G. Katsaros, Michael Menzel, Alexander Lenk, J. Rake, Ryan Skipp, Jacob Eberhardt
As the sector of SaaS is being evolved, the need of portability and effective orchestration of Cloud-enabled applications over virtualised infrastructures is more apparent. In this paper we present a proof of concept (PoC) project together with industry partners which deals with the management of portable Cloud applications. Experimentation with a multi-tier Cloud application use case gives insights into the capabilities of the TOSCA specification (version 1). To realize support for a Cloud environment based on OpenStack and Opscode Chef, an environment that allows the execution and management of TOSCA service topologies has been developed. For the evaluation of the implemented system, we orchestrate the un-/deployment of the multi-tier Cloud application use case and in the end we discuss the results and experiences of this exercise.
{"title":"Cloud Application Portability with TOSCA, Chef and Openstack","authors":"G. Katsaros, Michael Menzel, Alexander Lenk, J. Rake, Ryan Skipp, Jacob Eberhardt","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.27","url":null,"abstract":"As the sector of SaaS is being evolved, the need of portability and effective orchestration of Cloud-enabled applications over virtualised infrastructures is more apparent. In this paper we present a proof of concept (PoC) project together with industry partners which deals with the management of portable Cloud applications. Experimentation with a multi-tier Cloud application use case gives insights into the capabilities of the TOSCA specification (version 1). To realize support for a Cloud environment based on OpenStack and Opscode Chef, an environment that allows the execution and management of TOSCA service topologies has been developed. For the evaluation of the implemented system, we orchestrate the un-/deployment of the multi-tier Cloud application use case and in the end we discuss the results and experiences of this exercise.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125258054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the proliferation of cloud based services - IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS - enterprises are increasingly consuming all type of IT services delivered by cloud providers. These cloud services are increasingly being used to create integrated solutions where some of the component services are delivered from on-premise private cloud environments and the remaining are provided by off-premise providers. While this best-of-breed approach results in flexible and agile business solutions, it also raises significant problems related to metering, billing, charge back and accounting. In this paper, after reviewing common hybrid cloud integration patterns, we discuss the importance of usage metering and the associated challenges in hybrid cloud environments. We then present a novel solution for metering of services delivered from multiple cloud providers. In this approach, service metering is keyed off of the life-cycle events generated by the service management controls across the hybrid cloud. By identifying life-cycle events associated with services consumed, service usage is tracked from all sources and then filtered and aggregated in a centralized manner. The aggregated information can then be used in an on-line manner for policy-based service delivery, charge-back, billing and reporting, and auditing. Based on this approach we have developed an end-to-end service usage metering and billing system for hybrid cloud environments. Some of the key underlying technologies have been incorporated in IBM SmartCloud Orchestrator - an IBM offering for managing workload patterns in multi cloud environments.
{"title":"Service Usage Metering in Hybrid Cloud Environments","authors":"V. Naik, K. Beaty, A. Kundu","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.76","url":null,"abstract":"With the proliferation of cloud based services - IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS - enterprises are increasingly consuming all type of IT services delivered by cloud providers. These cloud services are increasingly being used to create integrated solutions where some of the component services are delivered from on-premise private cloud environments and the remaining are provided by off-premise providers. While this best-of-breed approach results in flexible and agile business solutions, it also raises significant problems related to metering, billing, charge back and accounting. In this paper, after reviewing common hybrid cloud integration patterns, we discuss the importance of usage metering and the associated challenges in hybrid cloud environments. We then present a novel solution for metering of services delivered from multiple cloud providers. In this approach, service metering is keyed off of the life-cycle events generated by the service management controls across the hybrid cloud. By identifying life-cycle events associated with services consumed, service usage is tracked from all sources and then filtered and aggregated in a centralized manner. The aggregated information can then be used in an on-line manner for policy-based service delivery, charge-back, billing and reporting, and auditing. Based on this approach we have developed an end-to-end service usage metering and billing system for hybrid cloud environments. Some of the key underlying technologies have been incorporated in IBM SmartCloud Orchestrator - an IBM offering for managing workload patterns in multi cloud environments.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116890360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the volume of data in the world has been tremendously increased. Large-scaled and diverse data sets are raising new big challenges of storage, process, and query. Tiered storage architectures combining solid-state drives (SSDs) with hard disk drives (HDDs), become attractive in enterprise data centers for achieving high performance and large capacity simultaneously. However, how to best use these storage resources and efficiently manage massive data for providing high quality of service (QoS) is still a core and difficult problem. In this paper, we present a new approach for automated data movement in multi-tiered storage systems, which lively migrates the data across different tiers, aiming to support multiple service level agreements (SLAs) for applications with dynamic workloads at the minimal cost. Trace-driven simulations show that compared to the no migration policy, LMsT significantly improves average I/O response times, I/O violation ratios and I/O violation times, with only slight degradation (e.g., up to 6% increase in SLA violation ratio) on the performance of high priority applications.
