Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472335
J. Vesecky, D. Fernandez, C. Teague, K. Fischer, W. Skinner, N. Schnepf, G. Meadows, R. Onstott, R. Shuchman
The objective of this paper is to show the effectiveness of combined air-sea interaction observations on large spatial and temporal scales and with high resolution in both time and space. The National Research Council (1992) recommends in their coastal meteorological review, "...the use of recently developed remote sensors to obtain detailed four-dimensional data sets along with the upgrading of buoy and surface station networks to obtain quality, long duration data sets describing coastal regions... ." This NRC recommendation is the authors' long term goal in the research described. To illustrate their approach they report selected long term (3 years) observations of air-sea interaction phenomena by an HF (decameter wavelength) ground wave radar situated at Granite Canyon on the California coast, south of Monterey as well as lidar observations of surface wind fields observed at Atlanta, Georgia. They show how a new HF radar system, now under construction, will be combined with microwave radar, atmospheric lidar, surface buoy and other remote sensing observations to investigate air-sea interaction on scale sizes ranging from hundreds of meters to many tells of kilometers. The key to this combined measurements project is to produce the four-dimensional data sets, recommended above, at low cost through the use of automated stations.<>
{"title":"HF and lidar measurements of air sea interaction in the coastal zone","authors":"J. Vesecky, D. Fernandez, C. Teague, K. Fischer, W. Skinner, N. Schnepf, G. Meadows, R. Onstott, R. Shuchman","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472335","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to show the effectiveness of combined air-sea interaction observations on large spatial and temporal scales and with high resolution in both time and space. The National Research Council (1992) recommends in their coastal meteorological review, \"...the use of recently developed remote sensors to obtain detailed four-dimensional data sets along with the upgrading of buoy and surface station networks to obtain quality, long duration data sets describing coastal regions... .\" This NRC recommendation is the authors' long term goal in the research described. To illustrate their approach they report selected long term (3 years) observations of air-sea interaction phenomena by an HF (decameter wavelength) ground wave radar situated at Granite Canyon on the California coast, south of Monterey as well as lidar observations of surface wind fields observed at Atlanta, Georgia. They show how a new HF radar system, now under construction, will be combined with microwave radar, atmospheric lidar, surface buoy and other remote sensing observations to investigate air-sea interaction on scale sizes ranging from hundreds of meters to many tells of kilometers. The key to this combined measurements project is to produce the four-dimensional data sets, recommended above, at low cost through the use of automated stations.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124377997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-03DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472347
M. Kanevsky, V. Karaev
The complex problem of the retrieval of the ocean wave spectrum from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is not solved yet. The famous Hasselmanns' solution (1991) being a significant success, nevertheless, can not be considered a complete solution of the problem, since it is based on an imaging mechanism which is not a unique one and not always the main one. Obviously, it is not necessary for the solution to be in closed form, i.e. to use the information contained in the image solely. Useful information is present in the backscattered signal Doppler spectrum but vanishes in the image. The present authors pay attention to the possibility of reducing of the nonlinear distortions in the SAR ocean images caused by the surface motion by using the mentioned additional information.<>
{"title":"On the retrieval of the ocean wave spectrum from the SAR image","authors":"M. Kanevsky, V. Karaev","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472347","url":null,"abstract":"The complex problem of the retrieval of the ocean wave spectrum from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is not solved yet. The famous Hasselmanns' solution (1991) being a significant success, nevertheless, can not be considered a complete solution of the problem, since it is based on an imaging mechanism which is not a unique one and not always the main one. Obviously, it is not necessary for the solution to be in closed form, i.e. to use the information contained in the image solely. Useful information is present in the backscattered signal Doppler spectrum but vanishes in the image. The present authors pay attention to the possibility of reducing of the nonlinear distortions in the SAR ocean images caused by the surface motion by using the mentioned additional information.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115247270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last 10 years the DLR container LDA (Laser Doppler Anemometer) was used for many wind related measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer (Kopp et al., 1984). Based on the experiences on airborne cw-Doppler lidar was developed and tested. Wind field measurements in the boundary layer and signal strength studies were performed.<>
