Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070108903691
S. Myoung, T. K. Sung
Didier Aubert received the M.S. and Ph.D. degree respectively in 1985 and 1989 from the National Polytechnical lnstitut of Grenoble (INPG). From 1989-1990, he worked as a research scientist on the development of an automatic road following system for the NAVLAB at Carnegie Mellon University. From 1990-1994 he worked in the research department of a private company (ITMI). During this period he was project leader of several projects dealing with computer vision. He is currently a researcher at INRETS since 1995 and works on Road traffic measurements, on crowd monitoring, on automated highway systems and on anti-collision systems for vehicles. He is an image processing expert for some companies, teaches at Jussieu (Paris V1) and is on the editorial board of RTS (Research -Transport Safety).
{"title":"Biographies","authors":"S. Myoung, T. K. Sung","doi":"10.1080/10248070108903691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070108903691","url":null,"abstract":"Didier Aubert received the M.S. and Ph.D. degree respectively in 1985 and 1989 from the National Polytechnical lnstitut of Grenoble (INPG). From 1989-1990, he worked as a research scientist on the development of an automatic road following system for the NAVLAB at Carnegie Mellon University. From 1990-1994 he worked in the research department of a private company (ITMI). During this period he was project leader of several projects dealing with computer vision. He is currently a researcher at INRETS since 1995 and works on Road traffic measurements, on crowd monitoring, on automated highway systems and on anti-collision systems for vehicles. He is an image processing expert for some companies, teaches at Jussieu (Paris V1) and is on the editorial board of RTS (Research -Transport Safety).","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127474434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070108903693
M. Rahimi, M. Dessouky
This research was conducted to organize and model a comprehensive set of paratransit dispatching task activity in a computer-assisted control room. The dispatching task involves continuous monitoring and interaction with archived and real-time data using a typical dispatch software. Extensive field observations and video recordings of dispatch operations were conducted. Then, a skeleton decision model of the dispatchers activities was generated and later validated with an expert dispatcher. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) was used to further refine this model into a comprehensive HTA decision hierarchy (decision tree). To capture the complexity of multi-dispatcher operation, we extended this model to a simultaneous operation of two collaborative dispatchers in the same control room—a van dispatcher and a lead dispatcher. The results of this analysis showed that HTA could be used to model such an activity with a high degree of fidelity. The sequential decision tree format of the HTA also shows promise as a training tool for entry-level dispatch personnel and as a tool for human-computer interaction evaluation in dispatch software design.
{"title":"A Hierarchical Task Model for Dispatching in Computer-Assisted Demand-Responsive Paratransit Operation","authors":"M. Rahimi, M. Dessouky","doi":"10.1080/10248070108903693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070108903693","url":null,"abstract":"This research was conducted to organize and model a comprehensive set of paratransit dispatching task activity in a computer-assisted control room. The dispatching task involves continuous monitoring and interaction with archived and real-time data using a typical dispatch software. Extensive field observations and video recordings of dispatch operations were conducted. Then, a skeleton decision model of the dispatchers activities was generated and later validated with an expert dispatcher. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) was used to further refine this model into a comprehensive HTA decision hierarchy (decision tree). To capture the complexity of multi-dispatcher operation, we extended this model to a simultaneous operation of two collaborative dispatchers in the same control room—a van dispatcher and a lead dispatcher. The results of this analysis showed that HTA could be used to model such an activity with a high degree of fidelity. The sequential decision tree format of the HTA also shows promise as a training tool for entry-level dispatch personnel and as a tool for human-computer interaction evaluation in dispatch software design.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124567032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070108903694
Hesham A Rakha, J. Hankey, Angela Patterson, M. V. Aerde
This paper provides an attempt at evaluating the safety impacts of an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system relative to Conventional Cruise Control (CCC) utilizing data that were gathered as part of a Field Operational Test (FOT) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The safety of the ACC system is quantified considering three surrogate safety measures. The first safety measure considers the car-following behavior of an ACC system relative to manual driving in order to identify potential differences in driver/vehicle aggressiveness. The second safety measure considers changes in demands on driver resources associated with ACC technology. The third, and final safety measure, considers differences in the number of braking maneuvers and near encounters associated with ACC and CCC driving. These three surrogate safety measures are utilized to identify any potential hazards that could be associated with an ACC system. The three surrogate safety measures demonstrate consistency between ACC and manual car-following behavior, an increased usage of cruise control with adaptive features, reductions in driver manual resources and potential reductions in visual resources, and no differences in braking interventions and "near encounters." These findings collectively suggest that the use of ACC does not appear to impose a safety hazard on transportation system.
