An exciting classroom activity involving the construction of molecular models and building hybrid orbitals is presented in this paper. Basic molecular geometries were built by connecting different types of vegetables using bamboo skewers. Vegetable of different shapes were used to describe the hybridization of atomic orbitals. This exercise is suitable for high school and undergraduate chemistry students. The activity helps students to apply Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory to envisage the basic shapes of molecules and to conceptualize the hybridization of the atomic orbitals
{"title":"Vegetables for building molecular models","authors":"Z. Gebeyehu, Rajeev B Dabke","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v45i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"An exciting classroom activity involving the construction of molecular models and building hybrid orbitals is presented in this paper. Basic molecular geometries were built by connecting different types of vegetables using bamboo skewers. Vegetable of different shapes were used to describe the hybridization of atomic orbitals. This exercise is suitable for high school and undergraduate chemistry students. The activity helps students to apply Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory to envisage the basic shapes of molecules and to conceptualize the hybridization of the atomic orbitals","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133756430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helicobacter pylori infection remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. This retrospective study aims at determining the prevalence of H. pylori infection over a period of 5 years, from 2016 to 2020 among dyspeptic patients at nine Health Centers of Arada sub-city, Addis Ababa. Data were collected from the patients record books of the nine Health Centers. At the health centers a stool antigen test is most often used than a serology antibody test, because stool antigen test is more specific and detects only an active infection. Chi-square analysis was employed to identify associations between variables. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. In the present study, the overall prevalence of H. pylori was 49.2%. The prevalence was higher among patients of age 60 years and above (59%); whereas it was lower in the age category of 15 to 29 years (43%). No association was observed between H. pylori infection and the sex (gender) of the studied cases. However, statistically significant increments in H. pylori cases were observed over the five year study periods. It can be concluded that the overall prevalence of H. pylori was 49.2% and there were no associations between sex (gender) and H. pylori infection. The authors would like to recommend the health centers to use stool antigen test and to provide an awareness for the study population.
{"title":"Trends in the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Arada Sub-City: A 5-year retrospective study.","authors":"Tamrat Birru Haile, Tegenu Gelana Tiki","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v45i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Helicobacter pylori infection remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. This retrospective study aims at determining the prevalence of H. pylori infection over a period of 5 years, from 2016 to 2020 among dyspeptic patients at nine Health Centers of Arada sub-city, Addis Ababa. Data were collected from the patients record books of the nine Health Centers. At the health centers a stool antigen test is most often used than a serology antibody test, because stool antigen test is more specific and detects only an active infection. Chi-square analysis was employed to identify associations between variables. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. In the present study, the overall prevalence of H. pylori was 49.2%. The prevalence was higher among patients of age 60 years and above (59%); whereas it was lower in the age category of 15 to 29 years (43%). No association was observed between H. pylori infection and the sex (gender) of the studied cases. However, statistically significant increments in H. pylori cases were observed over the five year study periods. It can be concluded that the overall prevalence of H. pylori was 49.2% and there were no associations between sex (gender) and H. pylori infection. The authors would like to recommend the health centers to use stool antigen test and to provide an awareness for the study population.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131900052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dereje Wasihun, Tilahun Abebaw, Y. Yitayew, Venkateswarlu Kolluru
In this paper is to introduce the notion of weak idempotent rings as a generalization of Boolean like rings. We obtain many formal properties of the class of weak idempotent rings and furnish certain examples of the class of weak idempotent rings. Furthermore, we obtain the properties of completely prime ideal and left and right completely primary ideals of weak idempotent rings.
