The present contribution aims to summarise current state of the research in regard to iron ore occurrences and its usage for iron production in the Podravina region. Special attention is given to mineralogical and geochemical analysis results of soils, different bog iron types and archaeological samples of bog iron ores (roasted and unroasted) and iron slags in the study area. Results on the incompatible elements geochemistry of three iron slag types is presented. An attempt at provenance studies is given between bog iron ores and roasted iron ores, as well as between ores and iron slags. Such detailed analysis allows further discussion on the issue of iron ore provenance in the region and opens the discussion regarding development of iron smelting recipes, crafting, and trade through the Podravina region.
{"title":"Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Selected Bog Iron Ores and Archaeological Samples of Roasted Iron Ores and Iron Slags Towards Their Provenance Studies in the Podravina Region","authors":"T. Brenko, S. Šoštarić, Stanko Ružičić","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.9","url":null,"abstract":"The present contribution aims to summarise current state of the research in regard to iron ore occurrences and its usage for iron production in the Podravina region. Special attention is given to mineralogical and geochemical analysis results of soils, different bog iron types and archaeological samples of bog iron ores (roasted and unroasted) and iron slags in the study area. Results on the incompatible elements geochemistry of three iron slag types is presented. An attempt at provenance studies is given between bog iron ores and roasted iron ores, as well as between ores and iron slags. Such detailed analysis allows further discussion on the issue of iron ore provenance in the region and opens the discussion regarding development of iron smelting recipes, crafting, and trade through the Podravina region.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122684748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.32028/9781803271026-12
Tena Karavidović
Systematic, well-designed experimental research and standardized documentation is a starting point for explaining the outcome of experiments and comparative analyses, whether within single experimental research or a wider frame of comparison with other research. This contribution presents a sequence of research procedures that served as a basis for the design and implementation of experiments related to bloomery iron production procedures. A proposal for the method of documentation is made with the aim of combining all general functional parameters relevant to the procedures of ore preparation and direct process of reduction in the reconstruction of a smelting furnace, based on personal experiences and the current state of experimental research related to iron production. The objective is to give a structured basic template of main parameters that should be recorded and reported when performing experiments related to the mentioned procedures. The hope is to bring forward a layout that should be upgraded and further developed based on specific research questions one could have.
{"title":"Methodological Framework for Experiments Related to Bloomery Iron Production Procedures: Ore Preparation and Smelting","authors":"Tena Karavidović","doi":"10.32028/9781803271026-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32028/9781803271026-12","url":null,"abstract":"Systematic, well-designed experimental research and standardized documentation is a starting point for explaining the outcome of experiments and comparative analyses, whether within single experimental research or a wider frame of comparison with other research. This contribution presents a sequence of research procedures that served as a basis for the design and implementation of experiments related to bloomery iron production procedures. A proposal for the method of documentation is made with the aim of combining all general functional parameters relevant to the procedures of ore preparation and direct process of reduction in the reconstruction of a smelting furnace, based on personal experiences and the current state of experimental research related to iron production. The objective is to give a structured basic template of main parameters that should be recorded and reported when performing experiments related to the mentioned procedures. The hope is to bring forward a layout that should be upgraded and further developed based on specific research questions one could have.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"145 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131457631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution discusses ways in which the Koprivnica Town Museum took part in the TransFER project, which had the task of communicating with the public and disseminating the gathered knowledge and skills to the wider audience. It will initially look at the beginning of the project and the circumstances surrounding it, the first attempts at experimental archaeology, the process of mastering the technological processes of smelting, and, finally, it will present the results through various communication tools. These tools basically included workshops and exhibitions in which numerous users of cultural and tourist facilities in Koprivnica and beyond were visually and interactively involved.
{"title":"Knowledge Gathering and Dissemination of the Smelting Process Experience to the Wider Community","authors":"Robert Čimin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.17","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution discusses ways in which the Koprivnica Town Museum took part in the TransFER project, which had the task of communicating with the public and disseminating the gathered knowledge and skills to the wider audience. It will initially look at the beginning of the project and the circumstances surrounding it, the first attempts at experimental archaeology, the process of mastering the technological processes of smelting, and, finally, it will present the results through various communication tools. These tools basically included workshops and exhibitions in which numerous users of cultural and tourist facilities in Koprivnica and beyond were visually and interactively involved.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132893223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Archaeological Remains of Settlement at Sites with Smelting Workshop Features in the Podravina Region (Croatian Drava River Basin)","authors":"T. S. Ivančan","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129594390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several sites containing relatively high quantities of waste products from the bloomery iron production collected during archaeological field surveys in the Podravina region as part of the TransFER project were subsequently investigated by magnetic prospecting and topsoil apparent magnetic susceptibility mapping. The magnetic method proved to be very effective in identifying various archaeological remains of iron production activity in situ due to the high magnetic susceptibility of materials present in iron production workshops, which was confirmed in relation to the results of archaeological excavations at Sušine near Virje as well as Velike Hlebine and Dedanovice near the Hlebine sites. Reasons for the higher magnetic susceptibility include, in addition to the strongly magnetic minerals in iron production waste, fragments of fired clay from furnace construction and features such as shallow pits with burnt bottoms, as well as any other materials that have been exposed to high temperatures (burnt house plaster, etc.). The sites with remains of bloomery iron production were therefore reliably identified on the basis of their magnetic properties and the results were evaluated in relation to the excavated features. This study has also demonstrated that the sites with iron production activity present can also be reliably identified on the basis of changes in the apparent magnetic susceptibility of the topsoil to a depth of only 5 cm, after partial destruction of the archaeological layers by deep ploughing. These anomalies generally have a wider spatial distribution than those detected by magnetometers, due to a wide dispersion of material by ploughing mechanisms. With the aim of identifying layers with major enrichments of bog iron ore, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were carried out at the site Novigrad Podravski–Milakov Berek, where pieces of bog iron ore appeared on the surface. Based on these results, we have not been able to reliably identify ore deposits, but it has been shown that it is possible to identify layers of relatively low resistivity on ERT profiles that have increased iron mineral content, as confirmed by X-ray analysis of core samples from shallow drillings at several other locations in the Podravina region.
