge foundations 钻孔超声与钻孔雷达在评估两座未知桥梁基础长度中的比较
Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19375247.2016.1166313
J. Coe, B. Kermani
Foundation length is an important parameter when assessing bridge vulnerability to failures related to scour hazards. As a result, multiple non-destructive testing methods have been developed to evaluate the geometry of unknown foundations, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Subsurface methods that rely on measurements from boreholes alongside the foundation are often the most robust when evaluating foundation length, particularly for complex foundations (e.g. footings supported on piles). In this study, such a system was developed to evaluate the length of foundations at two bridge sites in Philadelphia using ultrasound acoustic waves (i.e. P-waves). Characteristics of the foundations and the site conditions are summarised as well as the ultrasound system components. The system was lowered in a borehole alongside each foundation as 100 kHz P-waves were generated to develop a reflection image of the pile–soil interface. Foundation length was evaluated based on discontinuity of the reflected signals with depth. This ultrasound system was developed to address inadequacies with borehole radar testing in similar applications related to unknown foundations. In particular, borehole radar has limited capabilities in clayey soil profiles, where high values of electrical conductivity limit radar signal strength. A commercial borehole radar system (MALÅ 250 MHz ProEx) was therefore utilised at both bridge sites to provide a comparison of results using both systems.
基础长度是评估桥梁易受冲刷破坏影响的重要参数。因此,人们发展了多种无损检测方法来评估未知基础的几何形状,每种方法都有自己的优缺点。在评估基础长度时,依靠在基础旁边的钻孔进行测量的地下方法通常是最可靠的,特别是对于复杂的基础(例如桩支撑的基础)。在本研究中,开发了这样一个系统,使用超声波(即p波)来评估费城两个桥址的基础长度。总结了地基的特点和场地条件,以及超声系统的组成。该系统在每个基础旁边的钻孔中降低,产生100 kHz的p波,以形成桩-土界面的反射图像。根据反射信号随深度的不连续来计算基础长度。该超声系统的开发是为了解决与未知地基相关的类似应用中钻孔雷达测试的不足之处。特别是,井眼雷达在粘土剖面中的能力有限,因为粘土剖面的高电导率值限制了雷达信号的强度。因此,在两个桥址都使用了商业钻孔雷达系统(MALÅ 250 MHz ProEx),以比较使用两种系统的结果。
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引用次数: 11
Experimental investigation of energy pile response for bridge deck deicing applications 桥梁桥面除冰能量桩响应试验研究
Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19375247.2016.1166314
C. Olgun, G. A. Bowers
Using energy piles is becoming an increasingly popular method for economically and efficiently accessing shallow geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings. Energy piles are deep foundation elements integrated with fluid circulation tubes, which allow them to serve as heat exchangers in addition to their traditional role of structural support. In this study, the use of energy piles for deicing of bridge decks was investigated. Temperature-induced stresses that develop as a result of soil-pile interaction during heat exchange operations need to be evaluated for adequate design of energy piles. This paper presents the results from a series of full-scale field tests on an energy pile during bridge deck deicing operations. The resulting axial strains and stresses in the pile are presented and discussed within the context of soil-pile interaction under thermal loads. Conclusions are drawn about the behavior of energy piles and recommendations are given for their use as heat exchangers.
利用能源桩经济高效地获取浅层地热能,用于建筑物的供暖和制冷,已成为一种日益流行的方法。能源桩是与流体循环管相结合的深层基础元件,除了传统的结构支撑作用外,还可以作为热交换器。本文对能量桩在桥面除冰中的应用进行了研究。在热交换操作过程中,由于桩土相互作用而产生的温度诱发应力需要对能源桩的适当设计进行评估。本文介绍了桥面板除冰过程中能源桩的一系列全尺寸现场试验结果。在热荷载作用下的桩土相互作用的背景下,给出并讨论了桩内产生的轴向应变和应力。对能量桩的性能进行了总结,并对能量桩作为热交换器的使用提出了建议。
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引用次数: 10
Pile load transfer from static load test inversion 桩荷载传递由静荷载试验反演
Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19375247.2016.1148373
A. Bradshaw
This paper presents an inversion scheme to estimate the distribution of load in a deep foundation from the load–movement curve measured at the head. The method may be useful in situations where static load tests have been performed on test piles that are not instrumented with strain gages or telltales, or the instrumentation data are unreliable. An inversion approach is described in detail that includes a non-linear ‘t–z’ analysis combined with a genetic algorithm that is used to optimise the solutions. The inversion approach is tested using three high-quality pile load test cases from the literature. The pile load distributions estimated from the inversions were in generally good agreement with the measured data. The inversion approach was also effective identifying the ‘true’ load distribution in a pile where residual loads were present.