{"title":"Weak idempotent rings","authors":"Dereje Wasihun, Tilahun Abebaw, Y. Yitayew, Venkateswarlu Kolluru","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v45i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper is to introduce the notion of weak idempotent rings as a generalization of Boolean like rings. We obtain many formal properties of the class of weak idempotent rings and furnish certain examples of the class of weak idempotent rings. Furthermore, we obtain the properties of completely prime ideal and left and right completely primary ideals of weak idempotent rings.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115690937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bombowha kaolin deposit is a primary deposit formed mainly through weathering of granite and pegmatite. This research was designed to evaluate the influence of parent material, mining practices and processing technology on the quality of processed kaolin. Geochemical, mineralogical, and technological properties of kaolin were analyzed and field observations conducted to evaluate the influence. Samples of the parent rocks, kaolin deposit, Run-Of-Mine, and processed kaolin were analyzed for their geochemistry, mineralogy and physical properties. Results show that the kaolin derived from pegmatite has better quality (high alumina, low silica, better plasticity, low coloring elements and others) than the granite-derived one. The poor quality of the granite-derived kaolin is ascribed to its incomplete kaolinization as evidenced by the presence of minor halloysite. The geochemical analysis of the Run-Of-Mine shows close similarity to that of the parent granite demonstrating severe dilution during mining, hauling and storage of kaolin ore. The high pit-wall angle (80-85°), the rheologically weak overburden, old excavation machinery and unsystematic delineation of mineable portion of the deposit contributed to high level of dilution. The properties of processed kaolin show the wet processing method brought substantial improvement in the quality of the kaolin (Al2O3 increased by nearly 98% and SiO2 decreased by 36% with respect to the Run-Of-Mine). Had the feed kaolin ore not been diluted, the kaolin concentrate would have been better than what is achieved through the adopted processing method. Systematic mine design, selective mining, and graded stockpiling of kaolin ore are advised for better quality kaolin concentrate.
{"title":"The influence of parent rock, mining and processing technologies on the industrial quality of kaolin concentrate –case study from Bombowha kaolin, Ethiopia","authors":"Tilahun W/Mariam, Worash Getaneh","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v45i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Bombowha kaolin deposit is a primary deposit formed mainly through weathering of granite and pegmatite. This research was designed to evaluate the influence of parent material, mining practices and processing technology on the quality of processed kaolin. Geochemical, mineralogical, and technological properties of kaolin were analyzed and field observations conducted to evaluate the influence. Samples of the parent rocks, kaolin deposit, Run-Of-Mine, and processed kaolin were analyzed for their geochemistry, mineralogy and physical properties. Results show that the kaolin derived from pegmatite has better quality (high alumina, low silica, better plasticity, low coloring elements and others) than the granite-derived one. The poor quality of the granite-derived kaolin is ascribed to its incomplete kaolinization as evidenced by the presence of minor halloysite. The geochemical analysis of the Run-Of-Mine shows close similarity to that of the parent granite demonstrating severe dilution during mining, hauling and storage of kaolin ore. The high pit-wall angle (80-85°), the rheologically weak overburden, old excavation machinery and unsystematic delineation of mineable portion of the deposit contributed to high level of dilution. The properties of processed kaolin show the wet processing method brought substantial improvement in the quality of the kaolin (Al2O3 increased by nearly 98% and SiO2 decreased by 36% with respect to the Run-Of-Mine). Had the feed kaolin ore not been diluted, the kaolin concentrate would have been better than what is achieved through the adopted processing method. Systematic mine design, selective mining, and graded stockpiling of kaolin ore are advised for better quality kaolin concentrate.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127762352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endale Deribe Jiru, Berhanu Guta Wordofa, M. Redi-Abshiro
In this work an improved Principal Component Analysis (pca) method is used for better determination of geographical origins of Ethiopian Green Coffee Beans. In the commercially available and widely employed pca methods the dataset is commonly normalized using Z-score procedure, which reduces the influence of the spread of data (or dispersion degree differences) on principal components (pcs). In the improved method, a new normalization procedure is introduced with the aim to improve the spread (dispersion) of data points around the mean. The pcs computed from the improved procedure could significantly better reflect information of the original dataset. The dispersion degree information in the original dataset was retained relatively much by using the improved pca than the Z-score-based pca. The improved pca was then used to identify the most discriminating variables corresponding to the coffee samples and, based on that, Linear Discrimination Analysis (lda) model was developed to classify and predict samples. The recognition and prediction abilities of the improved pca and lda at regional level respectively were 95.7% and 94% (using Chlorogenic Acids (cga s) content), 91% and 97% (using Fatty Acids (FA) content), 99% and 100% (and using the combined cga and FA contents). Mehari et al. (2016, 2019) reported recognition and prediction of the pca, they applied on the same dataset, at regional level were 91% and 90% (using cga s content) and 95% and 92 % (using fas content), respectively. The result reveals that the newly introduced method is superior and the best discriminations of coffee beans were achieved. The combined analysis of cga and fa concentrations is a useful tool for the determination of origin of coffee beans, and we recommend that the concerned bodies should use it to address the characterization, classification and authentication of Ethiopian coffee beans according to their geographical origins.
