A series of full-scale photometric simulation studies that were conducted to examine the luminous environment within workstations used in industrial applications are described. Industrial task lighting systems are studied in terms of their luminance and contrast distribution characteristics using a novel video-luminance scanning system which allows for the determination of all surface luminances within the work area. This information is used to develop optimum task lighting configurations for a range of representative industrial and assembly tasks. Experimental data show the importance of using luminance profile and contour data for the determination of contrast and glare within industrial lighting applications.<>
{"title":"Application of luminance contrast in the evaluation of industrial task lighting","authors":"M. Siminovitch, M. Navvab, J. Foulke","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25311","url":null,"abstract":"A series of full-scale photometric simulation studies that were conducted to examine the luminous environment within workstations used in industrial applications are described. Industrial task lighting systems are studied in terms of their luminance and contrast distribution characteristics using a novel video-luminance scanning system which allows for the determination of all surface luminances within the work area. This information is used to develop optimum task lighting configurations for a range of representative industrial and assembly tasks. Experimental data show the importance of using luminance profile and contour data for the determination of contrast and glare within industrial lighting applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129267694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a single-phase shaded-pole induction motor, the output power and losses are determined predominantly by several design parameters. Thus the design of the motor can be viewed as an optimization problem, where the output power can be maximized subject to some physical constraints, including the maximum allowable losses. Based on this consideration, the design problem is formulated and solved by NLPQL, which is a recently developed optimization software package.<>
{"title":"Design optimization of a shaded-pole motor","authors":"K. Lock, S. Chan, K. L. Teo","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25056","url":null,"abstract":"In a single-phase shaded-pole induction motor, the output power and losses are determined predominantly by several design parameters. Thus the design of the motor can be viewed as an optimization problem, where the output power can be maximized subject to some physical constraints, including the maximum allowable losses. Based on this consideration, the design problem is formulated and solved by NLPQL, which is a recently developed optimization software package.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129487101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bipolar charging experiments were performed for particles in the 1 to 10 mu m diameter size range, and the data were used to evaluate continuum regime models for predicting charge acquisition. Particles were exposed to countercurrents of positive and negative ions in the presence of an external electric field. Particle charge was determined from observations of particle trajectories in a uniform electric field. Data were obtained for dimensionless electric fields from 1 to 13, and ion conductivity ratios of 3, 10, and infinity . The data were compared to predictions of field-diffusion theory, classical field theory, classical diffusion theory, and an empiricism formed by adding the field and diffusion approximations. Field-diffusion theory and the field plus diffusion empiricism were in excellent agreement with the measurements. Field theory was in good agreement for dimensionless fields greater than 10, and diffusion theory significantly underestimated charge for the range of dimensionless fields that were studied.<>
{"title":"Bipolar charging of particles in the 1 to 10 mu m diameter size range","authors":"R. Fjeld, De-ming Wu, A. Mcfarland","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25292","url":null,"abstract":"Bipolar charging experiments were performed for particles in the 1 to 10 mu m diameter size range, and the data were used to evaluate continuum regime models for predicting charge acquisition. Particles were exposed to countercurrents of positive and negative ions in the presence of an external electric field. Particle charge was determined from observations of particle trajectories in a uniform electric field. Data were obtained for dimensionless electric fields from 1 to 13, and ion conductivity ratios of 3, 10, and infinity . The data were compared to predictions of field-diffusion theory, classical field theory, classical diffusion theory, and an empiricism formed by adding the field and diffusion approximations. Field-diffusion theory and the field plus diffusion empiricism were in excellent agreement with the measurements. Field theory was in good agreement for dimensionless fields greater than 10, and diffusion theory significantly underestimated charge for the range of dimensionless fields that were studied.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114530423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Mcclung, J. F. Mueller, M. Goldman, B. C. Myers
Full-scale fire tests were conducted during the summer of 1987 at the New York State Academy of Fire Science in Montour Falls, New York to determine if the results of small-scale smoke and toxicity tests reflected real-world conditions represented by full-scale testing. These tests were performed with 20ft-long sample bundles of conduit and wire hanging vertically in a 10 in-square riser duct installed in the Academy's three-story, reburnable, arson simulation and fire-training building. Present commercially available materials and novel reduced-emission materials were tested, and the results compared. The full-scale test results correlated with those from small-scale tests, with the reduced-emissions material producing substantially less smoke and being nonlethal under the test conditions.<>