{"title":"Field Evaluation of Safety Impacts of Adaptive Cruise Control","authors":"Hesham A Rakha, J. Hankey, Angela Patterson, M. V. Aerde","doi":"10.1080/10248070108903694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070108903694","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an attempt at evaluating the safety impacts of an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system relative to Conventional Cruise Control (CCC) utilizing data that were gathered as part of a Field Operational Test (FOT) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The safety of the ACC system is quantified considering three surrogate safety measures. The first safety measure considers the car-following behavior of an ACC system relative to manual driving in order to identify potential differences in driver/vehicle aggressiveness. The second safety measure considers changes in demands on driver resources associated with ACC technology. The third, and final safety measure, considers differences in the number of braking maneuvers and near encounters associated with ACC and CCC driving. These three surrogate safety measures are utilized to identify any potential hazards that could be associated with an ACC system. The three surrogate safety measures demonstrate consistency between ACC and manual car-following behavior, an increased usage of cruise control with adaptive features, reductions in driver manual resources and potential reductions in visual resources, and no differences in braking interventions and \"near encounters.\" These findings collectively suggest that the use of ACC does not appear to impose a safety hazard on transportation system.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121654883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903679
L. Whitty
Intelligent transport systems are essential if the objective of integrated transport systems in the UK is to be achieved. The historic reasons for the development of congestion in the UK are described. Before road pricing can be introduced, the importance of adequate research and appropriate decision making is stressed. This paper was presented at the Future of Intelligent Transport Systems Conference, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, November 5 1999, and for the covering abstract see ITRD E111197.
{"title":"The Future For Intelligent Transport Systems: Keynote Opening Speech","authors":"L. Whitty","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903679","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent transport systems are essential if the objective of integrated transport systems in the UK is to be achieved. The historic reasons for the development of congestion in the UK are described. Before road pricing can be introduced, the importance of adequate research and appropriate decision making is stressed. This paper was presented at the Future of Intelligent Transport Systems Conference, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, November 5 1999, and for the covering abstract see ITRD E111197.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"30 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123584298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903682
P. Blythe
The use of an electronic smart card as an alternative means for users to access and pay for transport services is now emerging as a viable option for many operators. In the past, the use of smart cards has been promoted by their proponents primarily as a mechanism for payment. However, in reality, the smart card has the capability and flexibility to offer much more to the field of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems). This paper elaborates on the above statement, with examples of both current and future uses of the smart card, which extend beyond being just a payment medium. Smart card technology is by no means new; it was invented more than 25 years ago and implementations have been made with smart cards for almost two decades. Never theless, only within the past four or five years have transport operators and other system providers begun to introduce, on a medium to large-scale, smart-card based systems either to complement or replace existing means of payment and service access. The success of these significantly-sized schemes has moved the smart card over the cusp, from a “new technology” to a “standard technology”. This, in itself, has opened up the market for smart cards and their associated technologies.