{"title":"Improved Principal Component Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis for the Determination of Origin of Coffee Beans using","authors":"Endale Deribe Jiru, Berhanu Guta Wordofa, M. Redi-Abshiro","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v45i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this work an improved Principal Component Analysis (pca) method is used for better determination of geographical origins of Ethiopian Green Coffee Beans. In the commercially available and widely employed pca methods the dataset is commonly normalized using Z-score procedure, which reduces the influence of the spread of data (or dispersion degree differences) on principal components (pcs). In the improved method, a new normalization procedure is introduced with the aim to improve the spread (dispersion) of data points around the mean. The pcs computed from the improved procedure could significantly better reflect information of the original dataset. The dispersion degree information in the original dataset was retained relatively much by using the improved pca than the Z-score-based pca. The improved pca was then used to identify the most discriminating variables corresponding to the coffee samples and, based on that, Linear Discrimination Analysis (lda) model was developed to classify and predict samples. The recognition and prediction abilities of the improved pca and lda at regional level respectively were 95.7% and 94% (using Chlorogenic Acids (cga s) content), 91% and 97% (using Fatty Acids (FA) content), 99% and 100% (and using the combined cga and FA contents). Mehari et al. (2016, 2019) reported recognition and prediction of the pca, they applied on the same dataset, at regional level were 91% and 90% (using cga s content) and 95% and 92 % (using fas content), respectively. The result reveals that the newly introduced method is superior and the best discriminations of coffee beans were achieved. The combined analysis of cga and fa concentrations is a useful tool for the determination of origin of coffee beans, and we recommend that the concerned bodies should use it to address the characterization, classification and authentication of Ethiopian coffee beans according to their geographical origins.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130551854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teklay Abebe Teklay Abebe, G. Belay, Taye Tadesse, G. Keneni
Striga has long been recognized to infest staple food crops like sorghum in Ethiopia. This study was designed to introgress Striga-resistance genes into popular and farmer-preferred varieties through marker-assisted backcrossing and to assess resistance based on Striga germination stimulant activity inagar-gel assay (aga). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with four replications. Genotypes performance, heritability and genetic advance were analyzed and Germination rate was measured. The progeny showed significant genetic variation for maximum germination distance (mgd), germination rate (gr), and germination index (gi). The mean mgd ranged from 0.0 mm to 29.45 mm and gr ranged from 0.0% to 72.38%.Of the 118 backcrossed lines, 22.9% showed less than 10 mm of mgd and gr of <30%, revealing provision of low germination stimulant/strigolactones production (lgs). There were significant positive (r = 0.4-0.81) correlations showing the roles of these parameters as selection criteria in breeding for resistance. The existence of higher heritability (h2b = 77-83%) and genetic advance (ga = 62-93%) for the germination parameters indicated possibilities for improving resistance against Striga through selection. Genotypes that carry different qtls showed different capacity of producing Striga germination stimulants in the aga. The combined effect of two qtls (lgs2_SBI-05_60404021 and lgs_3_60629027) at a time showed lower Striga germination stimulant activity and better field resistance indicating existence of possible cumulative effects. Thus, the study showed that marker-assisted backcrossing for transfer of lgs qtls from donor into popular and farmers preferred cultivars has the potential to enhance tolerance/resistance to Striga in sorghum.
