Ijaz Ahmad, Andrea Gentili, Rupender Singh, Juhani Ahonen, Jani Suomalainen, Seppo Horsmanheimo, Heikki Keranen, Erkki Harjula
With the increasing connectivity of critical infrastructures through wireless technologies, the importance of edge computing is increasing manyfolds. Edge computing has become an important phenomenon combining the strengths of distributed computing technologies with those of telecommunication technologies. Therefore, new technological breakthroughs are happening in the realm of edge computing for critical environments, such as the next generation underground and open-pit mining. Since the mining technologies are moving at a faster pace towards digitization leveraging connectivity technologies, edge computing plays a crucial role in bringing computing and connectivity into mines to provide latency- and security-critical services on site. In this article, we study how edge computing fulfills the needs of critical environments, focusing on mining environments, and provides important insight into future research directions.
{"title":"Edge computing for critical environments: Vision and existing solutions","authors":"Ijaz Ahmad, Andrea Gentili, Rupender Singh, Juhani Ahonen, Jani Suomalainen, Seppo Horsmanheimo, Heikki Keranen, Erkki Harjula","doi":"10.52953/vibq8773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/vibq8773","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing connectivity of critical infrastructures through wireless technologies, the importance of edge computing is increasing manyfolds. Edge computing has become an important phenomenon combining the strengths of distributed computing technologies with those of telecommunication technologies. Therefore, new technological breakthroughs are happening in the realm of edge computing for critical environments, such as the next generation underground and open-pit mining. Since the mining technologies are moving at a faster pace towards digitization leveraging connectivity technologies, edge computing plays a crucial role in bringing computing and connectivity into mines to provide latency- and security-critical services on site. In this article, we study how edge computing fulfills the needs of critical environments, focusing on mining environments, and provides important insight into future research directions.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138589038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) community constitutes over 430 million people globally, with about 70 million of them using sign language as their primary means of communication. India has around 63 million DHH individuals. The DHH community in India faces several challenges, particularly in learning sign language and English, due to delayed diagnosis, stigma, oralism, and a diversity of languages. Digital games for spoken and sign language learning have gained popularity due to their advantages over traditional language learning methods, such as enhanced engagement and socialization, driving increased research and adoption over traditional methods. Moreover, the development of robust machine learning models for sign language recognition, which could significantly improve access for signers, is currently impeded by the scarcity of labelled sign language data. To address these challenges, we collaborated with NISH, an academic institution for the DHH community and developed SignIt!, an accessible and inclusive quiz platform that facilitates the learning of English and Indian Sign Language (ISL) with a secondary goal of data collection. To assess the game's usability, we conducted a study with 20 members of the DHH community, followed by interviewing 15 participants. Overall, our participants answered 2160 quiz questions and created 210 questions. The quiz creation resulted in the collection of three hours of labelled real-world sign language data. The interviews revealed novel insights, such as a preference for playing competitively with friends, empowerment by their agency to be content creators, and early signs of learning English, sign language, and quiz content by playing and creating quizzes. We plan to open-source and release SignIt! to increase its adoption among diverse DHH communities.
{"title":"SignIt! An Android game for sign bilingual play that collects labelled sign language data","authors":"Roshni Poddar, Pradyumna YM, Divya Prabha Jayakumar, Tarini Naik, Punyat Tripathi, Nabeel TP, Hemanth Reddy Yeddula, Pratyush Kumar, Mohit Jain, Manohar Swaminathan","doi":"10.52953/bdcy4236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/bdcy4236","url":null,"abstract":"The Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) community constitutes over 430 million people globally, with about 70 million of them using sign language as their primary means of communication. India has around 63 million DHH individuals. The DHH community in India faces several challenges, particularly in learning sign language and English, due to delayed diagnosis, stigma, oralism, and a diversity of languages. Digital games for spoken and sign language learning have gained popularity due to their advantages over traditional language learning methods, such as enhanced engagement and socialization, driving increased research and adoption over traditional methods. Moreover, the development of robust machine learning models for sign language recognition, which could significantly improve access for signers, is currently impeded by the scarcity of labelled sign language data. To address these challenges, we collaborated with NISH, an academic institution for the DHH community and developed SignIt!, an accessible and inclusive quiz platform that facilitates the learning of English and Indian Sign Language (ISL) with a secondary goal of data collection. To assess the game's usability, we conducted a study with 20 members of the DHH community, followed by interviewing 15 participants. Overall, our participants answered 2160 quiz questions and created 210 questions. The quiz creation resulted in the collection of three hours of labelled real-world sign language data. The interviews revealed novel insights, such as a preference for playing competitively with friends, empowerment by their agency to be content creators, and early signs of learning English, sign language, and quiz content by playing and creating quizzes. We plan to open-source and release SignIt! to increase its adoption among diverse DHH communities.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"43 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138588706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hearing loss significantly impacts daily life, leading to communication difficulties, social isolation, and increased risk of accidents. This can cause frustration, anxiety, and depression. The use of sound indication devices improve the quality of life for individuals with hearing impairment by providing them with a means to detect sounds in their environment. We have developed Vibe, a device that alerts a user to specific sounds (a baby's cry, an alarm, a door knock, a vehicle horn, or a spoken name) in their environment. Our device uses EdgeML, a form of machine learning, to perform tasks locally on the device rather than relying on cloud-based services. This approach has the advantage of reduced latency and improved privacy. The EdgeML model was trained on a locally collected dataset, for better applicability to the Indian environment. Devices such as Vibe will help individuals with hearing impairment navigate their surroundings safely and confidently, leading to increased independence and improved mental health.
