Pub Date : 2019-06-04DOI: 10.18488/journal.10.2019.82.44.57
C. Wizor, H. Nwankwoala
This research provides a spatial analytical framework for sustainable urban environmental management. It examines the effects of abattoir wastes on water quality of the Woji River in the Trans-Amadi industrial area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The research was premised on the fact that untreated wastes from the Trans-Amadi abattoir are discharged directly into open drainage which flows into the river. Water samples were collected from nine points along the stream (upstream; 3 samples, downstream; 3 samples, fallout; 3 samples) and subjected to physico-chemical laboratory analysis for total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, iron content, nitrate, sulphate, magnesium, nickel, copper as well as some biological parameters. The results obtained from these parameters were at variance with the allowable limits of WHO standards for human use and aquatic life. The result further showed that the abattoir effluent has lowered the quality of the receiving Woji River particularly at fallout point and downstream. There is, therefore, need to stop the discharge of effluents into the receiving Woji River by upgrading the wastewater and urban waste management techniques of the abattoir to international standard.
{"title":"Effects of Municipal Abattoir Waste on Water Quality of Woji River in Trans-Amadi Industrial Area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Implication for Sustainable Urban Environmental Management","authors":"C. Wizor, H. Nwankwoala","doi":"10.18488/journal.10.2019.82.44.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10.2019.82.44.57","url":null,"abstract":"This research provides a spatial analytical framework for sustainable urban environmental management. It examines the effects of abattoir wastes on water quality of the Woji River in the Trans-Amadi industrial area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The research was premised on the fact that untreated wastes from the Trans-Amadi abattoir are discharged directly into open drainage which flows into the river. Water samples were collected from nine points along the stream (upstream; 3 samples, downstream; 3 samples, fallout; 3 samples) and subjected to physico-chemical laboratory analysis for total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, iron content, nitrate, sulphate, magnesium, nickel, copper as well as some biological parameters. The results obtained from these parameters were at variance with the allowable limits of WHO standards for human use and aquatic life. The result further showed that the abattoir effluent has lowered the quality of the receiving Woji River particularly at fallout point and downstream. There is, therefore, need to stop the discharge of effluents into the receiving Woji River by upgrading the wastewater and urban waste management techniques of the abattoir to international standard.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121165684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-20DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.10.2019.82.34.43
A. W. Purwantiasning, K. Kurniawan, Pudentia Maria Purenti Sri Suniarti
This paper aims to identify the activities of a local organization known as Barisan Bambu Runcing as a part of the undertakings of Indonesian warriors in the colonial era, particularly in Kauman, Parakan, Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. The role of Indonesian warriors was very particular, as it involved their preparation to fight the Dutch and the Japanese. By identifying such activities in the colonial era, future generations will understand historical events, so they will appreciate history. We have chosen a heritage city in Indonesia as a case study to achieve the research objectives, one known as a city of Bambu Runcing (sharpened bamboo for a traditional weapon), namely Parakan, which is located in Central Java, Indonesia. Parakan, which has been designated as a heritage city since 2015, has a unique character. Its historical area is separated into two sectors: Kauman Area and Pecinan Area. This research employed Kauman Area for the case study because it has a long significant history as the place where Bambu Runcing was established. A qualitative method was used, specifically a historical method through the oral tradition approach, in order to reveal the activities of a moslem Indonesian warriors organization which known as Barisan Bambu Runcing in the colonial era, particularly in Kauman Area.