本文提出了一种利用地基顶部实测荷载移动曲线反演深基坑荷载分布的方法。在测试桩上进行静载荷测试时,如果没有使用应变计或传感器,或者仪器数据不可靠,则该方法可能有用。详细描述了一种反演方法,其中包括非线性“t-z”分析与用于优化解决方案的遗传算法相结合。利用文献中的三个高质量桩荷载测试案例对反演方法进行了测试。反演得到的桩载分布与实测数据基本吻合。反演方法也能有效地识别残余荷载存在的桩中的“真实”荷载分布。
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引用次数: 1
Analyzing thermal integrity profiling data for drilled shaft evaluation 钻井热完整性剖面数据分析
Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19375247.2016.1169361
K. R. Johnson
Thermal integrity profiling (TIP) is the most recent non-destructive test method to gain widespread popularity in post-construction evaluation of drilled shafts. The allure lies in its ability to detect anomalies across the entire cross-section of a shaft as well as provide a measure of lateral cage alignment. Similarly remarkable, early developments showed that the shape of a temperature profile (with depth) matched closely with the shape of the shaft, thus allowing for a fairly straightforward interpretation of data. Immediately apparent however, was that the relationship between shape and temperature was with two major exceptions: (1) near the ends of the shaft where heat can escape both radially and longitudinally and (2) where drastic changes in the surroundings are encountered (e.g. soil to water, soil to air). Today, methods for analyzing these portions of data exist, but can often involve tedious levels of parameter iterations and trial-and-error thermal modeling. This is particularly true when the effects of time are not well understood. A comparison of model and field results is presented to provide further insight into these types of temperature distributions and to address the difficulties associated with their analysis. This paper shows how thermal modeling can be used to track the effects of time on analysis, and concludes with case studies that demonstrate the findings.
热完整性剖面法(TIP)是近年来在井筒施工后评价中得到广泛应用的一种无损检测方法。它的吸引力在于能够检测井筒整个横截面的异常情况,并提供横向保持架对齐的测量。同样值得注意的是,早期的发展表明,温度剖面的形状(含深度)与竖井的形状密切匹配,因此可以相当直接地解释数据。然而,显而易见的是,形状和温度之间的关系有两个主要的例外:(1)在轴的末端附近,热量可以径向和纵向逃逸;(2)在周围环境发生剧烈变化的地方(例如,土壤到水,土壤到空气)。今天,分析这些数据部分的方法已经存在,但往往涉及繁琐的参数迭代和试错热建模。当时间的影响还没有被很好地理解时,情况尤其如此。本文提出了模型和现场结果的比较,以进一步了解这些类型的温度分布,并解决与分析相关的困难。本文展示了如何使用热建模来跟踪时间对分析的影响,并通过案例研究来证明研究结果。
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引用次数: 13
DFI Journal Underwriters DFI期刊承销商
Pub Date : 2016-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19375247.2016.1150680
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引用次数: 0
Pile pinning and interaction of adjacent foundations during lateral spreading 横向扩展过程中桩的钉扎与相邻基础的相互作用
Pub Date : 2015-07-03 DOI: 10.1179/1937525515Y.0000000009
B. Turner, S. Brandenberg
Studies recently conducted by the authors and others have demonstrated that relatively simple equivalent-static analysis (ESA) procedures can adequately predict the response of bridge foundations to lateral spreading for design purposes assuming that the lateral spreading displacement demand is known or can be estimated. However, an important aspect of the analysis that remains to be addressed is how to account for the restraining force provided by foundations when the laterally spreading ground does not have a finite, measurable out-of-plane width. This study addresses this problem in the context of two parallel, adjacent bridges crossing the Colorado River in Mexico that were subjected to a broad field of laterally spreading ground during the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake. Two-dimensional finite element analyses (FEA) are used to quantify the influence that the presence of each bridge had on the lateral spreading demand for the opposite bridge. The results show that the relatively stiff foundations of the first bridge provided a ‘shielding’ effect to the second bridge, significantly reducing the demand compared to the magnitude of the free-field lateral spreading observed at the site.