{"title":"Vibe - With people with hearing impairment","authors":"Velmurugan S, Prabhakar A","doi":"10.52953/vrlu9673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/vrlu9673","url":null,"abstract":"Hearing loss significantly impacts daily life, leading to communication difficulties, social isolation, and increased risk of accidents. This can cause frustration, anxiety, and depression. The use of sound indication devices improve the quality of life for individuals with hearing impairment by providing them with a means to detect sounds in their environment. We have developed Vibe, a device that alerts a user to specific sounds (a baby's cry, an alarm, a door knock, a vehicle horn, or a spoken name) in their environment. Our device uses EdgeML, a form of machine learning, to perform tasks locally on the device rather than relying on cloud-based services. This approach has the advantage of reduced latency and improved privacy. The EdgeML model was trained on a locally collected dataset, for better applicability to the Indian environment. Devices such as Vibe will help individuals with hearing impairment navigate their surroundings safely and confidently, leading to increased independence and improved mental health.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"67 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People with visual impairments face numerous challenges in their daily lives, including mobility, access to information, independent living, and employment. Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Computer Vision (CV) has the potential to improve their daily lives, provide them with necessary independence, and it will also spawn new opportunities in education and employment. However, while many such AI/CV-based mobile applications are now available, these apps are still not the preferred choice amongst visually impaired persons and are generally limited to advanced users only, due to certain limitations. This study evaluates the challenges faced by visually impaired persons when using AI/CV-based mobile apps. Four popular AI/CV-based apps, namely Seeing AI, Supersense, Envision and Lookout, are assessed by blind and low-vision users. Hence these mobile applications are evaluated on a set of parameters, including generic parameters based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and specific parameters related to mobile app testing. The evaluation not only focused on the guidelines but also on the feedback that was gathered from these users on parameters covering the apps' accuracy, response time, reliability, accessibility, privacy, energy efficiency and usability. The paper also identifies the areas of improvement in the development and innovation of these assistive apps. This work will help developers create better accessible AI-based apps for the visually impaired.
{"title":"Accessibility evaluation of major assistive mobile applications available for the visually impaired","authors":"Saidarshan Bhagat, Padmaja Joshi, Avinash Agarwal, Shubhanshu Gupta","doi":"10.52953/tnrv4696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/tnrv4696","url":null,"abstract":"People with visual impairments face numerous challenges in their daily lives, including mobility, access to information, independent living, and employment. Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Computer Vision (CV) has the potential to improve their daily lives, provide them with necessary independence, and it will also spawn new opportunities in education and employment. However, while many such AI/CV-based mobile applications are now available, these apps are still not the preferred choice amongst visually impaired persons and are generally limited to advanced users only, due to certain limitations. This study evaluates the challenges faced by visually impaired persons when using AI/CV-based mobile apps. Four popular AI/CV-based apps, namely Seeing AI, Supersense, Envision and Lookout, are assessed by blind and low-vision users. Hence these mobile applications are evaluated on a set of parameters, including generic parameters based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and specific parameters related to mobile app testing. The evaluation not only focused on the guidelines but also on the feedback that was gathered from these users on parameters covering the apps' accuracy, response time, reliability, accessibility, privacy, energy efficiency and usability. The paper also identifies the areas of improvement in the development and innovation of these assistive apps. This work will help developers create better accessible AI-based apps for the visually impaired.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"82 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, websites have become the key source of information for most people. There are several websites related to education, healthcare, government, e-commerce, and so on. These websites are used by a large population to access required information. Web content must meet the accessibility guidelines for websites to be accessible to all users, including people with different ranges of abilities across the globe. Thus, accessibility of the web is the prime facet of every website. This paper focuses on identifying accessibility differences in education boards or similar websites anchoring higher-level schools' leaving examinations. We have considered evaluating the accessibility of landing pages of 13 educational websites from a developing and developed group of countries. Six Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) tools from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) were considered for evaluating each website. We have tabulated the results of each tool, highlighted the different accessibility issues for each website, and provided alternate suggestions that web developers can consider for resolve any issues. From the results we noted that the developing group of countries reported the maximum number of accessibility issues when compared to the developed group of countries. Selected webpages of developing and developed countries identified text contrast failures, and non-text contrast failures respectively. The education board websites of India and Japan were identified as having the maximum number of accessibility issues when compared to other selected websites.
