Pub Date : 2014-05-16DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.5/10.5.68.77
Ahmad Alvandi, M. Babaei
The purpose of this research is to explore the water in the south west of Hamedan which has many environmental problems and very few water resources. Also in the area, due to the lack of awareness, the farmers excavate the wells with high cost that results in declining water table. The collected data was investigated via the electrical probing at the Schlumberger array and Jointed with the wells data and geological information. The data processing was performed by conventional methods of calculation and utilized specialized software WINSEV, RES2D, RES3D, 2WIN at direct and inversion states. Finally the results of the research are acceptable and pleasant.
{"title":"Inversion of Electrical Resistivity Data by VES Method for Water Exploring Case Study: South West of Iran","authors":"Ahmad Alvandi, M. Babaei","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.5/10.5.68.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.5/10.5.68.77","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to explore the water in the south west of Hamedan which has many environmental problems and very few water resources. Also in the area, due to the lack of awareness, the farmers excavate the wells with high cost that results in declining water table. The collected data was investigated via the electrical probing at the Schlumberger array and Jointed with the wells data and geological information. The data processing was performed by conventional methods of calculation and utilized specialized software WINSEV, RES2D, RES3D, 2WIN at direct and inversion states. Finally the results of the research are acceptable and pleasant.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114474788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-25DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.4/10.4.56.67
U. Ituen, Imoh Johnson, N. Nyah
The study aimed at assessing flood prone areas in Uyo Capital City with a view to suggesting control measures. It used 2008 NigerSat imagery, soil texture, rainfall, and road network data of Uyo. With Multi-criteria evaluation technique, the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and single output map algebra were employed to generate flood hazard map of Uyo. The DEM was used to generate contours, terrain elevation, slope, and aspect surfaces, where aspect provided the direction of slope that contributed to flood inundation. Flood mapping was done to determine flood locations based on a 3D terrain assessment while flood hazard assessment formed the basis for flood control in the area. From the result of the study, flood hazard areas in Uyo Capital City were identified and classified into high, moderate, and low hazard zones. Based on this classification however, flood control measures have also been rated as critical, less critical, and non-critical respectively. Out of the 25 flood locations captured during the 2012 flash flood event, twelve locations were found on the critical control zones while thirteen were found on the less critical control zones. Based on the findings from this study, it was however suggested that town planners, construction companies and individuals should work in consultation with Geographers, Hydrologists and other stakeholders in the field who have adequate knowledge of the terrain and the technical ability in flood hazard modeling. Additionally, non-structural flood control measures have also been strongly advocated for implementation in the capital city of Uyo.
{"title":"Flood Hazard Assessment and Decisions Support Using Geographic Information System: A Case Study of Uyo Capital City, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"U. Ituen, Imoh Johnson, N. Nyah","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.4/10.4.56.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.4/10.4.56.67","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at assessing flood prone areas in Uyo Capital City with a view to suggesting control measures. It used 2008 NigerSat imagery, soil texture, rainfall, and road network data of Uyo. With Multi-criteria evaluation technique, the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and single output map algebra were employed to generate flood hazard map of Uyo. The DEM was used to generate contours, terrain elevation, slope, and aspect surfaces, where aspect provided the direction of slope that contributed to flood inundation. Flood mapping was done to determine flood locations based on a 3D terrain assessment while flood hazard assessment formed the basis for flood control in the area. From the result of the study, flood hazard areas in Uyo Capital City were identified and classified into high, moderate, and low hazard zones. Based on this classification however, flood control measures have also been rated as critical, less critical, and non-critical respectively. Out of the 25 flood locations captured during the 2012 flash flood event, twelve locations were found on the critical control zones while thirteen were found on the less critical control zones. Based on the findings from this study, it was however suggested that town planners, construction companies and individuals should work in consultation with Geographers, Hydrologists and other stakeholders in the field who have adequate knowledge of the terrain and the technical ability in flood hazard modeling. Additionally, non-structural flood control measures have also been strongly advocated for implementation in the capital city of Uyo.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130807506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-22DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.3/10.3.45.55