作者和其他人最近进行的研究表明,相对简单的等效静力分析(ESA)程序可以充分预测桥梁基础对横向扩展的响应,以达到设计目的,假设横向扩展位移需求是已知的或可以估计的。然而,分析中仍有待解决的一个重要方面是,当横向扩展的地面没有有限的、可测量的面外宽度时,如何考虑地基提供的约束力。本研究以横跨墨西哥科罗拉多河的两座平行的相邻桥梁为背景,解决了这一问题,这两座桥梁在2010年m7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah地震中遭受了大面积的横向扩展地面。二维有限元分析(FEA)用于量化每座桥梁的存在对对面桥梁横向扩展需求的影响。结果表明,第一座桥梁相对坚硬的基础为第二座桥梁提供了“屏蔽”效应,与现场观察到的自由场横向扩展幅度相比,显著降低了需求。
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引用次数: 3
Effects of installation disturbance on behavior of multi-helix piles in structured clays 结构粘土中安装扰动对多螺旋桩性能的影响
Pub Date : 2015-07-03 DOI: 10.1179/1937525515Y.0000000008
F. Bagheri, M. E. El Naggar
Helical piles and anchors are installed by applying torque to the pile head. Their application as a foundation option has gained popularity in recent years because of their intrinsic advantages of rapid installation with minimal vibration and noise, and the development of powerful hydraulic driving heads. In spite of extensive research that investigated the behavior of helical piles and anchors, discrepancies between predictions and actual observations of axial behavior of helical piles installed in clay still exist. This is, in large part, because much of previous research involved installation of helical pile models in remolded (reconstituted) cohesive materials rather than natural soil deposits. Since the strength of the remolded materials does not change significantly, the effects of installation cannot be distinguished in remolded materials. In this study, full scale uplift and compression load tests data are analyzed and different failure patterns have been investigated for helical piles and anchors installed in structured clays. The research findings indicate that the behavior of the helical piles and anchors is significantly affected by the degree of soil disturbance induced by penetration of pile shaft and helices. In addition, back-calculated undrained shear strength mobilized by different sections of pile revealed that, for helical piles and anchors installed in structured clay, the undrained shear strength should be reduced to account for installation disturbance.
螺旋桩和锚杆是通过对桩头施加扭矩来安装的。近年来,由于其固有的快速安装,振动和噪音最小的优点,以及强大的液压驱动头的发展,它们作为基础选择的应用得到了普及。尽管对螺旋桩和锚杆的行为进行了广泛的研究,但在粘土中安装的螺旋桩的轴向行为的预测与实际观察之间仍然存在差异。这在很大程度上是因为以前的许多研究涉及在重塑(重建)粘性材料中安装螺旋桩模型,而不是在天然土壤沉积物中安装。由于重塑材料的强度没有显著变化,因此在重塑材料中无法区分安装的影响。本文分析了结构粘土中螺旋桩和锚杆的全尺寸上拔和压缩荷载试验数据,并对不同的破坏模式进行了研究。研究结果表明,桩身和螺旋桩的穿透对土体的扰动程度对螺旋桩和锚杆的性能有显著影响。此外,反算不同截面桩的不排水抗剪强度表明,对于安装在结构性粘土中的螺旋桩和锚杆,考虑到安装扰动,应减小不排水抗剪强度。
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引用次数: 30
Discussion of ‘Interpretation of augered cast in place pile capacity using static loading tests’ by A. W. Stuedlein*, S. C. Reddy and T. M. Evans, The Journal of the Deep Foundation Institute, 8(1), 2014
Pub Date : 2015-07-03 DOI: 10.1179/1937525515Y.0000000007
Jie-Ru Chen, F. Kulhawy
The authors have presented an interesting study on interpreting the results of static load tests on augered cast-in-place (ACIP) piles, including numerical evaluations of several load test interpretation criteria. Both warrant query and comment. The discussers have conducted some similar prior studies that can be used for comparison. This discussion first will compare the authors and discussers databases and then will focus on the initial response of the load-displacement curve, interpreted failure load, extrapolation of load test data, and recommendations on selection of methods. The focus will be on comparing the Davisson, slope tangent in compression, and L1–L2 methods.
