Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472395
D. Harding, J. Blair, E. Rodriguez, T. Michel
The proposed TOPSAT global topography mission, currently under consideration by NASA and the Italian Space Agency, combines InSAR and laser altimeter instruments in order to produce a high-resolution, digital topographic database for the Earth's land surfaces (1). The results presented demonstrate significant potential for altimeter-calibrated InSAR measurement of elevations and canopy heights over vegetated landscapes, as could be provided by the TOPSAT mission.<>
{"title":"Airborne laser altimetry and interferometric SAR measurements of canopy structure and sub-canopy topography in the Pacific northwest","authors":"D. Harding, J. Blair, E. Rodriguez, T. Michel","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472395","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed TOPSAT global topography mission, currently under consideration by NASA and the Italian Space Agency, combines InSAR and laser altimeter instruments in order to produce a high-resolution, digital topographic database for the Earth's land surfaces (1). The results presented demonstrate significant potential for altimeter-calibrated InSAR measurement of elevations and canopy heights over vegetated landscapes, as could be provided by the TOPSAT mission.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124684945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472361
E. Bahar, Y. Zhang
The scattered or transmitted electromagnetic fields from a multilayered structure with irregular interfaces can be fully characterized by the Stokes vectors. The scattered or transmitted Stokes vectors are related to the incident Stokes vectors through the (4/spl times/4) Mueller matrix. The measurements of microwave or optical wave interactions with irregular multilayered structures have important civilian and military applications, such as in thin film analysis and in remote sensing. The TASC (True Angle Scatter Coordinate System) polarimetric scatterometer housed in the Center for Electro-optics at University of Nebraska-Lincoln can measure the 4/spl times/4 Mueller matrix as well as the BSDF (bi-directional scatter distribution functions) for scattered or transmitted light from a sample.<>
{"title":"Measurements of the Mueller matrix elements using a fully polarimetric optical scatterometer","authors":"E. Bahar, Y. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472361","url":null,"abstract":"The scattered or transmitted electromagnetic fields from a multilayered structure with irregular interfaces can be fully characterized by the Stokes vectors. The scattered or transmitted Stokes vectors are related to the incident Stokes vectors through the (4/spl times/4) Mueller matrix. The measurements of microwave or optical wave interactions with irregular multilayered structures have important civilian and military applications, such as in thin film analysis and in remote sensing. The TASC (True Angle Scatter Coordinate System) polarimetric scatterometer housed in the Center for Electro-optics at University of Nebraska-Lincoln can measure the 4/spl times/4 Mueller matrix as well as the BSDF (bi-directional scatter distribution functions) for scattered or transmitted light from a sample.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117286645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472324
J. Reagan, T. Cooley, H. Liu
Describes recent technological advances that enable the efficient measurement of atmospheric water vapour profiles. In particular eye safe visible and near IR lidars that use GaAlAs are considered. The possibility is investigated of calibrating the lidar when the molecular cross-section is unknown by making use of auxiliary information in the form of microwave radiometry derived column water vapour amount.<>
{"title":"A water vapor profiling technique using combined simple DIAL and columnar microwave measurements","authors":"J. Reagan, T. Cooley, H. Liu","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472324","url":null,"abstract":"Describes recent technological advances that enable the efficient measurement of atmospheric water vapour profiles. In particular eye safe visible and near IR lidars that use GaAlAs are considered. The possibility is investigated of calibrating the lidar when the molecular cross-section is unknown by making use of auxiliary information in the form of microwave radiometry derived column water vapour amount.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132065714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472369
R. Narayanan, S.R. Jackson, K. St. Germain
The need to estimate surface snow properties such as surface roughness, free-water content, and average grain size is crucial in determining the metamorphic state of snow for various military and environmental applications. Remote sensing techniques using combined concurrent measurements of near-infrared passive reflectance and millimeter-wave radar backscatter show promise in estimating the above snow parameters. Near-infrared reflectance is strongly dependent on snow grain size and free-water content, while millimeter-wave radar backscatter is primarily dependent on free-water content, and to some extent, on surface roughness. However, the spatial resolutions and penetration depths are different at near-infrared and millimeter wavelengths. By combining near-infrared and millimeter-wave measurements, the estimation of spatial variations in free-water content of snow can be improved considerably, while simultaneously providing meaningful estimates of grain size and surface roughness.<>