今天，世界上的数据量已经大大增加。大规模和多样化的数据集对存储、处理和查询提出了新的巨大挑战。将ssd (solid-state drives)与hdd (hard - disk drives)相结合的分级存储体系结构在企业数据中心中越来越具有吸引力，可以同时实现高性能和大容量。然而，如何充分利用这些存储资源，高效地管理海量数据，提供高质量的服务，仍然是一个核心和难点问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种在多层存储系统中实现数据自动迁移的新方法，该方法在不同层之间动态迁移数据，旨在以最小的成本支持具有动态工作负载的应用程序的多个服务水平协议(sla)。跟踪驱动的模拟表明，与无迁移策略相比，LMsT显著提高了平均I/O响应时间、I/O违例率和I/O违例次数，而高优先级应用的性能仅略有下降(例如，SLA违例率增加了6%)。
{"title":"Live Data Migration for Reducing SLA Violations in Multi-tiered Storage Systems","authors":"Jianzhe Tai, B. Sheng, Yi Yao, N. Mi","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.8","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the volume of data in the world has been tremendously increased. Large-scaled and diverse data sets are raising new big challenges of storage, process, and query. Tiered storage architectures combining solid-state drives (SSDs) with hard disk drives (HDDs), become attractive in enterprise data centers for achieving high performance and large capacity simultaneously. However, how to best use these storage resources and efficiently manage massive data for providing high quality of service (QoS) is still a core and difficult problem. In this paper, we present a new approach for automated data movement in multi-tiered storage systems, which lively migrates the data across different tiers, aiming to support multiple service level agreements (SLAs) for applications with dynamic workloads at the minimal cost. Trace-driven simulations show that compared to the no migration policy, LMsT significantly improves average I/O response times, I/O violation ratios and I/O violation times, with only slight degradation (e.g., up to 6% increase in SLA violation ratio) on the performance of high priority applications.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129676089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent theoretical advances in class-dependent feature extraction are reviewed. These advances, culminating in the multi-resolution HMM (MR-HMM) statistical model are proposed for the detection and classification of transient signals that are composed of diverse components with widely varying structure and resolution.
{"title":"Optimal Detection and Classification of Diverse Short-duration Signals","authors":"P. Baggenstoss","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.96","url":null,"abstract":"Recent theoretical advances in class-dependent feature extraction are reviewed. These advances, culminating in the multi-resolution HMM (MR-HMM) statistical model are proposed for the detection and classification of transient signals that are composed of diverse components with widely varying structure and resolution.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126092754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper a new public key encryption and digital signature system based on permutation polynomials is developed. The permutation polynomial P(x) is replaced by P(xi) mod g(x) where g(x) is a secret primitive polynomial, i is the secret number such that (i, 2n-1) =1 and P(xi) = Pi(x) is declared to be a public polynomial for encryption. A public key encryption of given m(x) is the evaluation of polynomial Pi(x) at point m(x) where the result of evaluation is calculated via so called White box reduction, which does not reveal the underlying secret polynomial g(x). It is shown that for the new system to achieve a comparable security with conventional public key systems based on either Discrete logarithm or Integer factorization problems, substantially less processing length n is required resulting in a significant acceleration of public key operations.