作者提出了一项有趣的研究,解释了螺旋钻孔灌注桩(ACIP)静荷载试验的结果,包括几种荷载试验解释标准的数值评估。允许查询和评论。讨论者已经进行了一些类似的前期研究,可以用于比较。本讨论首先将比较作者和讨论者的数据库,然后将重点放在载荷-位移曲线的初始响应、解释的失效载荷、载荷试验数据的外推以及对方法选择的建议。重点将放在比较Davisson,斜率切线压缩和L1-L2方法。
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引用次数: 0
Closure to the discussion of ‘interpretation of augered cast-in-place pile capacity using static loading tests’ 结束"用静荷载试验解释螺旋钻孔灌注桩承载力"的讨论
Pub Date : 2015-07-03 DOI: 10.1179/1937525515Y.0000000006
A. Stuedlein, S. C. Reddy, T. M. Evans
This closure addresses the comments made by the discussers to a previously published paper on the interpretation of failure loads from static loading tests on augered cast-in-place piles. In this closure, it is shown that there were no data or interpretation problems as postulated by the discussers. It is shown that: the ratio of elastic and initial compression slopes depends on the slenderness ration, the L2 capacity depends on the magnitude of displacement imposed, and the L2 capacity relative to the Davisson capacity is a function of the axial stiffness. This closure points to the important role of slenderness ratio (which serves as a proxy for axial stiffness) on the interpretation of failure loads.
本结束语涉及讨论者对先前发表的一篇关于螺旋灌注桩静荷载试验中破坏荷载解释的论文所作的评论。在这个结束语中,表明没有数据或解释问题,如讨论者所假设的那样。结果表明:弹性边坡与初始压缩边坡的比值取决于长细比,L2承载力取决于施加位移的大小,相对于戴维森承载力的L2承载力是轴向刚度的函数。这种封闭性指出了长细比(作为轴向刚度的代理)在解释破坏载荷上的重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Editors’ Note 编者注
Pub Date : 2015-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19375247.2015.1123382
Anne Lemnitzer, Timothy C. Siegel
We are happy to close out the 2015 with an excellent issue that primarily focuses on unique performance aspects of pile foundations under axial and lateral loading. Issue 2 opens with a Technical Note by Franz providing guidance for drafting specifications for ground improvement. This document is a result of the work performed by DFI’s ground improvement committee. The note can be used as a checklist for selecting the most appropriate and efficient ground improvement technique considering available geotechnical information, operational constraints, desired performance requirements such as target bearing capacity and maximum allowable settlements, the influence of seismicity, and the impact of ground water regimes for the specific project needs. The next two articles discuss a previously published DFI manuscript by Stuedlein et al., entitled “Interpretation of augered cast in place pile capacity using static loading Tests”. Chen and Kulhawy offer a different opinion on the pile load displacement interpretation based on their independent pile database. Stuedlein closes this discussion with additional information on how his research team interpreted their own load test data, pointing out the importance of the pile slenderness ratio and how this ratio can be used as a proxy for axial stiffness in determining the pile failure load. In the fourth article, Bagheri and El Naggar present their analysis of a series