{"title":"Accessibility difference in education-related websites from developing and developed countries","authors":"Utkarsha Singh, Jeevithashree Divya Venkatesh, Pradipta Biswas","doi":"10.52953/sbbu5539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/sbbu5539","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, websites have become the key source of information for most people. There are several websites related to education, healthcare, government, e-commerce, and so on. These websites are used by a large population to access required information. Web content must meet the accessibility guidelines for websites to be accessible to all users, including people with different ranges of abilities across the globe. Thus, accessibility of the web is the prime facet of every website. This paper focuses on identifying accessibility differences in education boards or similar websites anchoring higher-level schools' leaving examinations. We have considered evaluating the accessibility of landing pages of 13 educational websites from a developing and developed group of countries. Six Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) tools from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) were considered for evaluating each website. We have tabulated the results of each tool, highlighted the different accessibility issues for each website, and provided alternate suggestions that web developers can consider for resolve any issues. From the results we noted that the developing group of countries reported the maximum number of accessibility issues when compared to the developed group of countries. Selected webpages of developing and developed countries identified text contrast failures, and non-text contrast failures respectively. The education board websites of India and Japan were identified as having the maximum number of accessibility issues when compared to other selected websites.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Wang, Yin Ang, Yilin Kang, Shasha Tian, Lu Zheng, Aifei Wang
High accuracy and high stability are key elements of the lane detection algorithm in an autonomous driving system. Traditional algorithms are having difficulty extracting detailed features due to the complex geometric structure and background interference of lanes in real scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a Multiscale Aggregated Attention Fusion (MAAF) network, which integrates attention mechanisms to improve the accuracy and robustness of lane detection. Firstly, the Recurrent Feature-Shift Aggregator for Lane Detection (RESA) is improved to increase the effective sensory field and improve the efficiency of feature aggregation. Then, the ECANet attention module is used to extract features across channels, enhancing the model's focus on lane details. Finally, a spatial attention mechanism is incorporated to make the network more attentive to lane features, acquire more semantic information, and reduce the influence of background interference and clutter. Experimental results show that this method achieves 96.84% and 76.5% metrics on the TuSimple and CuLane datasets, respectively, surpassing the baseline network. Furthermore, it demonstrates good generalization and robustness, enabling accurate lane detection in complex road environments.