Pedram Rafiee, D. Baghbani, A. Aghanabati, M. Arian
The objective of the present study is to perform Microbiostratigraphy and Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Permian Dalan Formation at a Well (Well 1) in the Zagros Basin. The Upper Permian Dalan Formation contains vast gas reservoirs in the southwest Iran and is composed of three Members: The Lower Dalan Member corresponds to Wordian to Capitanian; the Nar Member is latest Capitanian and the Upper Dalan Member corresponds to Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian. Lower and Upper Dalan Members include mainly limestone, dolomitic limestone and Nar member mostly consists of anhydrite and thin interlayer of dolomite. The biostratigraphic study allows individualizing Foraminifers from the Wordian to the Changhsingian (Middle to Late Permian). Based on the stratigraphic distributions of the Biostratigraphically significant fauna and flora the following 7 biozones and age determinations are proposed in the Upper Permian Dalan Formation: 7. Paraglobivalvulinoides septulifera zone (Changhsingian) 6. Paradagmarita zone (Changhsingian) 5. Rectostipulina zone (Wuchiapingian) 4. Shanita zone (Capitanian) 3. Paraglobivalvulina zone (Capitanian) 2. Globivalvulina zone (Wordian) 1. Eoverbeekina zone (Wordian)
{"title":"Micro Biostratigraphy and Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Permian Dalan Formation (Zagros Basin, Southwest Iran)","authors":"Pedram Rafiee, D. Baghbani, A. Aghanabati, M. Arian","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.3/10.3.45.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.3/10.3.45.55","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study is to perform Microbiostratigraphy and Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Permian Dalan Formation at a Well (Well 1) in the Zagros Basin. The Upper Permian Dalan Formation contains vast gas reservoirs in the southwest Iran and is composed of three Members: The Lower Dalan Member corresponds to Wordian to Capitanian; the Nar Member is latest Capitanian and the Upper Dalan Member corresponds to Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian. Lower and Upper Dalan Members include mainly limestone, dolomitic limestone and Nar member mostly consists of anhydrite and thin interlayer of dolomite. The biostratigraphic study allows individualizing Foraminifers from the Wordian to the Changhsingian (Middle to Late Permian). Based on the stratigraphic distributions of the Biostratigraphically significant fauna and flora the following 7 biozones and age determinations are proposed in the Upper Permian Dalan Formation: 7. Paraglobivalvulinoides septulifera zone (Changhsingian) 6. Paradagmarita zone (Changhsingian) 5. Rectostipulina zone (Wuchiapingian) 4. Shanita zone (Capitanian) 3. Paraglobivalvulina zone (Capitanian) 2. Globivalvulina zone (Wordian) 1. Eoverbeekina zone (Wordian)","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126873295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.1/10.1.9.29
D. J. Hlatywayo, E. Sakala
Optimum magnetic signatures for drill-hole targeting in gold exploration in Mbudzane were resolved from induced polarisation-resistivity and magnetic anomalies. Total magnetic field and a gold-in-soil map showed the area is magnetically quiet with high anomalous values along old gold workings. Induced polarisation was carried out along a grid for lines of 500m length, 50m separation and a baseline oriented at 330˚. The survey comprised a gradient array and three real sections. The magnetic survey was conducted over the same grid as the induced polarisation. Stations were set at 5m intervals for a line spacing of 50m. The results show intense anomalies that suggest different degrees of magnetic alteration and a set of conjugate lineaments and faults that possibly control the mineralisation in Mbudzane. The tilt derivative of the reduced-to-pole image resolves the separation between anomalies, giving information on the faulting. High chargeability is confined to the sheared and silicified mafic schist. The gradient resistivity image revealed contact between rock formations. Real section IP shows coincident low chargeability – low resistivity anomalies close to the surface. Chargeability intensity increases with depth, suggesting incipient development of disseminated sulphide replacement zones. A strong correlation between ground magnetic inferred contacts and apparent resistivity-chargeability anomalies forms the basis for suggesting a new drill-hole targeting. They dictate both the depth and angle at which drilling should be carried out. These results should be applicable to any region where drill-hole targeting in gold exploration may be required.
