Abstract. Several methods of nowcasting thundercloud lightning activities have been presented for the past few decades, using weather charts and/or stability index of upper air profiles. In this paper, the author indicates a new nowcasting method by using weather radar observations and several lightning detection systems. The first lightning discharge occurs about 5 minutes after the moderate echo top reaches the -20 degree of centigrade level, and the peak lightning activity occurs as several cells of strong echo descent from the -10 degree of centigrade level to the 0 degree of centigrade level, respectively. A single flash lightning discharge, “Ippatsu-rai” in Japanese, occurs as the cell of moderate echo descent from -20 to -10 degree of centigrade level to 0 degree of centigrade level (near sea or ground surface).
{"title":"A study of the nowcasting method of lightning activity in thunderclouds by weather radar","authors":"K. Michimoto","doi":"10.1541/JAE.32.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.32.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Several methods of nowcasting thundercloud lightning activities have been presented for the past few decades, using weather charts and/or stability index of upper air profiles. In this paper, the author indicates a new nowcasting method by using weather radar observations and several lightning detection systems. The first lightning discharge occurs about 5 minutes after the moderate echo top reaches the -20 degree of centigrade level, and the peak lightning activity occurs as several cells of strong echo descent from the -10 degree of centigrade level to the 0 degree of centigrade level, respectively. A single flash lightning discharge, “Ippatsu-rai” in Japanese, occurs as the cell of moderate echo descent from -20 to -10 degree of centigrade level to 0 degree of centigrade level (near sea or ground surface).","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128744046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kamogawa, Kosei Ohhara, Sayako Ueda, K. Miura, K. Yajima, S. Hashimoto, M. Nakamura, Y. Kakinami, H. Furutani, M. Uematsu
There is an ionospheric potential between conductive solid-earth and ionosphere which reaches approximately 250 kV. The ionospheric potential is generated by the spherical shell capacitance of which is formed by positively charged ionosphere and negatively charged solid-earth. The capacitance is charged and discharged by the global thunderstorm activity and air-earth current in the fair weather, respectively. This large-scale electric circuit is termed a global electric circuit. Recently, it is pointed out that the variation of ionospheric potential is associated with global climate change, so that some of scientists started revisiting this traditional topic. In order to promote their resurvey, we show that a ground-based measurement of atmospheric electric field highly affected by atmospheric clouds, aerosols, and so on is still a useful tool to measure the variation of ionospheric potential through the simultaneous observations of ground-based atmospheric electric field, aerosols, and clouds on the R/V Hakuho Maru over the Pacific Ocean. In the period we obtained Carnegie curve, the observed AEF did not correlate to atmospheric aerosol concentration. The most plausible interpretation is that the observed variation of AEF reflected the variation of ionosphere potential.
{"title":"Simultaneous Observations of Atmospheric Electric Field, Aerosols, and Clouds on the R/V Hakuho Maru over the Pacific Ocean","authors":"M. Kamogawa, Kosei Ohhara, Sayako Ueda, K. Miura, K. Yajima, S. Hashimoto, M. Nakamura, Y. Kakinami, H. Furutani, M. Uematsu","doi":"10.1541/JAE.34.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.34.21","url":null,"abstract":"There is an ionospheric potential between conductive solid-earth and ionosphere which reaches approximately 250 kV. The ionospheric potential is generated by the spherical shell capacitance of which is formed by positively charged ionosphere and negatively charged solid-earth. The capacitance is charged and discharged by the global thunderstorm activity and air-earth current in the fair weather, respectively. This large-scale electric circuit is termed a global electric circuit. Recently, it is pointed out that the variation of ionospheric potential is associated with global climate change, so that some of scientists started revisiting this traditional topic. In order to promote their resurvey, we show that a ground-based measurement of atmospheric electric field highly affected by atmospheric clouds, aerosols, and so on is still a useful tool to measure the variation of ionospheric potential through the simultaneous observations of ground-based atmospheric electric field, aerosols, and clouds on the R/V Hakuho Maru over the Pacific Ocean. In the period we obtained Carnegie curve, the observed AEF did not correlate to atmospheric aerosol concentration. The most plausible interpretation is that the observed variation of AEF reflected the variation of ionosphere potential.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131636235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. A transport model of radon and its progeny nuclides for the Asian region was developed based on RAMS and HYP ACT models to determine the mechanism for occurrences of lightning during the winter season in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan. Using this model, radon dispersion from September 2002 to October 2003 was evaluated. The analyzed concentration distribution clarifies that seasonal winds carry a large amount of radon from the Asian continent to the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. A large concentration of the continent-originated radon stays in the area between the ground and the altitude of 3 km msl. This result suggests that regions with strong electric fields in winter thunderclouds may be filled with a large concentration of radon. Furthermore, it suggests that beta and gamma rays emitted by radon progenies cause electromagnetic showers in this region.