{"title":"Reading Activities in Kauman Area, Parakan, Indonesia, During the Colonial Era Using Mapping Analysis","authors":"A. W. Purwantiasning, K. Kurniawan, Pudentia Maria Purenti Sri Suniarti","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.10.2019.82.34.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.10.2019.82.34.43","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to identify the activities of a local organization known as Barisan Bambu Runcing as a part of the undertakings of Indonesian warriors in the colonial era, particularly in Kauman, Parakan, Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. The role of Indonesian warriors was very particular, as it involved their preparation to fight the Dutch and the Japanese. By identifying such activities in the colonial era, future generations will understand historical events, so they will appreciate history. We have chosen a heritage city in Indonesia as a case study to achieve the research objectives, one known as a city of Bambu Runcing (sharpened bamboo for a traditional weapon), namely Parakan, which is located in Central Java, Indonesia. Parakan, which has been designated as a heritage city since 2015, has a unique character. Its historical area is separated into two sectors: Kauman Area and Pecinan Area. This research employed Kauman Area for the case study because it has a long significant history as the place where Bambu Runcing was established. A qualitative method was used, specifically a historical method through the oral tradition approach, in order to reveal the activities of a moslem Indonesian warriors organization which known as Barisan Bambu Runcing in the colonial era, particularly in Kauman Area.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127897237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-10DOI: 10.18488/JOURNAL.10.2019.81.10.20
G. Berenice, Sampedro-Rosas María Laura, Castillo-Elias Benjamin, Sonder Kai, Gervacio-Jimenez Herlinda, Bedolla-Solano Ramon
Globally conservation of biodiversity and restoration of endangered species (specially the mangroves) has received much critical attention in sustainability studies of regional and tropical ecosystems. Sustainability succeeds when the economy of the region is improved without loss to biological diversity. This work presents a proposal to initiate a Community Management Plan for the sustainability of the Mangrove Ecosystem of Nuxco Lagoon, Guerrero, located in a rural community in the South of Mexico. The objective was to create a proposal with the community called El Veinte, in order to conserve and avail of the environmental services that this ecosystem offers. The project was organized in three phases: Institutional Presentation through a preparatory workshop, Problem Identification, Action Plan. The data included opinions of key informants of the community sampled from municipal public services, staff of schools and individuals involved in key economic activities in the locality. Three topics were determined within the Community Management Plan: Investigation, Education and Preservation and short, medium and long term objectives were assigned to each topic. Through a consensus, the inhabitants of the rural community “El Veinte” identified three priority projects in order to improve the quality of life of the population with an approach of sustainability.
{"title":"Community Management Plan for Sustainability of Mangrove Ecosystem in Nuxco Lagoon, Guerrero, Mexico","authors":"G. Berenice, Sampedro-Rosas María Laura, Castillo-Elias Benjamin, Sonder Kai, Gervacio-Jimenez Herlinda, Bedolla-Solano Ramon","doi":"10.18488/JOURNAL.10.2019.81.10.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/JOURNAL.10.2019.81.10.20","url":null,"abstract":"Globally conservation of biodiversity and restoration of endangered species (specially the mangroves) has received much critical attention in sustainability studies of regional and tropical ecosystems. Sustainability succeeds when the economy of the region is improved without loss to biological diversity. This work presents a proposal to initiate a Community Management Plan for the sustainability of the Mangrove Ecosystem of Nuxco Lagoon, Guerrero, located in a rural community in the South of Mexico. The objective was to create a proposal with the community called El Veinte, in order to conserve and avail of the environmental services that this ecosystem offers. The project was organized in three phases: Institutional Presentation through a preparatory workshop, Problem Identification, Action Plan. The data included opinions of key informants of the community sampled from municipal public services, staff of schools and individuals involved in key economic activities in the locality. Three topics were determined within the Community Management Plan: Investigation, Education and Preservation and short, medium and long term objectives were assigned to each topic. Through a consensus, the inhabitants of the rural community “El Veinte” identified three priority projects in order to improve the quality of life of the population with an approach of sustainability.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129006212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-18DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.12/10.12.145.158
A. Jibrin, S. M. Zubairu, A. Abdulkadir, Sakoma J. Kaura, Amos Bitrus Baminda
This study provides a preliminary assessment of the biophysical potential for carbon sequestration. Quantification of carbon stock and estimation of carbon sequestration potential was carried out in the Kpashimi Forest Reserve, Niger state, Nigeria. Carbon stock was measured in the six vegetation communities existing in the study area. Forty-eight randomly selected 20 x 20 metre quadrats were established wherein data was collected from the main forest carbon pools; including above ground tree, below ground root, undergrowth (shrub grasses), dead wood, litter and soil organic carbon. Biomass of the respective pools was quantified by destructive sampling and use of allometric equations. Thereafter, biomass values were converted to carbon stock equivalent. Four satellite imageries TM, SPOT, ETM+, and NIGERIASAT-1 of 1987, 1994, 2001 and 2007 respectively were used to estimate vegetation cover and carbon stock change over 20 years. The results showed that average carbon stock density (Mg C/ha) of the vegetation communities was in the decreasing order; Riparian forest (123.58 ± 9.1), Savanna woodland (97.71 ± 8.2), Degraded forest (62.92 ± 6.1), Scrubland (36.28 ± 4.1), Grassland (18.22 ± 5.1), and bare surface (9.31 ± 3.1). Deforestation and forest degradation between 1987 and 2007 have resulted in emission of 240.2 Mg (ton) C ha-1 at an annual rate of 12.01 Mg C ha-1. This suggests that the study site has carbon sequestration potential of 240.2 Mg C ha-1 based on its capacity to increase carbon stock through restoration; back to speculated 1987 levels and even higher. Thus, the study recommends the need to analyse carbon offset project feasibility in the study area.