{"title":"Results of full-scale fire tests with electrical nonmetallic conduit and insulated wire in a vertical riser duct","authors":"L. Mcclung, J. F. Mueller, M. Goldman, B. C. Myers","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25319","url":null,"abstract":"Full-scale fire tests were conducted during the summer of 1987 at the New York State Academy of Fire Science in Montour Falls, New York to determine if the results of small-scale smoke and toxicity tests reflected real-world conditions represented by full-scale testing. These tests were performed with 20ft-long sample bundles of conduit and wire hanging vertically in a 10 in-square riser duct installed in the Academy's three-story, reburnable, arson simulation and fire-training building. Present commercially available materials and novel reduced-emission materials were tested, and the results compared. The full-scale test results correlated with those from small-scale tests, with the reduced-emissions material producing substantially less smoke and being nonlethal under the test conditions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121693198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A finite-element formulation for modeling permanent-magnet synchronous machines by combining the field and circuit equations is presented. For an optimized and reliable operation of a machine, an accurate prediction of the magnetic field distribution is required. The field and circuit are coupled, giving a set of nonlinear time-dependent equations, a solution of which gives the magnetic vector potential at every nodal point and the electric field intensity at the conductor nodal points. The model can be used to perform any desired tests and to calculate operational parameters in both steady-state and transient operation, when the machine is fed from any power supply.<>
{"title":"Combining field and circuit equations for the analysis of permanent magnet AC motor drives","authors":"E. Strangas, T. Ray","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25033","url":null,"abstract":"A finite-element formulation for modeling permanent-magnet synchronous machines by combining the field and circuit equations is presented. For an optimized and reliable operation of a machine, an accurate prediction of the magnetic field distribution is required. The field and circuit are coupled, giving a set of nonlinear time-dependent equations, a solution of which gives the magnetic vector potential at every nodal point and the electric field intensity at the conductor nodal points. The model can be used to perform any desired tests and to calculate operational parameters in both steady-state and transient operation, when the machine is fed from any power supply.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126383894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reductions of core loss and excitation current in transformers by the use of third-harmonic flux are introduced through a three-phase transformer consisting of three single-phase transformers. Primary and secondary line voltages remain sinusoidal. Under the same core loss, fundamental flux density can be increased. Experimental results conducted with third-harmonic filters as well as with harmonic-flux injection are studied. The feasibility of loss reductions in three-phase core and shell types and in single-phase transformers is briefly discussed.<>
{"title":"Potential for loss reductions in transformers through utilization of third-harmonic flux","authors":"J. S. Hsu, H. Woodson, S. Liou","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25248","url":null,"abstract":"The reductions of core loss and excitation current in transformers by the use of third-harmonic flux are introduced through a three-phase transformer consisting of three single-phase transformers. Primary and secondary line voltages remain sinusoidal. Under the same core loss, fundamental flux density can be increased. Experimental results conducted with third-harmonic filters as well as with harmonic-flux injection are studied. The feasibility of loss reductions in three-phase core and shell types and in single-phase transformers is briefly discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128069453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A structured design procedure for systems integration sequential logic which is to be implemented on programmable logic controllers is presented. The procedure offers the advantages of producing intrinsically robust software which is very easy to understand and to modify as systems requirements change. The approach takes advantage of the sequential nature nature of processors to assure that the order of solution of the sequential logic equations is consistent with maximum speed and instantaneous correctness of the output states. The authors present examples of the basic elements of the structured design procedure from which any type of system integration can be implemented. An example is given of an industrial die cast molding machine system.<>
{"title":"A structured, automated design procedure for systems integration sequential logic","authors":"R. Lorenz, M. Eberlein","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25245","url":null,"abstract":"A structured design procedure for systems integration sequential logic which is to be implemented on programmable logic controllers is presented. The procedure offers the advantages of producing intrinsically robust software which is very easy to understand and to modify as systems requirements change. The approach takes advantage of the sequential nature nature of processors to assure that the order of solution of the sequential logic equations is consistent with maximum speed and instantaneous correctness of the output states. The authors present examples of the basic elements of the structured design procedure from which any type of system integration can be implemented. An example is given of an industrial die cast molding machine system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"354 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115926554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies are made of methods of cell handling using dielectrophoretic (DEP) force in a novel device called a fluid-integrated-circuit (FIC), where all cell-handling components are integrated onto one substrate with a photolithography technique. Cell passages and driving electrodes can be fabricated in arbitrary two-dimensional shape, allowing great flexibility in its design. Through an analytical study it was found that a careful tailoring of a field pattern is essential in realizing cell motions. Methods for detailed field analysis are developed and used to design cell-handling components. One is the FIC cell shift register, a device in which cells are stored and electrostatically transported one-by-one, just as bits are shifted in TTL shift registers. The other is the FIC cell deflector, where the cell fed from the inlet can be dielectrophoretically deflected to either of the bifurcating branches.<>