{"title":"Advection and dispersion analysis of radon and its progenies in the East Asian region, and the relation with the winter thunderstorm activity","authors":"T. Torii, H. Kido, Mitsuhiro Kanno, N. Kurosawa","doi":"10.1541/JAE.27.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.27.53","url":null,"abstract":". A transport model of radon and its progeny nuclides for the Asian region was developed based on RAMS and HYP ACT models to determine the mechanism for occurrences of lightning during the winter season in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan. Using this model, radon dispersion from September 2002 to October 2003 was evaluated. The analyzed concentration distribution clarifies that seasonal winds carry a large amount of radon from the Asian continent to the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. A large concentration of the continent-originated radon stays in the area between the ground and the altitude of 3 km msl. This result suggests that regions with strong electric fields in winter thunderclouds may be filled with a large concentration of radon. Furthermore, it suggests that beta and gamma rays emitted by radon progenies cause electromagnetic showers in this region.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114564011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between the evolution of the tornadic storm and the cloud-to-ground (CG) activity was investigated on the F3 tornado event in Saroma-cho, Hokkaido on 7 November 2006. The echo system which caused tornadoes in Saroma-cho was the mesoscale convective system (MCS) having both the convective core region and the stratiform region. CG lightning was active in the decaying stage of the MCS. Most CG lightning was negative and occurred around a relatively strong echo area in the stratiform region of the MCS. The MCS had two peaks of the CG lightning activity at the developing and decaying stages. The Saroma tornado occurred at the decaying stage of the system when the concentration of CG frequency was observed.
{"title":"Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Characteristics of the Tornadic Storm over Hokkaido on November 7, 2006","authors":"F. Kobayashi, Yuya Sugawara","doi":"10.1541/JAE.29.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.29.1","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between the evolution of the tornadic storm and the cloud-to-ground (CG) activity was investigated on the F3 tornado event in Saroma-cho, Hokkaido on 7 November 2006. The echo system which caused tornadoes in Saroma-cho was the mesoscale convective system (MCS) having both the convective core region and the stratiform region. CG lightning was active in the decaying stage of the MCS. Most CG lightning was negative and occurred around a relatively strong echo area in the stratiform region of the MCS. The MCS had two peaks of the CG lightning activity at the developing and decaying stages. The Saroma tornado occurred at the decaying stage of the system when the concentration of CG frequency was observed.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115907593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Miyazaki, K. Michimoto, Tomoyuki Suzuki, T. Okada, K. Kusunoki, M. Hayakawa, Jyunichi Kimura, S. Hayakawa
{"title":"Percentage of summer positive & negative lightning discharges and lightning current at the dissipating stage","authors":"T. Miyazaki, K. Michimoto, Tomoyuki Suzuki, T. Okada, K. Kusunoki, M. Hayakawa, Jyunichi Kimura, S. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1541/JAE.31.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.31.71","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121898829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A possible effect is modeled and discussed on the Schumann resonance records of the giant γ-ray flare from SGR 1806-20. We show that the dayside ionosphere modification is able to cause an abrupt reduction in the power spectra of global electromagnetic resonance. Spectral modifications fade in time, so that the usual and regular patterns are recovered in tens of minutes. An application of signal sonogram is suggested for the signal processing around the time of γ-ray burst, which would facilitate detection of the event.
{"title":"Model disturbance of Schumann resonance by the SGR l806-20 γ-ray flare on December 27, 2004","authors":"A. Nickolaenko, M. Hayakawa","doi":"10.1541/JAE.30.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.30.1","url":null,"abstract":"A possible effect is modeled and discussed on the Schumann resonance records of the giant γ-ray flare from SGR 1806-20. We show that the dayside ionosphere modification is able to cause an abrupt reduction in the power spectra of global electromagnetic resonance. Spectral modifications fade in time, so that the usual and regular patterns are recovered in tens of minutes. An application of signal sonogram is suggested for the signal processing around the time of γ-ray burst, which would facilitate detection of the event.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116886761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our previous paper, statistical relation between anomalous line-of-sight propagation in the VHF band and occurrences of earthquakes was presented. Basically, the anomalous propagation is mainly caused by anomalous refractive index of low atmosphere. In the present paper, the anomalies of the refractive index is captured by both the direct observation of radio ducts and the anomalous propagation in the VHF band, and the relation between them and the earthquakes are statistically clarified. Furthermore, the influences of meteorological conditions, which may disperse the anomalies of refractive index in the low atmosphere, are discussed. As a result, relation between anomalous propagation and earthquakes became increasingly clear by using anomalous propagation that concurrent with S-type ducts and meteorological conditions, wind velocity.