{"title":"Resolving Optimum Magnetic Signatures for Drill-Hole Targeting in Gold Exploration – A Case Study for Mbudzane in Gwanda, Zimbabwe","authors":"D. J. Hlatywayo, E. Sakala","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.1/10.1.9.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.1/10.1.9.29","url":null,"abstract":"Optimum magnetic signatures for drill-hole targeting in gold exploration in Mbudzane were resolved from induced polarisation-resistivity and magnetic anomalies. Total magnetic field and a gold-in-soil map showed the area is magnetically quiet with high anomalous values along old gold workings. Induced polarisation was carried out along a grid for lines of 500m length, 50m separation and a baseline oriented at 330˚. The survey comprised a gradient array and three real sections. The magnetic survey was conducted over the same grid as the induced polarisation. Stations were set at 5m intervals for a line spacing of 50m. The results show intense anomalies that suggest different degrees of magnetic alteration and a set of conjugate lineaments and faults that possibly control the mineralisation in Mbudzane. The tilt derivative of the reduced-to-pole image resolves the separation between anomalies, giving information on the faulting. High chargeability is confined to the sheared and silicified mafic schist. The gradient resistivity image revealed contact between rock formations. Real section IP shows coincident low chargeability – low resistivity anomalies close to the surface. Chargeability intensity increases with depth, suggesting incipient development of disseminated sulphide replacement zones. A strong correlation between ground magnetic inferred contacts and apparent resistivity-chargeability anomalies forms the basis for suggesting a new drill-hole targeting. They dictate both the depth and angle at which drilling should be carried out. These results should be applicable to any region where drill-hole targeting in gold exploration may be required.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128597406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-07DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.1/10.1.1.8
S. Reza, Teymoorian Asghar
In this paper we describe a comparison between the methods of Variogram and Nettelton to establish the density of the Bouguer plane. The Nettelton’s method is a common method for determining the density along a profile which is based on the least chosen profile’s topographic resemblance with the chosen density of related to that profile of the region. The variogram method based on fractal geometry. This method is based on minimizing surface roughness of bouguer anomaly. The fractal dimension of surface has been used as surface roughness of bouguer anomaly. Using this method, the optimal density of Charak area in south of Hormozgan province can be determined which is 2/7 g/cm3forthe under-research area. The density of the Bouguer plane in the region by the Nettelton’s method has been calculated 2/3g/cm3. This determined optimal density has been used in correcting and reviewing its result in the case of Isostazy state and some very good results have been achieved which has an amazing coincidence with the regional geology and the drilled exploration wells in the area.
{"title":"Comparison and Review of the Advantages of the Fractal Method (Variogram) With Respect to the Nettelton in Determining the Density of the Bouguer Plane in the Southern Hormozgan: Iran","authors":"S. Reza, Teymoorian Asghar","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.1/10.1.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.1/10.1.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe a comparison between the methods of Variogram and Nettelton to establish the density of the Bouguer plane. The Nettelton’s method is a common method for determining the density along a profile which is based on the least chosen profile’s topographic resemblance with the chosen density of related to that profile of the region. The variogram method based on fractal geometry. This method is based on minimizing surface roughness of bouguer anomaly. The fractal dimension of surface has been used as surface roughness of bouguer anomaly. Using this method, the optimal density of Charak area in south of Hormozgan province can be determined which is 2/7 g/cm3forthe under-research area. The density of the Bouguer plane in the region by the Nettelton’s method has been calculated 2/3g/cm3. This determined optimal density has been used in correcting and reviewing its result in the case of Isostazy state and some very good results have been achieved which has an amazing coincidence with the regional geology and the drilled exploration wells in the area.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125537965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-22DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.12/10.12.144.158
Rejoice Paul Mbaya
Several studies have been carried out on the effects of mining on the environment, these have been characterized by landscape devastation, deforestation, it has also exposed the land to both wind and water erosion, water pollution and other environmental hazards which poses threat to humans in diverse ways. The study is set out to examine land degradation due to mining in Gunda area of Biu plateau with emphasis on the landscape. Both primary and secondary data were used. The nature of the environment such as destruction to the landscape, lost in vegetation cover, scattered open pits, alteration of water courses etc were all considered. One of the findings revealed that mining has led to the discovery of diatomite in the pits along stream channels which they use locally for painting purposes in building. The findings further revealed that reclamation work may not likely take place soon, because there are no economic returns from it. The study therefore, recommended among others, that reclamation be encouraged by using some of the pits for wastes disposal with farm and household residues so as to refill it especially those on farmlands, also measures should be taken by the inhabitants in restoring back the altered stream channels to their former glory by filling the cuts.