本研究提供了碳固存的生物物理潜力的初步评估。在尼日利亚尼日尔州的kashimi森林保护区进行了碳储量量化和固碳潜力估算。测定了研究区6个植被群落的碳储量。建立了48个随机选择的20 × 20米样方，其中数据收集自主要森林碳库;包括地上树木、地下树根、灌木(灌木禾草)、枯木、凋落物和土壤有机碳。通过破坏性取样和异速生长方程对各池生物量进行了量化。此后，生物质价值被转换为碳储量当量。利用1987年、1994年、2001年和2007年的TM、SPOT、ETM+和NIGERIASAT-1卫星影像估算了20 a来植被覆盖和碳储量变化。结果表明:各植被群落的平均碳储量(Mg C/ha)呈递减趋势;河岸林(123.58±9.1)、稀树草原林地(97.71±8.2)、退化林(62.92±6.1)、灌丛(36.28±4.1)、草地(18.22±5.1)、裸地(9.31±3.1)。1987年至2007年期间，森林砍伐和森林退化导致240.2毫克(吨)碳公顷-1的排放，年排放量为12.01毫克碳公顷-1。基于恢复增加碳储量的能力，研究区具有240.2 Mg C ha-1的固碳潜力;回到1987年的推测水平，甚至更高。因此，本研究建议有必要分析研究地区碳抵消项目的可行性。
{"title":"Carbon Sequestration Potential of Kpashimi Forest Reserve, Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Jibrin, S. M. Zubairu, A. Abdulkadir, Sakoma J. Kaura, Amos Bitrus Baminda","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.12/10.12.145.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.12/10.12.145.158","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides a preliminary assessment of the biophysical potential for carbon sequestration. Quantification of carbon stock and estimation of carbon sequestration potential was carried out in the Kpashimi Forest Reserve, Niger state, Nigeria. Carbon stock was measured in the six vegetation communities existing in the study area. Forty-eight randomly selected 20 x 20 metre quadrats were established wherein data was collected from the main forest carbon pools; including above ground tree, below ground root, undergrowth (shrub grasses), dead wood, litter and soil organic carbon. Biomass of the respective pools was quantified by destructive sampling and use of allometric equations. Thereafter, biomass values were converted to carbon stock equivalent. Four satellite imageries TM, SPOT, ETM+, and NIGERIASAT-1 of 1987, 1994, 2001 and 2007 respectively were used to estimate vegetation cover and carbon stock change over 20 years. The results showed that average carbon stock density (Mg C/ha) of the vegetation communities was in the decreasing order; Riparian forest (123.58 ± 9.1), Savanna woodland (97.71 ± 8.2), Degraded forest (62.92 ± 6.1), Scrubland (36.28 ± 4.1), Grassland (18.22 ± 5.1), and bare surface (9.31 ± 3.1). Deforestation and forest degradation between 1987 and 2007 have resulted in emission of 240.2 Mg (ton) C ha-1 at an annual rate of 12.01 Mg C ha-1. This suggests that the study site has carbon sequestration potential of 240.2 Mg C ha-1 based on its capacity to increase carbon stock through restoration; back to speculated 1987 levels and even higher. Thus, the study recommends the need to analyse carbon offset project feasibility in the study area.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126564681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-29DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.11/10.11.135.144
Khadijeh Faridi Nia, A. Teymoorian, M. Babaei
One of the most important steps to obtain the specified density Bouguer anomaly corrections for the topography of the page Bouguer is the most commonly used way in which the relationship between topography and Bouguer anomaly in the method assumes that topography of the rigid shell instead Isoztasi balance is maintained. The method to determine the density of Bouguer provided by fractal analyze these are the lowest density dependence the topography of the area is considered as the optimal density and the fractal relationship to the topography of the fractal dimension using the Bouguer anomaly.