斯特里加菌长期以来一直被认为是埃塞俄比亚高粱等主要粮食作物的害虫。本研究的目的是通过标记辅助回交，将抗斯曲加菌基因导入到普通品种和农民喜欢的品种中，并通过琼脂凝胶法(aga)测定斯曲加菌萌发刺激活性来评估抗性。试验采用完全随机设计，每组4个重复。分析其基因型性能、遗传力和遗传进展，测定其发芽率。子代在最大发芽距离(mgd)、发芽率(gr)和发芽指数(gi)上存在显著的遗传变异。平均mgd为0.0 ~ 29.45 mm, gr为0.0% ~ 72.38%。在118个回交品系中，22.9%的mgd小于10 mm, gr <30%，表明其提供了较低的萌发刺激物/独脚金内酯产量(lgs)。这些参数在抗性选育中具有显著的正相关(r = 0.4 ~ 0.81)。种子萌发参数具有较高的遗传力(h2b = 77 ~ 83%)和遗传先进性(ga = 62 ~ 93%)，表明有可能通过选择提高对斯特利加菌的抗性。携带不同qtl的基因型在藻体中产生Striga萌发刺激物的能力不同。两个qtls (lgs_2_sbi -05_60404021和lgs_3_60629027)的联合作用显示出较低的Striga萌发刺激活性和较好的田间抗性，表明可能存在累积效应。因此，本研究表明，通过标记辅助回交将lgs qtl从供体转移到普通品种和农民喜欢的品种中，有可能提高高粱对斯曲加菌的耐受性/抗性。
{"title":"In vitro evaluation of marker assisted conversion of adapted sorghum varieties into Striga hermonthica resistant versions","authors":"Teklay Abebe Teklay Abebe, G. Belay, Taye Tadesse, G. Keneni","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v45i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Striga has long been recognized to infest staple food crops like sorghum in Ethiopia. This study was designed to introgress Striga-resistance genes into popular and farmer-preferred varieties through marker-assisted backcrossing and to assess resistance based on Striga germination stimulant activity inagar-gel assay (aga). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with four replications. Genotypes performance, heritability and genetic advance were analyzed and Germination rate was measured. The progeny showed significant genetic variation for maximum germination distance (mgd), germination rate (gr), and germination index (gi). The mean mgd ranged from 0.0 mm to 29.45 mm and gr ranged from 0.0% to 72.38%.Of the 118 backcrossed lines, 22.9% showed less than 10 mm of mgd and gr of <30%, revealing provision of low germination stimulant/strigolactones production (lgs). There were significant positive (r = 0.4-0.81) correlations showing the roles of these parameters as selection criteria in breeding for resistance. The existence of higher heritability (h2b = 77-83%) and genetic advance (ga = 62-93%) for the germination parameters indicated possibilities for improving resistance against Striga through selection. Genotypes that carry different qtls showed different capacity of producing Striga germination stimulants in the aga. The combined effect of two qtls (lgs2_SBI-05_60404021 and lgs_3_60629027) at a time showed lower Striga germination stimulant activity and better field resistance indicating existence of possible cumulative effects. Thus, the study showed that marker-assisted backcrossing for transfer of lgs qtls from donor into popular and farmers preferred cultivars has the potential to enhance tolerance/resistance to Striga in sorghum.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122095065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information is the critical resource of modern organization that needs to be protected from both internal and external threats so as to sustain in this competitive business environment. In order to do so, comprehensive security policy must be formulated and implemented. Every employee of the organization must comply with the organization’s security policy. Although organizations implement information security policy, it is commonly observed that employees do not comply with the organization information security policy. The purpose of this research was to identify organizational factors that shape employees behavior to comply with information system security policy in Ethio-telecom. Data were collected via using survey method. Multiple linear regression was used as data analysis method. The study result showed that management support, awareness and training, and accountability are leading organizational factors that shape employees behavior to comply with the existing information system security policy. This is a single case study; it cannot be generalized for other organizations. Other researchers can replicate this research for generalizability of the research findings across different contexts.
{"title":"Factors influencing information security compliance: an institutional perspective","authors":"Temtim Assefa, Alpha Tensaye","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v44i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Information is the critical resource of modern organization that needs to be protected from both internal and external threats so as to sustain in this competitive business environment. In order to do so, comprehensive security policy must be formulated and implemented. Every employee of the organization must comply with the organization’s security policy. Although organizations implement information security policy, it is commonly observed that employees do not comply with the organization information security policy. The purpose of this research was to identify organizational factors that shape employees behavior to comply with information system security policy in Ethio-telecom. Data were collected via using survey method. Multiple linear regression was used as data analysis method. The study result showed that management support, awareness and training, and accountability are leading organizational factors that shape employees behavior to comply with the existing information system security policy. This is a single case study; it cannot be generalized for other organizations. Other researchers can replicate this research for generalizability of the research findings across different contexts.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130990058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is an African endemic scavenger listed as Critically Endangered species. The population is declining across its range and there is threat of significant decline in population and distribution in Ethiopia. Little efforts have been made to properly document the status of vulture population and their diurnal activity patterns in the country for ensuring long term conservation measures. A study was conducted in Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise, Ethiopia from November 2019 to January 2020 to investigate the abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures. The abundance of these vultures was estimated by direct counts method at their feeding sites and scan sampling was employed to study the diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures from dawn to dusk. Hooded vulture mean abundance was 216±40 at the abattoir. Their diurnal activity pattern showed that they were observed feeding, resting (perching, watching and basking), preening, roosting and others activities such as walking, drinking, chasing and flying. They spent 37.73% of their time in resting followed by others (including walking, drinking, chasing and flying) (27.73%). The major threat recorded for theses vultures in the abattoir includes shortage of food, human disturbances, negative attitudes and lack of awareness on the importance of the species. Further ecological studies and impacts of human activities on Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise should be conducted for the conservation of hooded vulture and other conspecifics in the area.