{"title":"Statistical relation between earthquakes and anomalous line-of-sight propagation in the VHF band and radio ducts","authors":"Dan Osone, Junichiro Ogawa, N. Haga, K. Motojima","doi":"10.1541/JAE.33.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.33.115","url":null,"abstract":"In our previous paper, statistical relation between anomalous line-of-sight propagation in the VHF band and occurrences of earthquakes was presented. Basically, the anomalous propagation is mainly caused by anomalous refractive index of low atmosphere. In the present paper, the anomalies of the refractive index is captured by both the direct observation of radio ducts and the anomalous propagation in the VHF band, and the relation between them and the earthquakes are statistically clarified. Furthermore, the influences of meteorological conditions, which may disperse the anomalies of refractive index in the low atmosphere, are discussed. As a result, relation between anomalous propagation and earthquakes became increasingly clear by using anomalous propagation that concurrent with S-type ducts and meteorological conditions, wind velocity.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"313 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122983100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nagaoka, K. Miura, Sayako Ueda, Tomoko Hasegawa, Akihiko Fukawa, Asako Tamaki, Shinji Yamaguchi, Katuhiro Nagano
{"title":"Measurements of Atmospheric Small Ion Concentration at the Summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan","authors":"N. Nagaoka, K. Miura, Sayako Ueda, Tomoko Hasegawa, Akihiko Fukawa, Asako Tamaki, Shinji Yamaguchi, Katuhiro Nagano","doi":"10.1541/JAE.33.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.33.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127135560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Fujiwara, H. Okochi, M. Kamogawa, Tomoyuki Suzuki, S. Hayashi, Naoki Sato, Y. Orihara, J. Matsumoto, Jun-ichi Hamada, Kotaro Murata, E. Yoshikawa, T. Kudo
. Thunderstorm cells with heavy hailfall in Mitaka and Chofu on June 24, 2014, and in Koganei and Toshima on July 18, 2017, were investigated using data obtained from X-band multiparameter radar, ground-based atmospheric electric field, ground-based precipitation, and lightning location. For comparison, neighboring control cells with heavy rainfall but without hailfall were also investigated. The cells had a constant radius of approximately 10 km, and their centers were statistically obtained using the positions of positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning (± CG). In both the target and control cells, the radar echo reflectivity, size, and updraft velocities after hailfall and heavy rainfall were similar, whereas the number of ± CG in the target cells was clearly smaller than that in the control ones. In contrast, the ice volume derived from the X-band multiparameter radar echo data in the target cells was greater than that in the control cells. Therefore, the large ice volume and the moderate number of ± CG were considered common features of cells experiencing hailfall.
{"title":"Difference between lightning activities in thunderstorm cells with and without hailfall in western Tokyo","authors":"H. Fujiwara, H. Okochi, M. Kamogawa, Tomoyuki Suzuki, S. Hayashi, Naoki Sato, Y. Orihara, J. Matsumoto, Jun-ichi Hamada, Kotaro Murata, E. Yoshikawa, T. Kudo","doi":"10.1541/jae.40.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/jae.40.10","url":null,"abstract":". Thunderstorm cells with heavy hailfall in Mitaka and Chofu on June 24, 2014, and in Koganei and Toshima on July 18, 2017, were investigated using data obtained from X-band multiparameter radar, ground-based atmospheric electric field, ground-based precipitation, and lightning location. For comparison, neighboring control cells with heavy rainfall but without hailfall were also investigated. The cells had a constant radius of approximately 10 km, and their centers were statistically obtained using the positions of positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning (± CG). In both the target and control cells, the radar echo reflectivity, size, and updraft velocities after hailfall and heavy rainfall were similar, whereas the number of ± CG in the target cells was clearly smaller than that in the control ones. In contrast, the ice volume derived from the X-band multiparameter radar echo data in the target cells was greater than that in the control cells. Therefore, the large ice volume and the moderate number of ± CG were considered common features of cells experiencing hailfall.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132088271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The amplitude and phase of VLF transmitter signals NWC (19.8 kHz), NPM (21.4 kHz), and NAA (24 kHz) have been monitored at Agra (geomag. lat. 17.10°N, L=1.15), India using AbsPAL receiver for a period of three years between 01 September, 2002 and 30 August, 2005. Seven cases of abrupt amplitude and phase changes have been identified which varied between 3 and 7 dB and 40° and 80° respectively. The onset duration varied around 5 sec. The observed characteristics have been examined in the light of lightning induced electron precipitation (LEP), solar flares, and lightning, and finally attributed to early/slow perturbation caused by distant sprites and lightning along the propagation paths.
{"title":"Sudden amplitude and phase changes in subionospheric VLF transmitter signals observed at Agra, India","authors":"Vikram Singh, Shikha Agrawal, Birbal Singh","doi":"10.1541/JAE.30.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1541/JAE.30.53","url":null,"abstract":"The amplitude and phase of VLF transmitter signals NWC (19.8 kHz), NPM (21.4 kHz), and NAA (24 kHz) have been monitored at Agra (geomag. lat. 17.10°N, L=1.15), India using AbsPAL receiver for a period of three years between 01 September, 2002 and 30 August, 2005. Seven cases of abrupt amplitude and phase changes have been identified which varied between 3 and 7 dB and 40° and 80° respectively. The onset duration varied around 5 sec. The observed characteristics have been examined in the light of lightning induced electron precipitation (LEP), solar flares, and lightning, and finally attributed to early/slow perturbation caused by distant sprites and lightning along the propagation paths.","PeriodicalId":274637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of atmospheric electricity","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134246887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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