{"title":"The lane detection algorithm based on multiscale aggregated attention fusion network","authors":"Hong Wang, Yin Ang, Yilin Kang, Shasha Tian, Lu Zheng, Aifei Wang","doi":"10.52953/sgml9321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/sgml9321","url":null,"abstract":"High accuracy and high stability are key elements of the lane detection algorithm in an autonomous driving system. Traditional algorithms are having difficulty extracting detailed features due to the complex geometric structure and background interference of lanes in real scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a Multiscale Aggregated Attention Fusion (MAAF) network, which integrates attention mechanisms to improve the accuracy and robustness of lane detection. Firstly, the Recurrent Feature-Shift Aggregator for Lane Detection (RESA) is improved to increase the effective sensory field and improve the efficiency of feature aggregation. Then, the ECANet attention module is used to extract features across channels, enhancing the model's focus on lane details. Finally, a spatial attention mechanism is incorporated to make the network more attentive to lane features, acquire more semantic information, and reduce the influence of background interference and clutter. Experimental results show that this method achieves 96.84% and 76.5% metrics on the TuSimple and CuLane datasets, respectively, surpassing the baseline network. Furthermore, it demonstrates good generalization and robustness, enabling accurate lane detection in complex road environments.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahendra Suthar, Rui Dai, Junjie Zhang, Sasu Tarkoma, Ian F. Akyildiz
Point cloud videos play a crucial role in immersive applications enabled by holographic-type communication, which has been identified as an important service for 6G and beyond wireless systems and the metaverse. The significant volume of point cloud video demands efficient compression and transmission techniques to support the Quality of Experience (QoE) requirements of real-time immersive applications. A few Point Cloud Compression (PCC) techniques, such as MPEG PCC and Draco, have emerged in recent years, and studies have shown that each technique has its strengths and weaknesses under different system settings. This paper proposes a multi-codec rate adaptive point cloud streaming method to satisfy the QoE requirements of interactive and live applications considering available system resources. The proposed method leverages three common PCC techniques: MPEG V-PCC, MPEG G-PCC, and Draco. The performance of each PCC technique is evaluated under various test conditions, and then estimation models are constructed to predict the bit rate, the decoding time, and the quality of the reconstructed point cloud. Based on the user's quality requirements and available computational and communication resources, the proposed streaming method selects a codec along with appropriate compression parameters that can provide the minimum latency for streaming. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide better QoE than benchmark methods under various bandwidth and computation scenarios.
{"title":"Multi-codec rate adaptive point cloud streaming for holographic-type communication","authors":"Mahendra Suthar, Rui Dai, Junjie Zhang, Sasu Tarkoma, Ian F. Akyildiz","doi":"10.52953/bdsp2843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/bdsp2843","url":null,"abstract":"Point cloud videos play a crucial role in immersive applications enabled by holographic-type communication, which has been identified as an important service for 6G and beyond wireless systems and the metaverse. The significant volume of point cloud video demands efficient compression and transmission techniques to support the Quality of Experience (QoE) requirements of real-time immersive applications. A few Point Cloud Compression (PCC) techniques, such as MPEG PCC and Draco, have emerged in recent years, and studies have shown that each technique has its strengths and weaknesses under different system settings. This paper proposes a multi-codec rate adaptive point cloud streaming method to satisfy the QoE requirements of interactive and live applications considering available system resources. The proposed method leverages three common PCC techniques: MPEG V-PCC, MPEG G-PCC, and Draco. The performance of each PCC technique is evaluated under various test conditions, and then estimation models are constructed to predict the bit rate, the decoding time, and the quality of the reconstructed point cloud. Based on the user's quality requirements and available computational and communication resources, the proposed streaming method selects a codec along with appropriate compression parameters that can provide the minimum latency for streaming. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide better QoE than benchmark methods under various bandwidth and computation scenarios.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139213211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New applications are being supported by current and future networks. In particular, it is expected that metaverse applications will be deployed in the near future, as 5G and 6G networks provide sufficient bandwidth and sufficiently low latency to provide a satisfying end-user experience. However, networks still need to evolve to better support this type of application. We present here a basic taxonomy of the metaverse, which allows us to identify some of the networking requirements for such an application; and we also provide an overview of the current state of the standardization efforts in different standardization organizations, including ITU T, 3GPP, IETF and MPAI.