{"title":"Estimation of surface snow properties using combined near-infrared reflectance and millimeter-wave backscatter","authors":"R. Narayanan, S.R. Jackson, K. St. Germain","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472369","url":null,"abstract":"The need to estimate surface snow properties such as surface roughness, free-water content, and average grain size is crucial in determining the metamorphic state of snow for various military and environmental applications. Remote sensing techniques using combined concurrent measurements of near-infrared passive reflectance and millimeter-wave radar backscatter show promise in estimating the above snow parameters. Near-infrared reflectance is strongly dependent on snow grain size and free-water content, while millimeter-wave radar backscatter is primarily dependent on free-water content, and to some extent, on surface roughness. However, the spatial resolutions and penetration depths are different at near-infrared and millimeter wavelengths. By combining near-infrared and millimeter-wave measurements, the estimation of spatial variations in free-water content of snow can be improved considerably, while simultaneously providing meaningful estimates of grain size and surface roughness.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131005364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472398
J. Moreno, S. Saatchi, R. Green, A. Jochum
Within the framework of the European Field Experiment in a Desertification-threatened Area (EFEDA) theoretical studies and intensive field campaigns have been carried out in order to model and measure the surface energy balance (SEE) and water transfer processes between soil, vegetation and the atmosphere in semiarid areas, where water availability is a limiting condition. The possibility of using remote sensing techniques, both optical and microwave data, to provide spatially distributed inputs and proper spatial modeling is realistically investigated. Three are mainly the aspects considered in this work: adequate reparameterization of SEE models to be driven by remote sensing inputs, determination of optimum ways to derive, from remote sensing data, those parameters which are required as inputs by such SEE models, and derivation of processing techniques to make possible the use of 'spatial' inputs derived from remote sensing data, together with atmospheric inputs from meteorological networks, into 4D modeling approaches based on data integration techniques.<>
{"title":"Parameterization of the surface energy balance by multisource remote sensing inputs derived from optical-microwave synergy","authors":"J. Moreno, S. Saatchi, R. Green, A. Jochum","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472398","url":null,"abstract":"Within the framework of the European Field Experiment in a Desertification-threatened Area (EFEDA) theoretical studies and intensive field campaigns have been carried out in order to model and measure the surface energy balance (SEE) and water transfer processes between soil, vegetation and the atmosphere in semiarid areas, where water availability is a limiting condition. The possibility of using remote sensing techniques, both optical and microwave data, to provide spatially distributed inputs and proper spatial modeling is realistically investigated. Three are mainly the aspects considered in this work: adequate reparameterization of SEE models to be driven by remote sensing inputs, determination of optimum ways to derive, from remote sensing data, those parameters which are required as inputs by such SEE models, and derivation of processing techniques to make possible the use of 'spatial' inputs derived from remote sensing data, together with atmospheric inputs from meteorological networks, into 4D modeling approaches based on data integration techniques.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117146862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472349
A. K. Arakelian
The authors describe procedures for determining marine boundary layer winds and SST from radar observations.<>
作者描述了从雷达观测中确定海洋边界层风和海温的程序。
{"title":"Microwave radar method of sea surface wind speed and water temperature determination","authors":"A. K. Arakelian","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472349","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe procedures for determining marine boundary layer winds and SST from radar observations.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124818685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472314
D. Walker
The GFO altimeter mission, scheduled for launch in early 1996, is a follow-on to the successful navy GEOSAT mission, which completed a five year mission in January 1990. The primary purpose of GFO is to deliver oceanographic mesoscale topographic data in support of tactical warfare mission areas assigned to the United States Navy. Besides its tactical role, GFO plays a scientific role as well. GFO oceanographic data will be used in the study of ocean fronts, eddies, and regional ocean currents. The GFO mission also supports ice studies. The GFO altimeter mission is a prime example of a dual-use technology that supports both the NAVY and civilian remote ocean sensing needs.<>
{"title":"Measurement techniques and capabilities of the Geosat Follow-On (GFO) radar altimeter","authors":"D. Walker","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472314","url":null,"abstract":"The GFO altimeter mission, scheduled for launch in early 1996, is a follow-on to the successful navy GEOSAT mission, which completed a five year mission in January 1990. The primary purpose of GFO is to deliver oceanographic mesoscale topographic data in support of tactical warfare mission areas assigned to the United States Navy. Besides its tactical role, GFO plays a scientific role as well. GFO oceanographic data will be used in the study of ocean fronts, eddies, and regional ocean currents. The GFO mission also supports ice studies. The GFO altimeter mission is a prime example of a dual-use technology that supports both the NAVY and civilian remote ocean sensing needs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123410096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472387
W.I. Eberhard, J. Intrieri
A CO/sub 2/ lidar operating at wavelength of about /spl lambda/=10.6 /spl mu/m differs in some respects from most other lidars, which operate at wavelengths an order of magnitude smaller. One important difference is that ice and water particles absorb strongly at CO/sub 2/ lidar wavelengths, whereas scattering dominates at the shorter wavelengths. The authors are developing cloud-sensing techniques that rely on the unique characteristics of a coherent CO/sub 2/ Doppler lidar.<>
