Nariman Torkzaban, Mohammad A. (Amir) Khojastepour, Mohammad Farajzadeh-Tehrani, John S. Baras
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications is a key enabler towards realizing enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) as a key promise of 5G and beyond, due to the abundance of bandwidth available at mmWave bands. An mmWave coverage map consists of blind spots due to shadowing and fading especially in dense urban environments. Beam-forming employing massive MIMO is primarily used to address high attenuation in the mmWave channel. Due to their ability in manipulating the impinging electromagnetic waves in an energy-efficient fashion, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are considered a great match to complement the massive MIMO systems in realizing the beam-forming task and therefore effectively filling in the mmWave coverage gap. In this paper, we propose a novel RIS architecture, namely RIS-UPA where the RIS elements are arranged in a Uniform Planar Array (UPA). We show how RIS-UPA can be used in an RIS-aided MIMO system to fill the coverage gap in mmWave by forming beams of a custom footprint, with optimized main lobe gain, minimum leakage, and fairly sharp edges. Further, we propose a configuration for RIS-UPA that can support multiple two-way communication pairs, simultaneously. We theoretically obtain closed-form low-complexity solutions for our design and validate our theoretical findings by extensive numerical experiments.
{"title":"RIS-aided mmWave beam-forming for two-way communications of multiple pairs","authors":"Nariman Torkzaban, Mohammad A. (Amir) Khojastepour, Mohammad Farajzadeh-Tehrani, John S. Baras","doi":"10.52953/vbex2484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/vbex2484","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications is a key enabler towards realizing enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) as a key promise of 5G and beyond, due to the abundance of bandwidth available at mmWave bands. An mmWave coverage map consists of blind spots due to shadowing and fading especially in dense urban environments. Beam-forming employing massive MIMO is primarily used to address high attenuation in the mmWave channel. Due to their ability in manipulating the impinging electromagnetic waves in an energy-efficient fashion, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are considered a great match to complement the massive MIMO systems in realizing the beam-forming task and therefore effectively filling in the mmWave coverage gap. In this paper, we propose a novel RIS architecture, namely RIS-UPA where the RIS elements are arranged in a Uniform Planar Array (UPA). We show how RIS-UPA can be used in an RIS-aided MIMO system to fill the coverage gap in mmWave by forming beams of a custom footprint, with optimized main lobe gain, minimum leakage, and fairly sharp edges. Further, we propose a configuration for RIS-UPA that can support multiple two-way communication pairs, simultaneously. We theoretically obtain closed-form low-complexity solutions for our design and validate our theoretical findings by extensive numerical experiments.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125094501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mostafa Salah, Islam H. Abdelaziem, Andreas Pitsillides
A software-controlled metasurface is introduced as one of the key enablers of Sixth Generation (6G) communication. Some sort of wireless channel customization/ adaptation is allowed for the first time. As an extreme case for wireless channel adaptation, environmental beam routing has emerged for guiding Electromagnetic (EM) wireless transmission through multiple Reconfigured Intelligent Surfaces (RISs). This gives rise to instituting a new form of a physical networking layer (PHY0) that is hardly explored. Furthermore, there is a knowledge gap in the definition, functionalities, and limitations of the metasurface as a beam router. So, in this paper, we are aiming at highlighting the birth of a new physical layer networking technology. The environmental routing concept is introduced as an optimal wireless channel adaptation through "Open-air EM Guiding". Furthermore, the definition and functionality of RIS as an EM beam router are put forward as an ideal model. The limitations facing RIS in simulating the beam routing role are explored from the communication system viewpoint along with reviewing the state-of-the-art solutions resolving these limitations. Physicists and material engineers are motivated for providing better solutions for these challenges.