当前和未来的网络都将支持新的应用。特别是，随着 5G 和 6G 网络提供足够的带宽和足够低的延迟，以提供令人满意的终端用户体验，预计元数据应用将在不久的将来部署。不过，网络仍需不断发展，以更好地支持这类应用。我们在此提出了元宇宙的基本分类法，从而确定了此类应用的一些网络要求；我们还概述了不同标准化组织的标准化工作现状，包括 ITU T、3GPP、IETF 和 MPAI。
{"title":"Networking for the metaverse: The standardization landscape","authors":"Cedric Westphal, Jungha Hong, Shin-Gak Kang, Leonardo Chiariglione, Tianji Jiang","doi":"10.52953/zdnu1464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/zdnu1464","url":null,"abstract":"New applications are being supported by current and future networks. In particular, it is expected that metaverse applications will be deployed in the near future, as 5G and 6G networks provide sufficient bandwidth and sufficiently low latency to provide a satisfying end-user experience. However, networks still need to evolve to better support this type of application. We present here a basic taxonomy of the metaverse, which allows us to identify some of the networking requirements for such an application; and we also provide an overview of the current state of the standardization efforts in different standardization organizations, including ITU T, 3GPP, IETF and MPAI.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139210411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an important part of the advanced Intelligent Traffic System (ITS) in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Vehicle to everything (V2X) communication technology provides reliable end-to-end connection and efficient packet transmission. Currently, the main challenge is design and implementation of the multi-hop broadcast protocol. In particular, the network topology is constantly changing because of the high-speed vehicle and diversified road structure, which troubles the selection of forward nodes. Therefore, we propose an Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (EMBP). In this method, we select the optimal relay node according to the directionality and mobility, channel fading, and link connectivity and apply a suboptimal relay node selection mechanism to guarantee the reliability of broadcast. Simulation results show that EMBP is more efficient and stable than part classical protocols. Due to the complex communication environment of urban roads, to better improve the reliability of emergency message transmission, a broadcasting scheme Roadside Unit (RSU) Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (REMBP), based on Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Road (V2R) hybrid transmission of emergency messages is proposed on the basis of EMBP. Compared with EMBP, REMBP has better performance in terms of delivery rate, number of forwarding hops, end-to-end delay, average number of collisions, number of packet redundancy, and number of retransmissions.
{"title":"Emergency message broadcasting scheme based on V2V and V2I","authors":"Zhengtao Xiang, Yu Zhang, Yufeng Chen, Yingkui Ma, Hanwen Cao, Li Tian","doi":"10.52953/kxnw4283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/kxnw4283","url":null,"abstract":"As an important part of the advanced Intelligent Traffic System (ITS) in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Vehicle to everything (V2X) communication technology provides reliable end-to-end connection and efficient packet transmission. Currently, the main challenge is design and implementation of the multi-hop broadcast protocol. In particular, the network topology is constantly changing because of the high-speed vehicle and diversified road structure, which troubles the selection of forward nodes. Therefore, we propose an Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (EMBP). In this method, we select the optimal relay node according to the directionality and mobility, channel fading, and link connectivity and apply a suboptimal relay node selection mechanism to guarantee the reliability of broadcast. Simulation results show that EMBP is more efficient and stable than part classical protocols. Due to the complex communication environment of urban roads, to better improve the reliability of emergency message transmission, a broadcasting scheme Roadside Unit (RSU) Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (REMBP), based on Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Road (V2R) hybrid transmission of emergency messages is proposed on the basis of EMBP. Compared with EMBP, REMBP has better performance in terms of delivery rate, number of forwarding hops, end-to-end delay, average number of collisions, number of packet redundancy, and number of retransmissions.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The realization and adoption of the metaverse vision is still in its infancy. In order to answer the question of how close today's virtual worlds get to this metaverse vision, the metaverse maturity model has been applied to evaluate a sample of eight selected virtual worlds: Guild Wars 2, Fortnite, Second Life, Roblox, VRChat, Decentraland, Horizon Worlds, and The Sandbox. The model comprises eight core attributes with five maturity levels each. The results indicate that, on the one hand, technical preconditions for the metaverse, e.g.,sufficient computing power, network technology, and interoperability standards, are not yet met. On the other hand, core attributes which mainly depend on strategy, e.g., persistence and economic systems can yield high maturity levels, if the strategy is aligned accordingly. As the study shows the usefulness of the metaverse maturity model, future research should repeatedly evaluate metaverse maturity to track progress and identify the need for further development.
{"title":"A comparison of virtual worlds based on the metaverse maturity model","authors":"Markus Weinberger, Daniel Gross","doi":"10.52953/revf5378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52953/revf5378","url":null,"abstract":"The realization and adoption of the metaverse vision is still in its infancy. In order to answer the question of how close today's virtual worlds get to this metaverse vision, the metaverse maturity model has been applied to evaluate a sample of eight selected virtual worlds: Guild Wars 2, Fortnite, Second Life, Roblox, VRChat, Decentraland, Horizon Worlds, and The Sandbox. The model comprises eight core attributes with five maturity levels each. The results indicate that, on the one hand, technical preconditions for the metaverse, e.g.,sufficient computing power, network technology, and interoperability standards, are not yet met. On the other hand, core attributes which mainly depend on strategy, e.g., persistence and economic systems can yield high maturity levels, if the strategy is aligned accordingly. As the study shows the usefulness of the metaverse maturity model, future research should repeatedly evaluate metaverse maturity to track progress and identify the need for further development.","PeriodicalId":274720,"journal":{"name":"ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139243059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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