{"title":"Land Degradation Due To Mining: The Gunda Scenario","authors":"Rejoice Paul Mbaya","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.12/10.12.144.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.12/10.12.144.158","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have been carried out on the effects of mining on the environment, these have been characterized by landscape devastation, deforestation, it has also exposed the land to both wind and water erosion, water pollution and other environmental hazards which poses threat to humans in diverse ways. The study is set out to examine land degradation due to mining in Gunda area of Biu plateau with emphasis on the landscape. Both primary and secondary data were used. The nature of the environment such as destruction to the landscape, lost in vegetation cover, scattered open pits, alteration of water courses etc were all considered. One of the findings revealed that mining has led to the discovery of diatomite in the pits along stream channels which they use locally for painting purposes in building. The findings further revealed that reclamation work may not likely take place soon, because there are no economic returns from it. The study therefore, recommended among others, that reclamation be encouraged by using some of the pits for wastes disposal with farm and household residues so as to refill it especially those on farmlands, also measures should be taken by the inhabitants in restoring back the altered stream channels to their former glory by filling the cuts.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132560449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-20DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.11/10.11.134.143
H. Samadi
Ramsar area is located across and between Alborze Mountain and Caspine Sea in North of Iran. About 30 spas are located south of the Ramsar and Sadatshar town. They are almost in between 20 to 70 m elevation. Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks and alluvial deposit are exposed around the Ramsar area. In tertiary, acidic Plutonism was active and intrusion into the Paleozoic and Cenozoic formations. Quaternary and Alluvium deposits are exposed and extending on the Jurassic formations in Ramsar plain and have thickness lower than 10 m in show springs. The annual precipitation in the Ramsar region is 976 mm. There has not any proper Thermal spring management in Ramsar area yet. This could post some serious problem on improper management of Thermal spring sites, where its environment has been put into jeopardy. This study aims to provide a way to classify the Thermal springs in Ramsar area. The result of this study help in the classification of Thermal spring sites for official planning improvement of administration and sustainable development of natural resources of the area. The study makes use of the Department of Applied Geosciences in Islamic Azad University. GIS data of a total of 9 Thermal springs in the attempt to set up a classification system of Thermal springs in Ramsar area. These data include surface temperature, conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, TDS, pH values, H2S, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, SiO2, SO4 contents, their locations, usages and other relevant information. The surface temperature of Thermal springs are between 19oC – 65oC and Na-K-Cageothermometer shows estimated reservoir temperature range from 25 o C – 195 o C. Most of the water from these Thermal springs is relatively turbidness and their composition is sodium choloride. The Thermal springs in this area generally exhibit high SiO2 and Na content; strong smell of sulfur. In addition, there are 9 Thermal springs that show high concentration of Cl, Ca, Na, K and Mg. There are three major criteria used in the classification system in this study, temperature, pH and their usage. On the basis of temperature, there are three classes of Thermal springs in Ramsar area: hyper thermal spring (10 %, 50-99o C); thermal spring (80%, 30-50o C). There is one class achieved on the basis of pH values: all of Thermal springs exhibit weak acids. There are 4 types of usage classification: swimming pools, Tourism, space heating and drying of organic materials.