{"title":"PHY0 network: Metasurface as PHY-beam router, is it possible? Challenges and open problems","authors":"Mostafa Salah, Islam H. Abdelaziem, Andreas Pitsillides","doi":"10.52953/dffj2779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/dffj2779","url":null,"abstract":"A software-controlled metasurface is introduced as one of the key enablers of Sixth Generation (6G) communication. Some sort of wireless channel customization/ adaptation is allowed for the first time. As an extreme case for wireless channel adaptation, environmental beam routing has emerged for guiding Electromagnetic (EM) wireless transmission through multiple Reconfigured Intelligent Surfaces (RISs). This gives rise to instituting a new form of a physical networking layer (PHY0) that is hardly explored. Furthermore, there is a knowledge gap in the definition, functionalities, and limitations of the metasurface as a beam router. So, in this paper, we are aiming at highlighting the birth of a new physical layer networking technology. The environmental routing concept is introduced as an optimal wireless channel adaptation through \"Open-air EM Guiding\". Furthermore, the definition and functionality of RIS as an EM beam router are put forward as an ideal model. The limitations facing RIS in simulating the beam routing role are explored from the communication system viewpoint along with reviewing the state-of-the-art solutions resolving these limitations. Physicists and material engineers are motivated for providing better solutions for these challenges.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128334199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waqar Ali Aziz, Vasos Vassiliou, Taqwa Saeed, Andreas Pitsillides, Marios Lestas
On-demand wireless links in hybrid data centers can augment the existing network capacity to improve the performance. In the absence of line of sight between the rack transceivers, reflectors have been considered in literature to support high bandwidth, on-demand wireless links within the data centers. Metasurfaces, as a candidate smart reflector technology can be harnessed to bring the intelligence burden to the reflector side which, coupled with the expected low power expenditure, can render the technology a useful alternative. Given the fact that this has not been considered in the literature before, in this paper we highlight the design challenges which emanate from such a consideration and present tools and methodologies which can be utilized to address these challenges, focusing on two problems: wireless link selection to be served by the metasurface, and workload characterization within the metasurface. The former is formulated as an optimization problem with demonstrated effectiveness in minimizing the job completion time. Moreover, the workload analysis reveals a number of interesting attributes, as for example, uneven spatial distribution of traffic on the metasurface's controller network and how this is affected by the metasurface size and location, while the use of beam splitting on the metasurface to support parallel processing and storage functionalities does not significantly affect the incurred workload. Unlike previous work on metasurfaces, which consider mobility-driven reconfigurations, in this paper for the first time we consider data-driven reconfigurations.
{"title":"On the use of intelligent metasurfaces in data centers","authors":"Waqar Ali Aziz, Vasos Vassiliou, Taqwa Saeed, Andreas Pitsillides, Marios Lestas","doi":"10.52953/waxe8722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/waxe8722","url":null,"abstract":"On-demand wireless links in hybrid data centers can augment the existing network capacity to improve the performance. In the absence of line of sight between the rack transceivers, reflectors have been considered in literature to support high bandwidth, on-demand wireless links within the data centers. Metasurfaces, as a candidate smart reflector technology can be harnessed to bring the intelligence burden to the reflector side which, coupled with the expected low power expenditure, can render the technology a useful alternative. Given the fact that this has not been considered in the literature before, in this paper we highlight the design challenges which emanate from such a consideration and present tools and methodologies which can be utilized to address these challenges, focusing on two problems: wireless link selection to be served by the metasurface, and workload characterization within the metasurface. The former is formulated as an optimization problem with demonstrated effectiveness in minimizing the job completion time. Moreover, the workload analysis reveals a number of interesting attributes, as for example, uneven spatial distribution of traffic on the metasurface's controller network and how this is affected by the metasurface size and location, while the use of beam splitting on the metasurface to support parallel processing and storage functionalities does not significantly affect the incurred workload. Unlike previous work on metasurfaces, which consider mobility-driven reconfigurations, in this paper for the first time we consider data-driven reconfigurations.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132635276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Menglin Wei, Zhuo Wang, Hanting Zhao, Tie Jun Cui, Lianlin Li
Wireless communication with physical layer security is of great importance in modern society, especially with the advent of the Internet-of-Things, fifth-generation communication, and beyond. More recently, metasurface-enabled physical-level encryption methods have attracted researchers' attention, in which the programmable metasurface is introduced as a controllable temporal entropy source. In this work, we present a novel approach to wireless physical-layer encryption by exploring the programmable metasurface as the high temporal-spatial entropy source via its unique capability in manipulating a flexibly temporal-spatial electromagnetic wavefront. We implement a proof-of-principle system working at around 2.4 GHz and develop associated efficient algorithms for the generation of a physical-level encryption key, where the programmable metasurface and surrounding environment are treated as a whole in a deterministic way. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed method enables us to generate the Mbps-rate encryption key with the high spatial-temporal entropy in real-world settings. Our work could pave the way toward the next generation of model-free physical-layer secure wireless communication.