{"title":"Transforming Access to and Payment for Transport Services through the Use of Smart Cards","authors":"P. Blythe","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903682","url":null,"abstract":"The use of an electronic smart card as an alternative means for users to access and pay for transport services is now emerging as a viable option for many operators. In the past, the use of smart cards has been promoted by their proponents primarily as a mechanism for payment. However, in reality, the smart card has the capability and flexibility to offer much more to the field of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems). This paper elaborates on the above statement, with examples of both current and future uses of the smart card, which extend beyond being just a payment medium. Smart card technology is by no means new; it was invented more than 25 years ago and implementations have been made with smart cards for almost two decades. Never theless, only within the past four or five years have transport operators and other system providers begun to introduce, on a medium to large-scale, smart-card based systems either to complement or replace existing means of payment and service access. The success of these significantly-sized schemes has moved the smart card over the cusp, from a “new technology” to a “standard technology”. This, in itself, has opened up the market for smart cards and their associated technologies.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129098311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903684
B. Radia
Launched in 1997, the Urban Traffic Management and Control (UTMC) research programme is the UK DETR's main initiative for the development of a more open approach to intelligent transport systems (ITS) in urban areas. This five-year programme supports the research and development of open standards and new applications for urban traffic management with the aim of seeing the market develop for the supply and use of UTMC systems. UTMC systems are defined by their Technical Specifications and associated documents. The research projects to date have focused on key areas of the Technical Specification and much of that research is, or is close to being, complete. The results provide the basis for conclusions about UTMC standards in key areas, notably communications. These are presented here. The results are also being drawn together in the current Call 4 for large demonstration projects. We summarise the aims and approach to Call 4 below.
{"title":"Integrating the Traffic Management Applications of ITS: An Overview of the UTMC Programme in the UK","authors":"B. Radia","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903684","url":null,"abstract":"Launched in 1997, the Urban Traffic Management and Control (UTMC) research programme is the UK DETR's main initiative for the development of a more open approach to intelligent transport systems (ITS) in urban areas. This five-year programme supports the research and development of open standards and new applications for urban traffic management with the aim of seeing the market develop for the supply and use of UTMC systems. UTMC systems are defined by their Technical Specifications and associated documents. The research projects to date have focused on key areas of the Technical Specification and much of that research is, or is close to being, complete. The results provide the basis for conclusions about UTMC standards in key areas, notably communications. These are presented here. The results are also being drawn together in the current Call 4 for large demonstration projects. We summarise the aims and approach to Call 4 below.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122897649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903773
A. Alloum, A. Charara
This paper demonstrates the contribution that vehicle modeling and control theory can make for a safety advisory system for vehicle driving. This system is intended to advise the driver in real life situations. With a such passive safety it is understood that the vehicle is not controled at all, but is completely dependent on a human driver. This system is, of course, embedded in the vehicle and operates in real-time. This demonstrator, developed in the framework of the European Eurêka Prometheus program (ProArt), is partly presented, namely the functional architecture and the vehicle's own dynamic information measurement system. The maneuver described here, deals with changing lanes. In order to find the most appropriate safety parameters, from a safety analysis of this maneuver, the performances of various linear (linear feedback and finite time polynomial) and nonlinear (input-output linearization) control theories were evaluated and compared in simulation. The nonlinear control is fully examined, and the significant real-time results are presented.
{"title":"Control Evaluation for a Human Driver's Electronic Adviser","authors":"A. Alloum, A. Charara","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903773","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the contribution that vehicle modeling and control theory can make for a safety advisory system for vehicle driving. This system is intended to advise the driver in real life situations. With a such passive safety it is understood that the vehicle is not controled at all, but is completely dependent on a human driver. This system is, of course, embedded in the vehicle and operates in real-time. This demonstrator, developed in the framework of the European Eurêka Prometheus program (ProArt), is partly presented, namely the functional architecture and the vehicle's own dynamic information measurement system. The maneuver described here, deals with changing lanes. In order to find the most appropriate safety parameters, from a safety analysis of this maneuver, the performances of various linear (linear feedback and finite time polynomial) and nonlinear (input-output linearization) control theories were evaluated and compared in simulation. The nonlinear control is fully examined, and the significant real-time results are presented.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"452 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133809048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903776
M. Brackstone, M. McDonald
With the recent advances made in AVCSS (Advanced Vehicle Control and Safely Systems), designed to aid the driver and in some cases replace driver functions, it has become apparent that many of the technological barriers facing these systems are (or soon will be) soluble. Comparatively little attention would seem to have been given however as to how the driver will interact with these systems, with issues such as driver behavioural shifts and even system desirability receiving little study. This article reviews exactly how far investigation into these problems has progressed for some of the most high profile systems. It is concluded that although many systems are now viewed positively by the driving public, and may soon be within their reach, the introduction of automation needs to be carefully managed. Indeed, although some systems are sufficiently advanced as to be market-ready, many on-going issues still exist that may impede deployment.