of full scale uplift and compression load test data of helical piles and anchors installed in structured clays. Test variations include the numbers of helices and different helix diameters, as well as the embedment depths, and the diversity of natural clay deposits in which the specimens were installed. Findings of this research study indicate that the behavior of the helical piles and anchors is significantly influenced by the degree of soil disturbance introduced by the penetration of the pile shaft and helices. As a result of the disturbance, the undrained shear strength mobilized by the uppermost helix decreases and should be reduced to account for installation effects. The fifth article is the winner of the 2014 DFI student paper competition entitled “Pile pinning and interaction of adjacent foundations during lateral spreading” by Turner, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his advisor Brandenberg. They present the results of a PEER funded case study of two parallel, adjacent bridges crossing the Colorado River in Mexico that were subjected to a broad field of laterally-spreading ground during the 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake. Turner and Brandenberg use equivalent static analysis procedures combined with 2D FEM algorithms to evaluate the lateral spreading demand on the bridges as well as the influence of pinning effects and geometric configurations (e.g. shielding effects of opposite bridges). Findings of this study show that the length and width of the lateral spread feature relative to the size o
我们很高兴在2015年结束了一个优秀的问题,主要关注轴向和横向荷载下桩基的独特性能方面。第2期以Franz的技术说明开始,为地面改进的起草规范提供指导。这份文件是由DFI的地面改善委员会完成的工作的结果。该说明可用作核对表,根据现有岩土技术资料、操作限制、期望的性能要求(如目标承载能力和最大允许沉降量)、地震活动的影响以及对具体项目需要的地下水状况的影响,选择最合适和最有效的地面改善技术。接下来的两篇文章讨论了之前由Stuedlein等人发表的DFI手稿,题为“使用静荷载试验解释螺旋钻孔灌注桩的承载力”。Chen和Kulhawy基于各自独立的桩库,对桩荷载位移的解释提出了不同的看法。Stuedlein以他的研究小组如何解释他们自己的荷载试验数据的附加信息结束了这一讨论,指出了桩长细比的重要性,以及如何将该比率用作确定桩破坏荷载时轴向刚度的代理。在第四篇文章中,Bagheri和El Naggar对结构粘土中螺旋桩和锚杆的一系列全尺寸上拔和压缩荷载试验数据进行了分析。测试变化包括螺旋的数量和不同的螺旋直径,以及嵌入深度,以及安装标本的天然粘土沉积物的多样性。研究结果表明,螺旋桩和锚杆的性能受到桩身和螺旋桩的穿透所带来的土体扰动程度的显著影响。由于扰动,由最上层螺旋调动的不排水剪切强度降低,应降低以考虑安装效应。第五篇文章是2014年DFI学生论文竞赛的获奖作品,题目是“横向扩展过程中相邻基础的桩钉和相互作用”,作者是加州大学洛杉矶分校的博士候选人Turner和他的导师Brandenberg。他们展示了一项由PEER资助的案例研究的结果,该研究对墨西哥科罗拉多河上两座平行的相邻桥梁进行了研究,这些桥梁在2010年埃尔马约尔-库卡帕7.2级地震中遭受了大面积横向蔓延的地面。Turner和Brandenberg使用等效静力分析程序结合二维有限元算法来评估桥梁的横向扩展需求以及钉钉效应和几何构型(例如对面桥梁的屏蔽效应)的影响。研究结果表明,相对于基础影响区大小,横向扩展特征的长度和宽度影响着移动土对基础施加的荷载。目前的固定方法不能很好地解释这些影响。本文提出的分析方法可以推广到评估地基群的合理需求。本问题以对两个钻孔竖井基础的实验研究结束,这些基础安装在开挖钻孔过程中经历了土壤塌陷的地点。来自阿肯色大学的Race和Coffman比较了安装在塌陷和未塌陷钻孔中的竖井的响应,并展示了塌陷和重新钻孔对桩响应参数的影响。他们注意到更大的上下移动,等效自上而下阻力-运动曲线的更大移动,单位侧阻力值减少,并且在重新开挖的挖掘中建造的基础可能具有更高的端承阻力。Race和Coffman建议在预测能力时减少总单位重量值,以便更准确地模拟在先前坍塌的挖掘中建造的钻孔竖井基础的运动-阻力响应。当我们回顾这一年来自世界各地的众多研究者和作者的先进研究和案例研究时,我们想对2015年DFI董事会与这么多优秀的实践工程师合作的荣幸表示衷心的感谢
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引用次数: 0
期刊
DFI Journal - The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute
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