{"title":"Wireless physical-layer encryption with programmable metasurface in real environment","authors":"Menglin Wei, Zhuo Wang, Hanting Zhao, Tie Jun Cui, Lianlin Li","doi":"10.52953/qeqq3695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/qeqq3695","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless communication with physical layer security is of great importance in modern society, especially with the advent of the Internet-of-Things, fifth-generation communication, and beyond. More recently, metasurface-enabled physical-level encryption methods have attracted researchers' attention, in which the programmable metasurface is introduced as a controllable temporal entropy source. In this work, we present a novel approach to wireless physical-layer encryption by exploring the programmable metasurface as the high temporal-spatial entropy source via its unique capability in manipulating a flexibly temporal-spatial electromagnetic wavefront. We implement a proof-of-principle system working at around 2.4 GHz and develop associated efficient algorithms for the generation of a physical-level encryption key, where the programmable metasurface and surrounding environment are treated as a whole in a deterministic way. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed method enables us to generate the Mbps-rate encryption key with the high spatial-temporal entropy in real-world settings. Our work could pave the way toward the next generation of model-free physical-layer secure wireless communication.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130561974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recently proposed Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reconstruct the wireless channels between the transceivers, thus it is regarded as a promising technology for future 6G wireless networks to enlarge their coverage and improve the capacity. However, RISs also impose some new challenges, such as an unaffordable overhead for channel estimation and high complexity for real-time beam-forming. Fortunately, the impressive success of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various fields has inspired its application in RIS-aided communications to address these challenges. In this paper, two pairs of dominant methodologies of using AI for RIS-aided wireless communications are discussed. The first one is the AI-based algorithm design, which is illustrated by some examples of typical transmission techniques. The second one is the AI-based architecture design, which breaks the classical block-based design rule of wireless communications in the past few decades. The interplay between AI and RIS is also highlighted. Finally, key challenges and future opportunities in this emerging area are pointed out. We expect that this paper will stimulate more promising AI-based investigations for RIS-aided wireless communications.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence for RIS-aided wireless communications","authors":"Yu Lu, Hao Jiang, Linglong Dai","doi":"10.52953/hymy1464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/hymy1464","url":null,"abstract":"The recently proposed Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reconstruct the wireless channels between the transceivers, thus it is regarded as a promising technology for future 6G wireless networks to enlarge their coverage and improve the capacity. However, RISs also impose some new challenges, such as an unaffordable overhead for channel estimation and high complexity for real-time beam-forming. Fortunately, the impressive success of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various fields has inspired its application in RIS-aided communications to address these challenges. In this paper, two pairs of dominant methodologies of using AI for RIS-aided wireless communications are discussed. The first one is the AI-based algorithm design, which is illustrated by some examples of typical transmission techniques. The second one is the AI-based architecture design, which breaks the classical block-based design rule of wireless communications in the past few decades. The interplay between AI and RIS is also highlighted. Finally, key challenges and future opportunities in this emerging area are pointed out. We expect that this paper will stimulate more promising AI-based investigations for RIS-aided wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131602999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Liang, Wenying Gao, J. Dai, Peng Zhang, Q. Cheng, T. Cui
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have received a great deal of attention from the wireless communication community due to their powerful ability to improve the wireless communication environment. Dual-band RIS enables aperture to share two bands, improving spectrum utilization in wireless communications and thus expanding communication capacity. However, most of the reported dual-band RISs cannot achieve independent controls of the dual-band phases, which greatly limits their practical application in wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a dual-band 3-bit RIS to achieve independent controls of the reflection phases in two frequency bands by designing two tunable structures without raising the profile. It also exhibits low sensitivity to incident angles between 0° and 50°. Thereafter, the beam steering ability of the proposed RIS is further investigated with experiments under normal and oblique incidences at two frequencies, which demonstrates the powerful potential of RISs to manipulate the electromagnetic wave propagation environment.