在过去10年中，DLR容器LDA(激光多普勒风速计)被用于大气边界层的许多与风有关的测量(Kopp et al.， 1984)。根据机载多普勒激光雷达的工作经验，进行了研制和试验。进行了边界层风场测量和信号强度研究
{"title":"Airborne cw-Doppler lidar ADOLAR","authors":"S. Rahm, C. Werner","doi":"10.1117/12.195869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.195869","url":null,"abstract":"During the last 10 years the DLR container LDA (Laser Doppler Anemometer) was used for many wind related measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer (Kopp et al., 1984). Based on the experiences on airborne cw-Doppler lidar was developed and tested. Wind field measurements in the boundary layer and signal strength studies were performed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115928762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472340
K.S. Basarab, B.M. Agafonov, V. Oleynik
The authors study superconducting infrared detectors. They study a YBCO film microbridge on a SrTiO/sub 3/ substrate. The film is 1 /spl mu/m thick and the substrate is 100 /spl mu/m. The authors study the thermal characteristics of this system using a heat transfer boundary problem model.<>
{"title":"Three-dimensional heat model of an infrared receiver","authors":"K.S. Basarab, B.M. Agafonov, V. Oleynik","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472340","url":null,"abstract":"The authors study superconducting infrared detectors. They study a YBCO film microbridge on a SrTiO/sub 3/ substrate. The film is 1 /spl mu/m thick and the substrate is 100 /spl mu/m. The authors study the thermal characteristics of this system using a heat transfer boundary problem model.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121077555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472334
V. Etkin, Y. Kravtsov, M. Mityagina, S. Semenov
Unstable atmospheric boundary-layer conditions, when the ocean is warmer than the air, result in the appearance of considerable wind-field and surface-temperature variations. The atmospheric convection processes and increased ocean atmosphere energy exchange produce extra turbulence, eddies and coherent structures like as convective cells. This article discusses how radar imaging of the sea surface can be used to study atmospheric turbulence and convection in the marine boundary layer.<>
{"title":"Spatial spectra of atmospheric convective cells from radar images of ocean surface","authors":"V. Etkin, Y. Kravtsov, M. Mityagina, S. Semenov","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472334","url":null,"abstract":"Unstable atmospheric boundary-layer conditions, when the ocean is warmer than the air, result in the appearance of considerable wind-field and surface-temperature variations. The atmospheric convection processes and increased ocean atmosphere energy exchange produce extra turbulence, eddies and coherent structures like as convective cells. This article discusses how radar imaging of the sea surface can be used to study atmospheric turbulence and convection in the marine boundary layer.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125043418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472345
A. Borovoi, P. Bruscaglioni, A. Ismaelli
The conventional lidar technique is elaborated to measure parameteres of the atmospheric aerosols where the single scattering approximation is valid. This technique fails to measure the size distribution and the number density profile of the cloud particles because of the great optical density of clouds where the process of multiple scattering of the lidar signal becomes predominant. The process of multiple scattering essentially smoothes out the information on the cloud parameters and the inverse problem looks rather hopeless. The information on the cloud parameters is not lost so quickly in the multiple scattering process due to the small angular scattering when the particles sizes are greater than the lidar wavelength. In this case, the inverse problem can be successfully considered and applied for the moderate optical depths. To use the advantage of the small-angular scattering, in this paper the multiple scattered radiation is divided into two parts: the small-angular or multiple diffracted part and the residue or the quasi-isotropical part. The division procedure is strict and the proper radiative transfer equations for the both terms are written down. The equation for MDP is solved analytically using the known small-angular approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The simple analytical expression obtained for the small-angular distribution of the lidar signals is used to construct an analytical algorithm to retrieve the particle size distribution or the number density profile of those cloud particles which are greater than the wavelength. The obtained lidar algorithm can be the basis of the quantitative theory. To extract the multiple diffracted part from the whole experimentally measured lidar signal, the numerical calculations of the lidar signal based on the Monte-Carlo method have been made.<>