拉姆萨尔地区位于伊朗北部的阿尔伯兹山和卡斯宾海之间。拉姆萨尔和Sadatshar镇以南约有30个水疗中心。它们几乎在海拔20到70米之间。拉姆萨尔地区周围发育古生代、中生代和第三纪岩石和冲积矿床。第三纪，酸性成矿活动活跃，侵入古生代和新生代地层。拉姆萨尔平原的第四纪和冲积层在侏罗系地层上露出延伸，显示泉水厚度小于10 m。拉姆萨尔地区年降水量为976 mm。拉姆萨尔地区还没有适当的温泉管理。这可能会对温泉场地的管理不当造成严重问题，使其环境受到危害。本研究旨在为拉姆萨尔地区温泉的分类提供一种方法。研究结果有助于温泉遗址的分类，为官方规划、管理改进和自然资源的可持续发展提供依据。该研究利用了伊斯兰阿扎德大学应用地球科学系。利用9个温泉的GIS数据，试图建立拉姆萨尔地区温泉的分类体系。这些数据包括表面温度、电导率、碱度、酸度、TDS、pH值、H2S、Ca、Cl、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、SiO2、SO4含量及其位置、用途等相关信息。温泉表面温度在19℃~ 65℃之间，na - k - cageometer显示水库温度在25℃~ 195℃之间，大部分温泉的水相对浑浊，其成分为氯化钠。该区温泉普遍具有较高的SiO2和Na含量;强烈的硫磺味。此外，有9个温泉的Cl、Ca、Na、K和Mg浓度较高。在本研究的分类系统中有三个主要的标准，温度，pH值及其使用。根据温度，拉姆萨尔地区的温泉有三类:超温泉(10%，50-99℃);温泉(80%，30-50℃)。根据pH值有一个等级:所有的温泉都表现为弱酸。有4种用途分类:游泳池，旅游，空间加热和干燥有机材料。
{"title":"Retracted: Study Hydrogeochemistry Exploration of Thermal Spring in Ramsar Area, (North of Iran)","authors":"H. Samadi","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.11/10.11.134.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.11/10.11.134.143","url":null,"abstract":"Ramsar area is located across and between Alborze Mountain and Caspine Sea in North of Iran. About 30 spas are located south of the Ramsar and Sadatshar town. They are almost in between 20 to 70 m elevation. Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks and alluvial deposit are exposed around the Ramsar area. In tertiary, acidic Plutonism was active and intrusion into the Paleozoic and Cenozoic formations. Quaternary and Alluvium deposits are exposed and extending on the Jurassic formations in Ramsar plain and have thickness lower than 10 m in show springs. The annual precipitation in the Ramsar region is 976 mm. There has not any proper Thermal spring management in Ramsar area yet. This could post some serious problem on improper management of Thermal spring sites, where its environment has been put into jeopardy. This study aims to provide a way to classify the Thermal springs in Ramsar area. The result of this study help in the classification of Thermal spring sites for official planning improvement of administration and sustainable development of natural resources of the area. The study makes use of the Department of Applied Geosciences in Islamic Azad University. GIS data of a total of 9 Thermal springs in the attempt to set up a classification system of Thermal springs in Ramsar area. These data include surface temperature, conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, TDS, pH values, H2S, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, SiO2, SO4 contents, their locations, usages and other relevant information. The surface temperature of Thermal springs are between 19oC – 65oC and Na-K-Cageothermometer shows estimated reservoir temperature range from 25 o C – 195 o C. Most of the water from these Thermal springs is relatively turbidness and their composition is sodium choloride. The Thermal springs in this area generally exhibit high SiO2 and Na content; strong smell of sulfur. In addition, there are 9 Thermal springs that show high concentration of Cl, Ca, Na, K and Mg. There are three major criteria used in the classification system in this study, temperature, pH and their usage. On the basis of temperature, there are three classes of Thermal springs in Ramsar area: hyper thermal spring (10 %, 50-99o C); thermal spring (80%, 30-50o C). There is one class achieved on the basis of pH values: all of Thermal springs exhibit weak acids. There are 4 types of usage classification: swimming pools, Tourism, space heating and drying of organic materials.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133988422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-18DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.10/10.10.116.133
H. Samadi
The most enigmatic problems with the nearly 200 salt domes pierced in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges (ZMR) in southern Iran, a unique morphology in the world, have been the matter of this study, which is based on a combination of field work, enhancement of satellite and aerial photographs etc. In the ZMR, structural anomalies are frequently associated with similar facies distribution patterns. In the eastern portion of the region, emergent salt plugs of Infra-Cambrian age exhibit the same alignment patterns. Such trends bear no apparent genetic relationship to the Tertiary folding responsible for the present Zagros fold belt, but rather indicate their affinity with linear basement features which are readily observable on Land sat imagery and aerial photographs. Bending of anticlines in the competent cover rock, combined with minor strike-slip faults and horizontal displacements of parts of folded structures, strongly point to the presence of these basement faults. The salt plugs, which have pierced cover rocks of up to 10000 m thick, are distributed on the Arabian Platform along regional basement faults. The area of diapir outcrops is bounded by the Oman Line to the east and by the Kazerun fault to the west. Pieces of the basement have been brought up to the surface on some of the salt domes. The fragments were transported by rotational ascent of the Hormuz Salt Formation to the present and former land surfaces. The recognition of features related to basement tectonics and realization of their implication in the control and modification of geological processes are important adjuncts to the search for hydrocarbon accumulations in this region. To our best knowledge, data of basement faults in the study area are scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine basement faults and their relation to salt dome distribution. Considering the fold axes bending, the trend of the salt plugs and also the distribution of epicenters of the last century, n umerous new basement faults are introduced in this paper.