{"title":"Application of Fractal Geometry to Study the Geological Structure of the Zarin Plain (Plain Razak)","authors":"Khadijeh Faridi Nia, A. Teymoorian, M. Babaei","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.11/10.11.135.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.11/10.11.135.144","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important steps to obtain the specified density Bouguer anomaly corrections for the topography of the page Bouguer is the most commonly used way in which the relationship between topography and Bouguer anomaly in the method assumes that topography of the rigid shell instead Isoztasi balance is maintained. The method to determine the density of Bouguer provided by fractal analyze these are the lowest density dependence the topography of the area is considered as the optimal density and the fractal relationship to the topography of the fractal dimension using the Bouguer anomaly.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132478933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.10/10.10.124.134
Hassan Salehi, M. Farahbakhsh
The definition of tourism “is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national travel, but may also refer to travel to another location within the same country”. Tourism as an industry, in today’s modern language is a means of global communication between nations and travelers of all countries, introducing them to the various cultures and societies abroad, as well there history, ancient, historical sites, and languages. Hence, advertising overall has become a tool of necessity in this ever-growing global industry. Given that, tourism is a part of the infrastructure of any country’s economy the growth and development of tourism is of great importance. Advertising plays a vital and is a crucial tool in developing the countries tourism by attractively presenting the nations points-of-interests, historical and cultural. Advertising has a central role in expanding this industry, generating economic growth in this area, as well as creating direct and indirect employment, but most importantly a creative innovating competition in the national and international travel industry. Importantly, to achieve a successful tourist industry, the Travel Agencies and governmental offices of the Ministry’s of Tourism and Business must work hand-in-hand to attain these goals. This article shows the impact of the various media and advertising methods used in tourism, which assisted in identifying the correct tool for expanding the country’s industry of tourism. The results of this study illustrated that the appropriate tools for promotional strategies to attract domestic and foreign traveler’s, found to be the most effective were, handbook, internet advertising, TV, brochures, newspapers.
{"title":"Tourism Advertisement Management and Effective Tools in Tourism Industry","authors":"Hassan Salehi, M. Farahbakhsh","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.10/10.10.124.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.10/10.10.124.134","url":null,"abstract":"The definition of tourism “is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national travel, but may also refer to travel to another location within the same country”. Tourism as an industry, in today’s modern language is a means of global communication between nations and travelers of all countries, introducing them to the various cultures and societies abroad, as well there history, ancient, historical sites, and languages. Hence, advertising overall has become a tool of necessity in this ever-growing global industry. Given that, tourism is a part of the infrastructure of any country’s economy the growth and development of tourism is of great importance. Advertising plays a vital and is a crucial tool in developing the countries tourism by attractively presenting the nations points-of-interests, historical and cultural. Advertising has a central role in expanding this industry, generating economic growth in this area, as well as creating direct and indirect employment, but most importantly a creative innovating competition in the national and international travel industry. Importantly, to achieve a successful tourist industry, the Travel Agencies and governmental offices of the Ministry’s of Tourism and Business must work hand-in-hand to attain these goals. This article shows the impact of the various media and advertising methods used in tourism, which assisted in identifying the correct tool for expanding the country’s industry of tourism. The results of this study illustrated that the appropriate tools for promotional strategies to attract domestic and foreign traveler’s, found to be the most effective were, handbook, internet advertising, TV, brochures, newspapers.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121399715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-12DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.9/10.9.114.123
M. Shahbazi
Location is considered as an important element in studying tourism security. Therefore, mapping crime hotspots has recently been an interesting research topic in tourism development. In order to identify crime patterns and hotspots, it is essential to create a database containing the required spatial data. It should also be integrated with additional qualitative/quantitative attributes affecting criminal actions. Designing a geographic information system (GIS) can be considered as the most efficient way to deal with this problem considering the complex nature of tourism security. This paper presents the theoretical scheme of spatial data modeling with the purpose of indentifying potential crime zones within a developed park. From the spatial point of view, the factors and the constraints, which make a location vulnerable, are defined. The entities are identified by their attributes and characterized by their relationships. Finally, the conceptual and the logical models to create the crime suitability maps are generated. The models provided in this paper are designed in an explicit way; therefore, they can be easily modified or generalized for any specific case study. The presented data modeling procedure can be applied to generate essential databases for crime mapping via any GIS software.