本文提出了一种新的基于置换多项式的公钥加密与数字签名系统。置换多项式P(x)被P(xi) mod g(x)取代，其中g(x)是一个秘密原始多项式，i是一个秘密数，使得(i, 2n-1) =1且P(xi) = Pi(x)被声明为一个用于加密的公共多项式。给定m(x)的公钥加密是在m(x)点对多项式Pi(x)进行评估，其中评估的结果是通过所谓的白盒约简计算的，它不会揭示底层的秘密多项式g(x)。结果表明，新系统要达到与基于离散对数或整数分解问题的传统公钥系统相当的安全性，所需的处理长度n大大减少，从而显著加快了公钥操作。
{"title":"A New Public Key Encryption System Based on Permutation Polynomials","authors":"G. Khachatrian, Melsik Kyureghyan","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.52","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a new public key encryption and digital signature system based on permutation polynomials is developed. The permutation polynomial P(x) is replaced by P(xi) mod g(x) where g(x) is a secret primitive polynomial, i is the secret number such that (i, 2n-1) =1 and P(xi) = Pi(x) is declared to be a public polynomial for encryption. A public key encryption of given m(x) is the evaluation of polynomial Pi(x) at point m(x) where the result of evaluation is calculated via so called White box reduction, which does not reveal the underlying secret polynomial g(x). It is shown that for the new system to achieve a comparable security with conventional public key systems based on either Discrete logarithm or Integer factorization problems, substantially less processing length n is required resulting in a significant acceleration of public key operations.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121723625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wolfgang Richter, C. Isci, Benjamin Gilbert, J. Harkes, Vasanth Bala, M. Satyanarayanan
We propose a non-intrusive approach for monitoring virtual machines (VMs) in the cloud. At the core of this approach is a mechanism for selective real-time monitoring of guest file updates within VM instances. This mechanism is agentless, requiring no guest VM support. It has low virtual I/O overhead, low latency for emitting file updates, and a scalable design. Its central design principle is distributed streaming of file updates inferred from introspected disk sector writes. The mechanism, called DS-VMI, enables many system administration tasks that involve monitoring files to be performed outside VMs.
{"title":"Agentless Cloud-Wide Streaming of Guest File System Updates","authors":"Wolfgang Richter, C. Isci, Benjamin Gilbert, J. Harkes, Vasanth Bala, M. Satyanarayanan","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.36","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a non-intrusive approach for monitoring virtual machines (VMs) in the cloud. At the core of this approach is a mechanism for selective real-time monitoring of guest file updates within VM instances. This mechanism is agentless, requiring no guest VM support. It has low virtual I/O overhead, low latency for emitting file updates, and a scalable design. Its central design principle is distributed streaming of file updates inferred from introspected disk sector writes. The mechanism, called DS-VMI, enables many system administration tasks that involve monitoring files to be performed outside VMs.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123139972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving resource provisioning of heterogeneous cloud infrastructures is an important research challenge. The wide diversity of cloud-based applications and customers with different QoS requirements have recently exhibited the weaknesses of current provisioning systems. Today's cloud infrastructures provide provisioning systems that dynamically adapt the computational power of applications by adding or releasing resources. Unfortunately, these scaling systems are fairly limited:(i) They restrict themselves to a single type of resource, (ii)they are unable to fulfill QoS requirements in face of spiky workload, and (iii) they offer the same QoS level to all their customers, independent of customer preferences such as different levels of service availability and performance. In this paper, we present an autoscaling system that overcomes these limitations by exploiting heterogeneous types of resources, and by defining multiple levels of QoS requirements. The proposed system selects a resource scaling plan according to both workload and customer requirements. Our experiments conducted on both public and private infrastructures show significant reductions in QoS-level violations when faced with highly variable workloads.
{"title":"Autoscaling Web Applications in Heterogeneous Cloud Infrastructures","authors":"H. Fernandez, G. Pierre, T. Kielmann","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.25","url":null,"abstract":"Improving resource provisioning of heterogeneous cloud infrastructures is an important research challenge. The wide diversity of cloud-based applications and customers with different QoS requirements have recently exhibited the weaknesses of current provisioning systems. Today's cloud infrastructures provide provisioning systems that dynamically adapt the computational power of applications by adding or releasing resources. Unfortunately, these scaling systems are fairly limited:(i) They restrict themselves to a single type of resource, (ii)they are unable to fulfill QoS requirements in face of spiky workload, and (iii) they offer the same QoS level to all their customers, independent of customer preferences such as different levels of service availability and performance. In this paper, we present an autoscaling system that overcomes these limitations by exploiting heterogeneous types of resources, and by defining multiple levels of QoS requirements. The proposed system selects a resource scaling plan according to both workload and customer requirements. Our experiments conducted on both public and private infrastructures show significant reductions in QoS-level violations when faced with highly variable workloads.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131331775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Jararweh, M. Al-Ayyoub, Ahmad S. Doulat, Ahmad Al Abed Al Aziz, H. Salameh, Abdallah Khreishah
Software defined networking (SDN) provides a novel network resource management framework that overcomes several challenges related to network resources management. On the other hand, Cognitive Radio (CR) technology is a promising paradigm for addressing the spectrum scarcity problem through efficient dynamic spectrum access (DSA). CR provides unlicensed secondary users with the ability to coexist with licensed users in non-interfering mode. In this paper, we introduce a virtualization based SDN resource management framework for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). The framework uses the concept of multilayer hypervisors for efficient resources allocation. It also introduces a semi-decentralized control scheme that allows the CRN base station (BS) to delegate some of the management responsibilities to the network users. CRN resource virtualization allows dynamic, infrastructure free and efficient resources allocation to the CR users. The main objectives of the proposed framework is to reduce the CR users' reliance on the CRN BS and physical network resources while improving the network performance by reducing control overhead.
