In many respects, the commercial and social interactions within virtual worlds are essentially the same as those interactions conducted face-to-face or over less engrossing technologies, however, the immersive nature of the virtual world redefines the nature of the experience. Because virtual worlds mimic their bricks-and-mortar counterparts, they exhibit commercial attributes unlike those of plays, television shows, or motion pictures. To the extent that there is commerce conducted within the medium, the historic separation between commercial conduct and expressive speech must be reconceptualized. In the first instance, such legal line drawing will necessarily be done with crude tools, so this article suggests that just as the theater and motion picture industries turned to collective bargaining agreements to provide a more refined set of rules for professional content development, the entertainment content created in virtual worlds will benefit from similar collective bargaining solutions to legally difficult conundrums. The article provides an overview of virtual worlds and the legal framework for the regulation of content ownership; addresses the tension between the speech and property rights associated with the participants in this new art form, identifying what the law suggests and how it should evolve through case law and legislation; and suggests the steps that can be taken through private ordering collective bargaining arrangements to further clarify the protections for professionals associated with this developing new medium.
{"title":"Playing in the Virtual Arena: Avatars, Publicity and Identity Reconceptualized through Virtual Worlds and Computer Games","authors":"Jon M. Garon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1334950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334950","url":null,"abstract":"In many respects, the commercial and social interactions within virtual worlds are essentially the same as those interactions conducted face-to-face or over less engrossing technologies, however, the immersive nature of the virtual world redefines the nature of the experience. Because virtual worlds mimic their bricks-and-mortar counterparts, they exhibit commercial attributes unlike those of plays, television shows, or motion pictures. To the extent that there is commerce conducted within the medium, the historic separation between commercial conduct and expressive speech must be reconceptualized. In the first instance, such legal line drawing will necessarily be done with crude tools, so this article suggests that just as the theater and motion picture industries turned to collective bargaining agreements to provide a more refined set of rules for professional content development, the entertainment content created in virtual worlds will benefit from similar collective bargaining solutions to legally difficult conundrums. The article provides an overview of virtual worlds and the legal framework for the regulation of content ownership; addresses the tension between the speech and property rights associated with the participants in this new art form, identifying what the law suggests and how it should evolve through case law and legislation; and suggests the steps that can be taken through private ordering collective bargaining arrangements to further clarify the protections for professionals associated with this developing new medium.","PeriodicalId":276560,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Innovation eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131236505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Nooteboom, W. Vanhaverbeke, G. Duysters, V. Gilsing, A. van den Oord
The application concerns a method of identifying compounds that can be used to inhibit undesired human CD4 T cell immune responses by identifying compounds that block the interaction of CD4 and MHC, class II, gene products and a method of treatment which comprises administering such an identified compound. The compounds that inhibit undesired human CD4 T cell immune responses can be used to treat disease such as multiple sclerosis and to prevent graft rejection and graft versus host disease. More specifically, the application concerns compounds having molecular weights between about 1400 and 400 that mimic three portions of the human CD4 lymphocyte cell surface antigen. The portions are residues 29-35, the C-C' loop of the D1 domain; residues 317-323, the C-C' loop of the D4 domain; and residues 346-353, the CDR3 or FG ridge of the D4 domain of the CD4 molecule. Specific examples of such compounds include cyclic peptides and peptidomimetic.
{"title":"Optimal Cognitive Distance and Absorptive Capacity","authors":"B. Nooteboom, W. Vanhaverbeke, G. Duysters, V. Gilsing, A. van den Oord","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.903745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.903745","url":null,"abstract":"The application concerns a method of identifying compounds that can be used to inhibit undesired human CD4 T cell immune responses by identifying compounds that block the interaction of CD4 and MHC, class II, gene products and a method of treatment which comprises administering such an identified compound. The compounds that inhibit undesired human CD4 T cell immune responses can be used to treat disease such as multiple sclerosis and to prevent graft rejection and graft versus host disease. More specifically, the application concerns compounds having molecular weights between about 1400 and 400 that mimic three portions of the human CD4 lymphocyte cell surface antigen. The portions are residues 29-35, the C-C' loop of the D1 domain; residues 317-323, the C-C' loop of the D4 domain; and residues 346-353, the CDR3 or FG ridge of the D4 domain of the CD4 molecule. Specific examples of such compounds include cyclic peptides and peptidomimetic.","PeriodicalId":276560,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Innovation eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131013415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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