{"title":"A dual-band 3-bit reconfigurable intelligent surface with independent control of phases","authors":"J. Liang, Wenying Gao, J. Dai, Peng Zhang, Q. Cheng, T. Cui","doi":"10.52953/tusq6486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/tusq6486","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have received a great deal of attention from the wireless communication community due to their powerful ability to improve the wireless communication environment. Dual-band RIS enables aperture to share two bands, improving spectrum utilization in wireless communications and thus expanding communication capacity. However, most of the reported dual-band RISs cannot achieve independent controls of the dual-band phases, which greatly limits their practical application in wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a dual-band 3-bit RIS to achieve independent controls of the reflection phases in two frequency bands by designing two tunable structures without raising the profile. It also exhibits low sensitivity to incident angles between 0° and 50°. Thereafter, the beam steering ability of the proposed RIS is further investigated with experiments under normal and oblique incidences at two frequencies, which demonstrates the powerful potential of RISs to manipulate the electromagnetic wave propagation environment.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116075603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Yi, Jiaqi Han, Xiangjin Ma, Long Li, T. Cui, Jun Cui
A novel Passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (PRIS) with 100 × 100 elements, which is shaped to scatter flattened patterns in broadband, is presented to enhance the signal coverage of the indoor Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) area for 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communications. The signal from the base station antenna as a primary source can be deflected to the NLOS area by the proposed PRIS with a flattened scattering pattern that is insusceptible to being blocked. The broadband meta-atom, realized by the framed four arrow branches, operates from 24 GHz to 30 GHz. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the phase shift distribution of PRIS for a shaped pattern. Combining full-wave simulation and 3D ray-tracing simulation, the signal coverage is computed in an indoor L-shaped corridor scenario for 5G mmWave wireless communications. To verify the design, the proposed PRIS is further manufactured and tested. The experimental results reveal that the signal enhancement in the NLOS area by the proposed PRIS with the flattened scattering pattern is superior to the conventional design.
{"title":"Shaping flattened scattering patterns in broadband using passive reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for indoor NLOS wireless signal coverage enhancement","authors":"Hao Yi, Jiaqi Han, Xiangjin Ma, Long Li, T. Cui, Jun Cui","doi":"10.52953/oxlx7838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/oxlx7838","url":null,"abstract":"A novel Passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (PRIS) with 100 × 100 elements, which is shaped to scatter flattened patterns in broadband, is presented to enhance the signal coverage of the indoor Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) area for 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communications. The signal from the base station antenna as a primary source can be deflected to the NLOS area by the proposed PRIS with a flattened scattering pattern that is insusceptible to being blocked. The broadband meta-atom, realized by the framed four arrow branches, operates from 24 GHz to 30 GHz. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the phase shift distribution of PRIS for a shaped pattern. Combining full-wave simulation and 3D ray-tracing simulation, the signal coverage is computed in an indoor L-shaped corridor scenario for 5G mmWave wireless communications. To verify the design, the proposed PRIS is further manufactured and tested. The experimental results reveal that the signal enhancement in the NLOS area by the proposed PRIS with the flattened scattering pattern is superior to the conventional design.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134557348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have caught wide attention for their advantages in dealing with the blocking obstacles in wireless communications. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of RIS-assisted multiple-input single-output systems taking into account the joint effects of spatial correlation of the RIS elements and channel aging caused by users' relative movements. More specifically, a novel closed-form expression for the Spectrum Efficiency (SE) with maximum ratio transmission precoding is given. Monte Carlo simulation results verify the accuracy of the analytical results. It is proved that the channel aging phenomenon degrades the system performance while the application of a RIS can compensate for the loss, and the longer transmission time results in the more severe effect of channel aging on the system performance. Moreover, the spatial correlation of the RIS elements degrades communication quality and the SE. In addition, increasing the size of the RIS elements can improve the SE.