{"title":"Retracted: Pierced Salt Domes in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges in Southern Iran and their Relationship to Hydrocarbon and Basement Tectonics","authors":"H. Samadi","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.10/10.10.116.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.10/10.10.116.133","url":null,"abstract":"The most enigmatic problems with the nearly 200 salt domes pierced in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges (ZMR) in southern Iran, a unique morphology in the world, have been the matter of this study, which is based on a combination of field work, enhancement of satellite and aerial photographs etc. In the ZMR, structural anomalies are frequently associated with similar facies distribution patterns. In the eastern portion of the region, emergent salt plugs of Infra-Cambrian age exhibit the same alignment patterns. Such trends bear no apparent genetic relationship to the Tertiary folding responsible for the present Zagros fold belt, but rather indicate their affinity with linear basement features which are readily observable on Land sat imagery and aerial photographs. Bending of anticlines in the competent cover rock, combined with minor strike-slip faults and horizontal displacements of parts of folded structures, strongly point to the presence of these basement faults. The salt plugs, which have pierced cover rocks of up to 10000 m thick, are distributed on the Arabian Platform along regional basement faults. The area of diapir outcrops is bounded by the Oman Line to the east and by the Kazerun fault to the west. Pieces of the basement have been brought up to the surface on some of the salt domes. The fragments were transported by rotational ascent of the Hormuz Salt Formation to the present and former land surfaces. The recognition of features related to basement tectonics and realization of their implication in the control and modification of geological processes are important adjuncts to the search for hydrocarbon accumulations in this region. To our best knowledge, data of basement faults in the study area are scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine basement faults and their relation to salt dome distribution. Considering the fold axes bending, the trend of the salt plugs and also the distribution of epicenters of the last century, n umerous new basement faults are introduced in this paper.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132961225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-02DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.9/10.9.102.115
Y. Mohammad, Nabaz R. H. Aziz
The Pauza ultramafic body is part of Upper Cretaceous Ophiolitic massifs of the Zagros Suture Zone, NE Iraq. The present study reveals evidence of Ultra-high pressure (UHP), and deep mantle signature of these peridotites in the Zagros Suture Zone throughout the observation of backscattered images and micro analyses which have been performed on orthopyroxen crystals in lherzolite of Pauza ultramafic rocks.Theorthopyroxen shows abundant exsolution lamellae of coarse unevenly distributed clinopyroxene coupled with the submicron uniformly distributed needles of Cr-spinel. The observed clusters of Opx–Cpx–Spl represent the decompression products of pyrope-rich garnet produced as a result of the transition from ultra-high pressure garnet peridotite to low-pressure spinel peridotite (LP). Neoblastic olivine (Fo92 – 93) with abundant multi-form Cr- spinel inclusions occurs as a fine-grained aggregate around orthopyroxene, whereas coarse olivine (Fo90-91) free from chromian-spinel is found in matrix. The similarity of the Cr-spinel lamellae orientations in both olivine and orthopyroxene, moreover, the enrichments of both Cr and Fe3+ in the Cr-spinel inclusions in neoblastic olivine relative to Cr-spinel lamellae in orthopyroxene, suggest that spinel inclusions in olivine have been derived from former Cr-spinel lamellae in orthopyroxene. Neoblastic olivine is formed by reaction of silica-poor ascending melt and orthopyroxene. It is inferred that the olivines with multi-form spinel inclusions has been formed by incongruent melting of pre-existing spinel lamellae-rich orthopyroxene.