{"title":"Handling of biological cells using fluid integrated circuit","authors":"M. Washizu, T. Nanba, S. Masuda","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25294","url":null,"abstract":"Studies are made of methods of cell handling using dielectrophoretic (DEP) force in a novel device called a fluid-integrated-circuit (FIC), where all cell-handling components are integrated onto one substrate with a photolithography technique. Cell passages and driving electrodes can be fabricated in arbitrary two-dimensional shape, allowing great flexibility in its design. Through an analytical study it was found that a careful tailoring of a field pattern is essential in realizing cell motions. Methods for detailed field analysis are developed and used to design cell-handling components. One is the FIC cell shift register, a device in which cells are stored and electrostatically transported one-by-one, just as bits are shifted in TTL shift registers. The other is the FIC cell deflector, where the cell fed from the inlet can be dielectrophoretically deflected to either of the bifurcating branches.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130114686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limited information exists on the power quality profile and requirements of large automated manufacturing plants. A case study is described to monitor power quality disturbances at a representative plant and identify the disturbances that disrupt production. The sensitivities of representative electronic control equipment to the identified disturbances were measured and then projected to form a plant disturbance threshold. For the monitoring effort, six disturbance analyzers were installed at four voltage levels extending from the utility 40 kV station to 120 V control power in an individual machine tool. Voltage sags were the only disturbance at 68% of the total number of events recorded. Two PLC (programmable logic controller) transfer lines and a CNC (computerized numerically controlled) lathe were tested with a sag generator to determine the sensitivities of the equipment. The calculated sag threshold at the utility feed to the plant to disrupt production was 87% of nominal voltage for more than 8.3 ms.<>
{"title":"Power quality and factory automation","authors":"Van E Wagner, Allen A Andreshak, Joseph P Staniak","doi":"10.1109/28.55984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/28.55984","url":null,"abstract":"Limited information exists on the power quality profile and requirements of large automated manufacturing plants. A case study is described to monitor power quality disturbances at a representative plant and identify the disturbances that disrupt production. The sensitivities of representative electronic control equipment to the identified disturbances were measured and then projected to form a plant disturbance threshold. For the monitoring effort, six disturbance analyzers were installed at four voltage levels extending from the utility 40 kV station to 120 V control power in an individual machine tool. Voltage sags were the only disturbance at 68% of the total number of events recorded. Two PLC (programmable logic controller) transfer lines and a CNC (computerized numerically controlled) lathe were tested with a sag generator to determine the sensitivities of the equipment. The calculated sag threshold at the utility feed to the plant to disrupt production was 87% of nominal voltage for more than 8.3 ms.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132789850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A model of the turnoff transient of the BMFET is presented. The model, which is based on an approximate yet quite accurate model of its operation, clarifies the physical phenomena that take place during its switching on a resistive load. It allows also the effects of the device geometry and transport parameters on its dynamic properties to be studied. Using the theoretical model, the reasons for the superior switching performance of the BMFET are investigated, showing that together with its very low on-state voltage the BMFET has extremely fast fall times that are comparable to those of power MOSFETs. It has also been demonstrated that the model is in good quantitative agreement with the experiments. Because the model has been derived on the basis of the devices geometry and fundamental transport parameters, it is a useful tool in device design, to study the tradeoff between static and dynamic properties.<>
{"title":"The switching behavior of the bipolar mode field effect transistor (BMFET)","authors":"G. Vitale, G. Busatto, G. Ferla","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1988.25123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1988.25123","url":null,"abstract":"A model of the turnoff transient of the BMFET is presented. The model, which is based on an approximate yet quite accurate model of its operation, clarifies the physical phenomena that take place during its switching on a resistive load. It allows also the effects of the device geometry and transport parameters on its dynamic properties to be studied. Using the theoretical model, the reasons for the superior switching performance of the BMFET are investigated, showing that together with its very low on-state voltage the BMFET has extremely fast fall times that are comparable to those of power MOSFETs. It has also been demonstrated that the model is in good quantitative agreement with the experiments. Because the model has been derived on the basis of the devices geometry and fundamental transport parameters, it is a useful tool in device design, to study the tradeoff between static and dynamic properties.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274766,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117336497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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