{"title":"Identifying Potential Zones of Crime Commitment against Tourists in a Park: Conceptual and Logical Spatial Data Modeling","authors":"M. Shahbazi","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.9/10.9.114.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.9/10.9.114.123","url":null,"abstract":"Location is considered as an important element in studying tourism security. Therefore, mapping crime hotspots has recently been an interesting research topic in tourism development. In order to identify crime patterns and hotspots, it is essential to create a database containing the required spatial data. It should also be integrated with additional qualitative/quantitative attributes affecting criminal actions. Designing a geographic information system (GIS) can be considered as the most efficient way to deal with this problem considering the complex nature of tourism security. This paper presents the theoretical scheme of spatial data modeling with the purpose of indentifying potential crime zones within a developed park. From the spatial point of view, the factors and the constraints, which make a location vulnerable, are defined. The entities are identified by their attributes and characterized by their relationships. Finally, the conceptual and the logical models to create the crime suitability maps are generated. The models provided in this paper are designed in an explicit way; therefore, they can be easily modified or generalized for any specific case study. The presented data modeling procedure can be applied to generate essential databases for crime mapping via any GIS software.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121958018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-19DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.8/10.8.101.113
N. Tali, G. Lashkaripour, M. Ghafoori, Naser Hafezimoghadas
Current advances in science, followed by development of excavation equipments technology resulted in growth of tunnelling projects for different purposes. In spite of conducting exploratory studies prior to these projects, in some cases due to of impassable paths, the studies are limited to certain areas. Hence, during geotechnical studies, it is possible that all problems facing tunnelling not be detected. Therefore, lack of awareness of these conditions can result in a lack of proper planning and consequently lead to problems during the projects. Due to the lack of knowledge and consequently not predicting and planning the projects, drilling of the second sector of Nousoud water transmission tunnel, -26 km long- has been faced with many problems including emission of hydrogen sulfide and methane gas and drainage of high volumes of water containing dissolved gas into the tunnel, which has led to the loss of life, loss of working efficiency, as well as increased project costs. In this study, problems occurred in this project, reasons behind them will be addressed; and the solutions to these problems will be mentioned. The results of the study have shown that oil-bearing formations of the region and the immigration of gases coming from these formations have let the gas entered into the tunnel. In addition, due to the high solubility of hydrogen sulfide and methane gas in water on one hand, and hydrated formations with high permeability on the other hand, caused the influx of large quantities of water and therefore the concentration of these gases in the tunnel.