{"title":"Retrieval of cloud parameters from the multiple scattered lidar signals","authors":"A. Borovoi, P. Bruscaglioni, A. Ismaelli","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472345","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional lidar technique is elaborated to measure parameteres of the atmospheric aerosols where the single scattering approximation is valid. This technique fails to measure the size distribution and the number density profile of the cloud particles because of the great optical density of clouds where the process of multiple scattering of the lidar signal becomes predominant. The process of multiple scattering essentially smoothes out the information on the cloud parameters and the inverse problem looks rather hopeless. The information on the cloud parameters is not lost so quickly in the multiple scattering process due to the small angular scattering when the particles sizes are greater than the lidar wavelength. In this case, the inverse problem can be successfully considered and applied for the moderate optical depths. To use the advantage of the small-angular scattering, in this paper the multiple scattered radiation is divided into two parts: the small-angular or multiple diffracted part and the residue or the quasi-isotropical part. The division procedure is strict and the proper radiative transfer equations for the both terms are written down. The equation for MDP is solved analytically using the known small-angular approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The simple analytical expression obtained for the small-angular distribution of the lidar signals is used to construct an analytical algorithm to retrieve the particle size distribution or the number density profile of those cloud particles which are greater than the wavelength. The obtained lidar algorithm can be the basis of the quantitative theory. To extract the multiple diffracted part from the whole experimentally measured lidar signal, the numerical calculations of the lidar signal based on the Monte-Carlo method have been made.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115359590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472353
P. Frison, E. Mougin
The ERS-1 wind scatterometer provides measurements of the radar backscattering coefficient /spl sigma//spl deg/ along different azimuthal directions, from which parameters can be retrieved. However, the low spatial resolution (about 50 km.), its high temporal repetitivity (the same point can be seen every 4 days with an incidence angle ranging from 18/spl deg/ to 59/spl deg/), and above all a frequency (5.3 GHz, VV polarisation) sensitive to land surface parameters such as vegetation cover and soil surface moisture content make this instrument well suited for terrestrial vegetation studies. At present, two years of fully calibrated data acquired by the ERS-1 scatterometer over the whole land surfaces offer a unique opportunity to assess the contribution of low resolution active microwave systems to global monitoring of terrestrial surfaces. On the other hand, several studies with NOAA/AVHRR GVI data (available since 1981) have shown how these data can be related to vegetation phenology and vegetation dynamics. Their rather coarse spatial resolution (about 10 km. At the equator) justifies the comparison with scatterometer data. In this paper, multitemporal profiles of both data sets acquired over representative vegetation types throughout the world for a 2-year period are shown. The complementarity of these two sources of satellite data are then examined. Results show that ERS-1 scatterometer data are sensitive to different land parameters according to their incidence angle. In particular, a good correlation between GVI data and scatterometer data acquired around 45/spl deg/ of incidence angle is observed.<>
{"title":"Complementarity of ERS-1 wind scatterometer and GVI data for regional vegetation monitoring","authors":"P. Frison, E. Mougin","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1995.472353","url":null,"abstract":"The ERS-1 wind scatterometer provides measurements of the radar backscattering coefficient /spl sigma//spl deg/ along different azimuthal directions, from which parameters can be retrieved. However, the low spatial resolution (about 50 km.), its high temporal repetitivity (the same point can be seen every 4 days with an incidence angle ranging from 18/spl deg/ to 59/spl deg/), and above all a frequency (5.3 GHz, VV polarisation) sensitive to land surface parameters such as vegetation cover and soil surface moisture content make this instrument well suited for terrestrial vegetation studies. At present, two years of fully calibrated data acquired by the ERS-1 scatterometer over the whole land surfaces offer a unique opportunity to assess the contribution of low resolution active microwave systems to global monitoring of terrestrial surfaces. On the other hand, several studies with NOAA/AVHRR GVI data (available since 1981) have shown how these data can be related to vegetation phenology and vegetation dynamics. Their rather coarse spatial resolution (about 10 km. At the equator) justifies the comparison with scatterometer data. In this paper, multitemporal profiles of both data sets acquired over representative vegetation types throughout the world for a 2-year period are shown. The complementarity of these two sources of satellite data are then examined. Results show that ERS-1 scatterometer data are sensitive to different land parameters according to their incidence angle. In particular, a good correlation between GVI data and scatterometer data acquired around 45/spl deg/ of incidence angle is observed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":274878,"journal":{"name":"Conference Proceedings Second Topical Symposium on Combined Optical-Microwave Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128465596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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