{"title":"SD-CRN: Software Defined Cognitive Radio Network Framework","authors":"Y. Jararweh, M. Al-Ayyoub, Ahmad S. Doulat, Ahmad Al Abed Al Aziz, H. Salameh, Abdallah Khreishah","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.88","url":null,"abstract":"Software defined networking (SDN) provides a novel network resource management framework that overcomes several challenges related to network resources management. On the other hand, Cognitive Radio (CR) technology is a promising paradigm for addressing the spectrum scarcity problem through efficient dynamic spectrum access (DSA). CR provides unlicensed secondary users with the ability to coexist with licensed users in non-interfering mode. In this paper, we introduce a virtualization based SDN resource management framework for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). The framework uses the concept of multilayer hypervisors for efficient resources allocation. It also introduces a semi-decentralized control scheme that allows the CRN base station (BS) to delegate some of the management responsibilities to the network users. CRN resource virtualization allows dynamic, infrastructure free and efficient resources allocation to the CR users. The main objectives of the proposed framework is to reduce the CR users' reliance on the CRN BS and physical network resources while improving the network performance by reducing control overhead.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130008609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to its simplicity and effectiveness, copy-move forgery has become a commonly used approach to forging images and detection of this behavior has attracted much attention in recent years. Usually integrated in the copy-move forgery process is the rotation operation, which makes rotation invariance a critical property of the copy-move forgery detection methods. In this paper, we propose to use screened Harris Corner Detector and the MROGH descriptor as feature detector and descriptor respectively, to gain better feature coverage and robustness against rotation. Experimental results illustrates the efficacy of our method.
{"title":"Copy-Rotation-Move Forgery Detection Using the MROGH Descriptor","authors":"Liyang Yu, Q. Han, X. Niu","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.54","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its simplicity and effectiveness, copy-move forgery has become a commonly used approach to forging images and detection of this behavior has attracted much attention in recent years. Usually integrated in the copy-move forgery process is the rotation operation, which makes rotation invariance a critical property of the copy-move forgery detection methods. In this paper, we propose to use screened Harris Corner Detector and the MROGH descriptor as feature detector and descriptor respectively, to gain better feature coverage and robustness against rotation. Experimental results illustrates the efficacy of our method.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117108889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an embedded stereo coding algorithm is proposed. It is developed for the multiple participants video conference. The proposed algorithm is an embedded stereo tool, which can be grouped with any mono voice codec (e.g. AMR-WB, SILK etc.). Subband coding and transform coding methods are used for the proposed stereo tool. Simulation results show that the proposed the stereo voice codec algorithm has a better performance and lower delay in contrast with AMR-WB+ standard.
{"title":"Embedded Stereo Coding Algorithm for Stereo Voice Codec","authors":"Lei Yang, Lizhong Wang, J. Hong","doi":"10.1109/IC2E.2014.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2014.95","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an embedded stereo coding algorithm is proposed. It is developed for the multiple participants video conference. The proposed algorithm is an embedded stereo tool, which can be grouped with any mono voice codec (e.g. AMR-WB, SILK etc.). Subband coding and transform coding methods are used for the proposed stereo tool. Simulation results show that the proposed the stereo voice codec algorithm has a better performance and lower delay in contrast with AMR-WB+ standard.","PeriodicalId":273902,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115793193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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