{"title":"Exsolution Lamellae in Orthopyroxene of Lherzolite from the Pauza Ultramafic Rocks, Ne Iraq: Evidence of Deep Mantle Signature in the Zagros Suture Zone","authors":"Y. Mohammad, Nabaz R. H. Aziz","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.9/10.9.102.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.9/10.9.102.115","url":null,"abstract":"The Pauza ultramafic body is part of Upper Cretaceous Ophiolitic massifs of the Zagros Suture Zone, NE Iraq. The present study reveals evidence of Ultra-high pressure (UHP), and deep mantle signature of these peridotites in the Zagros Suture Zone throughout the observation of backscattered images and micro analyses which have been performed on orthopyroxen crystals in lherzolite of Pauza ultramafic rocks.Theorthopyroxen shows abundant exsolution lamellae of coarse unevenly distributed clinopyroxene coupled with the submicron uniformly distributed needles of Cr-spinel. The observed clusters of Opx–Cpx–Spl represent the decompression products of pyrope-rich garnet produced as a result of the transition from ultra-high pressure garnet peridotite to low-pressure spinel peridotite (LP). Neoblastic olivine (Fo92 – 93) with abundant multi-form Cr- spinel inclusions occurs as a fine-grained aggregate around orthopyroxene, whereas coarse olivine (Fo90-91) free from chromian-spinel is found in matrix. The similarity of the Cr-spinel lamellae orientations in both olivine and orthopyroxene, moreover, the enrichments of both Cr and Fe3+ in the Cr-spinel inclusions in neoblastic olivine relative to Cr-spinel lamellae in orthopyroxene, suggest that spinel inclusions in olivine have been derived from former Cr-spinel lamellae in orthopyroxene. Neoblastic olivine is formed by reaction of silica-poor ascending melt and orthopyroxene. It is inferred that the olivines with multi-form spinel inclusions has been formed by incongruent melting of pre-existing spinel lamellae-rich orthopyroxene.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125437603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-12DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.8/10.8.86.101
Mohammad Reza Aminizadeh Bazanjani, G. Lashkaripour, M. Ghafoori, N. Moghadas
In this research, the microscopic structure and mineralogical changes of the soils within Kerman city have been studied. To assess compactness, consolidation and structural characteristics of sedimentary deposits, the authors used the comparing results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images in natural and reconstituted soils of Kerman city arena. To study the microstructure of Kerman soils, about 15 soil samples from different depths and locations were prepared and sent to the central electron microscopic laboratory in Ferdowsi University of Mashad. Selected areas were planned in such a way that they have good distribution in Kerman city confine. To understand soil structure some of the samples were reconstituted with moisture content higher than liquid limit as a result of which the post sedimentation structure was demolished. Then images of natural and reconstituted samples were compared with each other. The required tests were performed on samples in Central laboratory of Mashhad University, Iran. Using the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy technique (EDX or EDS) chemical composition of the samples was determined to form of point. Having identified the chemical composition of minerals and compared them with typical samples, the name of soil minerals in Kerman soils was determined.
{"title":"An Investigation of Mineralogy and Microscopic Structure in Kerman City Sediments","authors":"Mohammad Reza Aminizadeh Bazanjani, G. Lashkaripour, M. Ghafoori, N. Moghadas","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.8/10.8.86.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2013.2.8/10.8.86.101","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the microscopic structure and mineralogical changes of the soils within Kerman city have been studied. To assess compactness, consolidation and structural characteristics of sedimentary deposits, the authors used the comparing results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images in natural and reconstituted soils of Kerman city arena. To study the microstructure of Kerman soils, about 15 soil samples from different depths and locations were prepared and sent to the central electron microscopic laboratory in Ferdowsi University of Mashad. Selected areas were planned in such a way that they have good distribution in Kerman city confine. To understand soil structure some of the samples were reconstituted with moisture content higher than liquid limit as a result of which the post sedimentation structure was demolished. Then images of natural and reconstituted samples were compared with each other. The required tests were performed on samples in Central laboratory of Mashhad University, Iran. Using the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy technique (EDX or EDS) chemical composition of the samples was determined to form of point. Having identified the chemical composition of minerals and compared them with typical samples, the name of soil minerals in Kerman soils was determined.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124334564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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