{"title":"Behavioural Response: Still a Major Concern for AVCSS?","authors":"M. Brackstone, M. McDonald","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903776","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent advances made in AVCSS (Advanced Vehicle Control and Safely Systems), designed to aid the driver and in some cases replace driver functions, it has become apparent that many of the technological barriers facing these systems are (or soon will be) soluble. Comparatively little attention would seem to have been given however as to how the driver will interact with these systems, with issues such as driver behavioural shifts and even system desirability receiving little study. This article reviews exactly how far investigation into these problems has progressed for some of the most high profile systems. It is concluded that although many systems are now viewed positively by the driving public, and may soon be within their reach, the introduction of automation needs to be carefully managed. Indeed, although some systems are sufficiently advanced as to be market-ready, many on-going issues still exist that may impede deployment.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130802493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903683
C. Mulley, J. Nelson
How does the emergence of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in an ever-increasing variety of ways enhance or reconcile the differences between social cost benefit analysis (SCBA) and a business case in evaluation? Investigation of this suggests that ITS impacts in two, substantially different, ways. First, the presence of ITS can affect the evaluation per se and, secondly, the type of ITS application proposed can affect how projects involving ITS are evaluated (i.e., whether the evaluation should be a business case or SCBA). Each of these issues are addressed in turn in this paper. The arguments are illustrated using the example of real-time passenger information at bus stops.
{"title":"The Presence of ITS: Implications for the Business Case versus Social Cost Benefit Analysis for Investment","authors":"C. Mulley, J. Nelson","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903683","url":null,"abstract":"How does the emergence of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in an ever-increasing variety of ways enhance or reconcile the differences between social cost benefit analysis (SCBA) and a business case in evaluation? Investigation of this suggests that ITS impacts in two, substantially different, ways. First, the presence of ITS can affect the evaluation per se and, secondly, the type of ITS application proposed can affect how projects involving ITS are evaluated (i.e., whether the evaluation should be a business case or SCBA). Each of these issues are addressed in turn in this paper. The arguments are illustrated using the example of real-time passenger information at bus stops.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130404016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10248070008903680
A. Gillespie
The paper examines critically the contention that electronic communications will contribute to reducing travel through trip-substitution. Using examples drawn from a variety of forms of work organisation being affected by new technologies, collectively referred to as “teleworking”, it attempts to demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between travel and electronic communication. The forms of teleworking consideied here are: electronic homeworking; mobile working; spatially-dispersed teamworking; and telephone call-centres. The paper concludes that the trip-substitution assumption is unrealistic, with a range of markedly different travel outcomes identified. Further, it contends that the empirical basis for formulating policies in this field is currently inadequate.
{"title":"Substituting Electronic Communications for Physical Travel? The Case of “Teleworking”","authors":"A. Gillespie","doi":"10.1080/10248070008903680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10248070008903680","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines critically the contention that electronic communications will contribute to reducing travel through trip-substitution. Using examples drawn from a variety of forms of work organisation being affected by new technologies, collectively referred to as “teleworking”, it attempts to demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between travel and electronic communication. The forms of teleworking consideied here are: electronic homeworking; mobile working; spatially-dispersed teamworking; and telephone call-centres. The paper concludes that the trip-substitution assumption is unrealistic, with a range of markedly different travel outcomes identified. Further, it contends that the empirical basis for formulating policies in this field is currently inadequate.","PeriodicalId":273303,"journal":{"name":"ITS Journal - Intelligent Transportation Systems Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126337655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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