{"title":"Abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus Temminck,) in Addis Ababa abattoirs enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Mebrat Teklemariam, Bezawork Afework","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v44i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is an African endemic scavenger listed as Critically Endangered species. The population is declining across its range and there is threat of significant decline in population and distribution in Ethiopia. Little efforts have been made to properly document the status of vulture population and their diurnal activity patterns in the country for ensuring long term conservation measures. A study was conducted in Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise, Ethiopia from November 2019 to January 2020 to investigate the abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures. The abundance of these vultures was estimated by direct counts method at their feeding sites and scan sampling was employed to study the diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures from dawn to dusk. Hooded vulture mean abundance was 216±40 at the abattoir. Their diurnal activity pattern showed that they were observed feeding, resting (perching, watching and basking), preening, roosting and others activities such as walking, drinking, chasing and flying. They spent 37.73% of their time in resting followed by others (including walking, drinking, chasing and flying) (27.73%). The major threat recorded for theses vultures in the abattoir includes shortage of food, human disturbances, negative attitudes and lack of awareness on the importance of the species. Further ecological studies and impacts of human activities on Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise should be conducted for the conservation of hooded vulture and other conspecifics in the area.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127972028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluates the geomorphometric parameters of the topography in Ethiopia using scripting cartographic methods by applying R languages (packages 'tmap' and 'raster') and Generic Mapping Tools (gmt) for 2D and 3D topographic modelling. Data were collected from the open source repositories on geospatial data with high resolution: gebco with 15 arc-second and etopo1 with 1 arc-minute resolution and embedded dataset of srtm 90 m in 'raster' library of R. The study demonstrated application of the programming approaches in cartographic data visualization and mapping for geomorphometric analysis. This included modelling of slope steepness, aspect and hillshade visualized using dem srtm90 to derive geomorphometric parameters of slope, aspect and hillshade of Ethiopia and demonstrate contrasting topography and variability climate setting of Ethiopia. The topography of the country is mapped, including Great Rift Valley, Afar Depression, Ogaden Desert and the most distinctive features of the Ethiopian Highlands. A variety of topographical zones is demonstrated on the presented maps. The results include 6 new maps made using programming console-based approach which is a novel method of cartographic visualization compared to traditional gis software. The most important fragments of the codes are presented and technical explanations are provided. The presented series of 6 new maps contributes to the cartographic data on Ethiopia and presents the methodology of scripting mapping techniques.
{"title":"Scripting methods in topographic data processing on the example of Ethiopia","authors":"Polina Lemenkova","doi":"10.4314/sinet.v44i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the geomorphometric parameters of the topography in Ethiopia using scripting cartographic methods by applying R languages (packages 'tmap' and 'raster') and Generic Mapping Tools (gmt) for 2D and 3D topographic modelling. Data were collected from the open source repositories on geospatial data with high resolution: gebco with 15 arc-second and etopo1 with 1 arc-minute resolution and embedded dataset of srtm 90 m in 'raster' library of R. The study demonstrated application of the programming approaches in cartographic data visualization and mapping for geomorphometric analysis. This included modelling of slope steepness, aspect and hillshade visualized using dem srtm90 to derive geomorphometric parameters of slope, aspect and hillshade of Ethiopia and demonstrate contrasting topography and variability climate setting of Ethiopia. The topography of the country is mapped, including Great Rift Valley, Afar Depression, Ogaden Desert and the most distinctive features of the Ethiopian Highlands. A variety of topographical zones is demonstrated on the presented maps. The results include 6 new maps made using programming console-based approach which is a novel method of cartographic visualization compared to traditional gis software. The most important fragments of the codes are presented and technical explanations are provided. The presented series of 6 new maps contributes to the cartographic data on Ethiopia and presents the methodology of scripting mapping techniques.","PeriodicalId":275075,"journal":{"name":"SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126343007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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