{"title":"Performance analysis of RIS-assisted wireless systems with channel aging and spatial correlation","authors":"Yu Lu, Yan Zhang, Jiayi Zhang, Bo Ai","doi":"10.52953/bayw6088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/bayw6088","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have caught wide attention for their advantages in dealing with the blocking obstacles in wireless communications. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of RIS-assisted multiple-input single-output systems taking into account the joint effects of spatial correlation of the RIS elements and channel aging caused by users' relative movements. More specifically, a novel closed-form expression for the Spectrum Efficiency (SE) with maximum ratio transmission precoding is given. Monte Carlo simulation results verify the accuracy of the analytical results. It is proved that the channel aging phenomenon degrades the system performance while the application of a RIS can compensate for the loss, and the longer transmission time results in the more severe effect of channel aging on the system performance. Moreover, the spatial correlation of the RIS elements degrades communication quality and the SE. In addition, increasing the size of the RIS elements can improve the SE.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115293937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Alexandris, Christos Liaskos, Ageliki Tsioliaridou, Sotiris Ioannidis
The present study proposes the use of intelligent materials in the design of products, as enforcers of circular economy principles. Intelligent materials can tune their physical properties (electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical and thermal) by receiving software commands. When incorporated within products and living spaces they can mitigate the resource waste caused by inefficient, partially optimized designs and security concerns. Thus, a circular economy and fast-paced product design become compatible. The study begins by surveying existing artificial materials, outlining their operating principles for controlling their macroscopic physical properties in in real time, demonstrably enabling the micromanagement of vibrations and heat. Then, the study presents the concept of a circular economy and analyzes current related research. Finally, the paper surveys promising synergies between artificial materials and a circular economy across multiple industrial sectors, highlighting considerable gain potentials in an ecological footprint.
{"title":"Circular economy pathways with programmable intelligent surfaces and materials","authors":"George Alexandris, Christos Liaskos, Ageliki Tsioliaridou, Sotiris Ioannidis","doi":"10.52953/uysm7487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/uysm7487","url":null,"abstract":"The present study proposes the use of intelligent materials in the design of products, as enforcers of circular economy principles. Intelligent materials can tune their physical properties (electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical and thermal) by receiving software commands. When incorporated within products and living spaces they can mitigate the resource waste caused by inefficient, partially optimized designs and security concerns. Thus, a circular economy and fast-paced product design become compatible. The study begins by surveying existing artificial materials, outlining their operating principles for controlling their macroscopic physical properties in in real time, demonstrably enabling the micromanagement of vibrations and heat. Then, the study presents the concept of a circular economy and analyzes current related research. Finally, the paper surveys promising synergies between artificial materials and a circular economy across multiple industrial sectors, highlighting considerable gain potentials in an ecological footprint.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127938200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smart Radio Environments (SRE) transform the wireless propagation phenomenon in a programmable process. Leveraging multiple Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), the wireless waves emitted by a device can be almost freely routed and manipulated, reaching their end destination via improbable paths, with minimized fading and path losses. This work begins with the observation that each such wireless communication customization occupies a certain number of RIS units, e.g., to form a wireless path with consecutive customized reflections. Therefore, SREs can be modeled as a resource of constrained capacity, which needs to be sliced among interested clients. This work provides a foundational model of SRE-as-a-resource, defining Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and Service Level Objectives (SLOs) for the SRE client requests. Employing this model, we study a class of negative drift dynamic weighted round robin policies, that is able to guarantee specific SRE resource shares to competing user requests. We provide a general mathematical framework where the class of policies map ping user requests to resources does not require statistical knowledge regarding the arrival distribution or the duration of each user communication. We study the meaning of work conserving and non-work conserving modes of SRE operation, and also study the convergence properties of our scheduling framework for both cases. Finally, we perform the feasibility space analysis for our framework and we validate our analysis through extensive simulations.
{"title":"A scheduling framework for performing resource slicing with guarantees in 6G RIS-enabled smart radio environments","authors":"Christos Liaskos, Kostas Katsalis","doi":"10.52953/oytf1310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/oytf1310","url":null,"abstract":"Smart Radio Environments (SRE) transform the wireless propagation phenomenon in a programmable process. Leveraging multiple Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), the wireless waves emitted by a device can be almost freely routed and manipulated, reaching their end destination via improbable paths, with minimized fading and path losses. This work begins with the observation that each such wireless communication customization occupies a certain number of RIS units, e.g., to form a wireless path with consecutive customized reflections. Therefore, SREs can be modeled as a resource of constrained capacity, which needs to be sliced among interested clients. This work provides a foundational model of SRE-as-a-resource, defining Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and Service Level Objectives (SLOs) for the SRE client requests. Employing this model, we study a class of negative drift dynamic weighted round robin policies, that is able to guarantee specific SRE resource shares to competing user requests. We provide a general mathematical framework where the class of policies map ping user requests to resources does not require statistical knowledge regarding the arrival distribution or the duration of each user communication. We study the meaning of work conserving and non-work conserving modes of SRE operation, and also study the convergence properties of our scheduling framework for both cases. Finally, we perform the feasibility space analysis for our framework and we validate our analysis through extensive simulations.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116368666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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