{"title":"Cloud parameters from infrared lidar used singly and in combination with radar and infrared radiometer","authors":"W.I. Eberhard, J. Intrieri","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472387","url":null,"abstract":"A CO/sub 2/ lidar operating at wavelength of about /spl lambda/=10.6 /spl mu/m differs in some respects from most other lidars, which operate at wavelengths an order of magnitude smaller. One important difference is that ice and water particles absorb strongly at CO/sub 2/ lidar wavelengths, whereas scattering dominates at the shorter wavelengths. The authors are developing cloud-sensing techniques that rely on the unique characteristics of a coherent CO/sub 2/ Doppler lidar.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125271641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472321
T. Wilheit, C. Blankenship, S. Stephenson
A physical relaxation algorithm has been developed for the microwave radiometric retrieval of water vapor profiles from the radiances measured by the SSM/T-2. The algorithm includes statistical constraints to provide stability in the layers for which there is little information in the radiances. It also includes an explicit treatment of clouds. The SSM/I with its better resolution and lower frequencies provides the potential for improved retrievals. However, under most conditions this improvement is marginal at best and easily negated by the practical problems in merging two sensors with dissimilar scan patterns. The advantage of adding the SSM/I occurs in the presence of thick clouds. Using only the radiances from the SSM/T-2, it is difficult to estimate the liquid water content of the clouds and thereby the cloud impact on the radiances. As a result, the quality of the retrievals suffers. Over an ocean background, the inclusion of the SSM/I observations provides a more reasonable basis for quantitative estimates ofthe cloud liquid water content as well as a precipitable water constraint on the profile resulting in significant improvement in the retrievals. The resolution ofthe 91 GHz channel ofthe SSM/T-2 is 100 km, twice that ofthe 183 GHz channels, making it of limited value in the presence of gradients. The SSM/I can be used to synthesize a dual polarized pair of 85.5 GHz observations with 50 km resolution which can be substituted for the 91 GHz channel. The SSM/I can also be used to filter for rain events which would result in erroneous retrievals.<>
{"title":"Retrieval of water vapor profiles from a combination of SSM/T-2 and SSM/I observations","authors":"T. Wilheit, C. Blankenship, S. Stephenson","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472321","url":null,"abstract":"A physical relaxation algorithm has been developed for the microwave radiometric retrieval of water vapor profiles from the radiances measured by the SSM/T-2. The algorithm includes statistical constraints to provide stability in the layers for which there is little information in the radiances. It also includes an explicit treatment of clouds. The SSM/I with its better resolution and lower frequencies provides the potential for improved retrievals. However, under most conditions this improvement is marginal at best and easily negated by the practical problems in merging two sensors with dissimilar scan patterns. The advantage of adding the SSM/I occurs in the presence of thick clouds. Using only the radiances from the SSM/T-2, it is difficult to estimate the liquid water content of the clouds and thereby the cloud impact on the radiances. As a result, the quality of the retrievals suffers. Over an ocean background, the inclusion of the SSM/I observations provides a more reasonable basis for quantitative estimates ofthe cloud liquid water content as well as a precipitable water constraint on the profile resulting in significant improvement in the retrievals. The resolution ofthe 91 GHz channel ofthe SSM/T-2 is 100 km, twice that ofthe 183 GHz channels, making it of limited value in the presence of gradients. The SSM/I can be used to synthesize a dual polarized pair of 85.5 GHz observations with 50 km resolution which can be substituted for the 91 GHz channel. The SSM/I can also be used to filter for rain events which would result in erroneous retrievals.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116503889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472330
E. Bahar, B. Lee
In the study of wave scattering from terrain, ice, sea and other features on the Earth's surface, the use of the full wave approach leads to solutions that are valid over a broad range of frequencies and roughness scales. The backscattering radar cross sections for two-dimensional random rough surfaces are obtained for surfaces characterized by the Pearson-Moskowitz surface height spectral density function using the full wave approach. These solutions properly account for the small and large scale components of the rough sea surface. They are compared with solutions for surfaces characterized by the usually assumed Gaussian spectral density functions. The impact of the particular rough surface height spectral density function is discussed.<>
{"title":"Backscatter optical and microwave cross sections for surfaces characterized by Pearson-Moskowitz spectral density functions-full wave approach","authors":"E. Bahar, B. Lee","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472330","url":null,"abstract":"In the study of wave scattering from terrain, ice, sea and other features on the Earth's surface, the use of the full wave approach leads to solutions that are valid over a broad range of frequencies and roughness scales. The backscattering radar cross sections for two-dimensional random rough surfaces are obtained for surfaces characterized by the Pearson-Moskowitz surface height spectral density function using the full wave approach. These solutions properly account for the small and large scale components of the rough sea surface. They are compared with solutions for surfaces characterized by the usually assumed Gaussian spectral density functions. The impact of the particular rough surface height spectral density function is discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134243043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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