{"title":"Problems of Mechanized Tunneling In Gassy Ground Conditions a Case Study: Nousoud Water Transmission Tunnel","authors":"N. Tali, G. Lashkaripour, M. Ghafoori, Naser Hafezimoghadas","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.8/10.8.101.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.8/10.8.101.113","url":null,"abstract":"Current advances in science, followed by development of excavation equipments technology resulted in growth of tunnelling projects for different purposes. In spite of conducting exploratory studies prior to these projects, in some cases due to of impassable paths, the studies are limited to certain areas. Hence, during geotechnical studies, it is possible that all problems facing tunnelling not be detected. Therefore, lack of awareness of these conditions can result in a lack of proper planning and consequently lead to problems during the projects. Due to the lack of knowledge and consequently not predicting and planning the projects, drilling of the second sector of Nousoud water transmission tunnel, -26 km long- has been faced with many problems including emission of hydrogen sulfide and methane gas and drainage of high volumes of water containing dissolved gas into the tunnel, which has led to the loss of life, loss of working efficiency, as well as increased project costs. In this study, problems occurred in this project, reasons behind them will be addressed; and the solutions to these problems will be mentioned. The results of the study have shown that oil-bearing formations of the region and the immigration of gases coming from these formations have let the gas entered into the tunnel. In addition, due to the high solubility of hydrogen sulfide and methane gas in water on one hand, and hydrated formations with high permeability on the other hand, caused the influx of large quantities of water and therefore the concentration of these gases in the tunnel.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117263579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-17DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.7/10.7.86.100
M. AliAkbari, Hamdollah Pishroo
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities and limitations sustainable rural development in the Kermanshah district, is. Kermanshah district is, the one of Kermanshah city in the Kermanshah Province, located in the West of Iran. Province with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, the seventeenth province of Iran, the extent of. Reviews features and capabilities of the rural Kermanshah district, in order to achieve sustainable development goals of the study is considered. To assess the capabilities and limitations of sustainable rural development, Kermanshah district, the Model " driving force ( pressure), - the status quo - Response " (PSR), with emphasis on economic factors, is employed. In order to sustain economic factors are the factors that leads to rural development in a period of sustained economic terms, and the amount of economic and social prosperity for farmers and villagers to create. In the model used, studied over 10 indicators, such as access to water resources, food security, adequate income and permanent farmer’s share of manufactured exports, etc. have been studied. To calculate the index, data from the Statistical Center of Iran and the Ministry of Agriculture has been used. The results of the model used, the indicators used, show that stability, rural development, agricultural activities down to reliance has been, and continues to the present situation cannot be sustainable development for rural areas surveyed have. One of the main reasons for this instability, the increasing cost of agricultural production, on the one hand, and the low prices of the other party, which has caused the value added of this sector was low and income from agricultural activities 30 percent of total rural income ), not sustainable rural development, to be held.
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Pub Date : 2014-06-13DOI: 10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.6/10.6.78.85
M. Akbari
Using satellite data and GIS, the location of various urban land uses, including new methods for locating is quick. This study, based on a method of analysis - descriptive, and benefit from the resources in this area to assess the effectiveness of GIS in urban planning and environment, is discussed, and attempted to make a clear point of view, this can provide. Our results indicate that, nowadays, several researchers, from capabilities of GIS are used for localization. Because GIS is able to analyze large amounts of data layers is. Use of GIS in urban planning, with the rapid expansion of cities and increased levels of SAM binding information that must be processed for urban management, is clear. Abnormal location for the development of suitable sites for the establishment of urban green spaces, places for waste disposal and land evaluation, and its features and many other environmental issues, it can be pointed out.
{"title":"Geographic Information System (GIS) and Its Application in Urban Planning and Environment","authors":"M. Akbari","doi":"10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.6/10.6.78.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2014.3.6/10.6.78.85","url":null,"abstract":"Using satellite data and GIS, the location of various urban land uses, including new methods for locating is quick. This study, based on a method of analysis - descriptive, and benefit from the resources in this area to assess the effectiveness of GIS in urban planning and environment, is discussed, and attempted to make a clear point of view, this can provide. Our results indicate that, nowadays, several researchers, from capabilities of GIS are used for localization. Because GIS is able to analyze large amounts of data layers is. Use of GIS in urban planning, with the rapid expansion of cities and increased levels of SAM binding information that must be processed for urban management, is clear. Abnormal location for the development of suitable sites for the establishment of urban green spaces, places for waste disposal and land evaluation, and its features and many other environmental issues, it can be pointed out.","PeriodicalId":281124,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geography and Geology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129131635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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