{"title":"Results of Geophysical Investigations Related to the Excavated Remains of the Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Iron Production Sites in the Podravina Region, Croatia","authors":"B. Music, B. Horn","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.6","url":null,"abstract":"Several sites containing relatively high quantities of waste products from the bloomery iron production collected during archaeological field surveys in the Podravina region as part of the TransFER project were subsequently investigated by magnetic prospecting and topsoil apparent magnetic susceptibility mapping. The magnetic method proved to be very effective in identifying various archaeological remains of iron production activity in situ due to the high magnetic susceptibility of materials present in iron production workshops, which was confirmed in relation to the results of archaeological excavations at Sušine near Virje as well as Velike Hlebine and Dedanovice near the Hlebine sites. Reasons for the higher magnetic susceptibility include, in addition to the strongly magnetic minerals in iron production waste, fragments of fired clay from furnace construction and features such as shallow pits with burnt bottoms, as well as any other materials that have been exposed to high temperatures (burnt house plaster, etc.). The sites with remains of bloomery iron production were therefore reliably identified on the basis of their magnetic properties and the results were evaluated in relation to the excavated features. This study has also demonstrated that the sites with iron production activity present can also be reliably identified on the basis of changes in the apparent magnetic susceptibility of the topsoil to a depth of only 5 cm, after partial destruction of the archaeological layers by deep ploughing. These anomalies generally have a wider spatial distribution than those detected by magnetometers, due to a wide dispersion of material by ploughing mechanisms. With the aim of identifying layers with major enrichments of bog iron ore, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were carried out at the site Novigrad Podravski–Milakov Berek, where pieces of bog iron ore appeared on the surface. Based on these results, we have not been able to reliably identify ore deposits, but it has been shown that it is possible to identify layers of relatively low resistivity on ERT profiles that have increased iron mineral content, as confirmed by X-ray analysis of core samples from shallow drillings at several other locations in the Podravina region.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"214 3-4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116270641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Years of research in the region of Hrvatska Podravina, a lowland area of the lower Drava River basin, resulted in the discovery of more than 150 sites with traces of iron metallurgy visible on the surface. Systematic archaeological excavations on four sites have indicated that iron was being actively produced in this area using local resources during Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, from the 4th/5th century to the 8th/9th. Structures and formations interpreted through the archaeological record indicate that different activities or phases of the chain of operations were carried out within organized units, workshops for the production and/or processing of bloomery iron.
{"title":"Archaeological Record of Iron Metallurgy Along the Drava River","authors":"T. S. Ivančan, Tena Karavidović","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.7","url":null,"abstract":"Years of research in the region of Hrvatska Podravina, a lowland area of the lower Drava River basin, resulted in the discovery of more than 150 sites with traces of iron metallurgy visible on the surface. Systematic archaeological excavations on four sites have indicated that iron was being actively produced in this area using local resources during Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, from the 4th/5th century to the 8th/9th. Structures and formations interpreted through the archaeological record indicate that different activities or phases of the chain of operations were carried out within organized units, workshops for the production and/or processing of bloomery iron.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124995621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this chapter the results of AMS radiocarbon dating of 26 charcoal samples from four sites are discussed. The primary aim was to explore the scope of (dis)continuity of temporally and functionally interconnected types of sites (settlement and iron production workshop). A Bayesian model was created based on the acquired data from excavated sites with three sequences in the model determined. The results show great accordance with the archaeologically based data, with some exceptions that are most probably a result of modelling strategy used. Contemporaneity of all four sites is mostly attested with a possible and very short temporal hiatus around AD 600. Occupation of workshop and residential areas at that time or slightly after may have been linked to the globally attested environmental change during the Bond 1 event when dry and cool conditions prevailed and which could have had an impact on bog iron formation processes.
{"title":"Absolute Dating of the Virje and Hlebine Sites","authors":"Katarina Botić","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.8","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter the results of AMS radiocarbon dating of 26 charcoal samples from four sites are discussed. The primary aim was to explore the scope of (dis)continuity of temporally and functionally interconnected types of sites (settlement and iron production workshop). A Bayesian model was created based on the acquired data from excavated sites with three sequences in the model determined. The results show great accordance with the archaeologically based data, with some exceptions that are most probably a result of modelling strategy used. Contemporaneity of all four sites is mostly attested with a possible and very short temporal hiatus around AD 600. Occupation of workshop and residential areas at that time or slightly after may have been linked to the globally attested environmental change during the Bond 1 event when dry and cool conditions prevailed and which could have had an impact on bog iron formation processes.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133951091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first part of this chapter presents the results of field surveys conducted along the Drava River basin during the TransFER project, and the database of those archaeological sites with metallurgical activities created. The second part offers an analysis of the information collected – type and intensity of activities (smelting, smithing, etc.) throughout historical periods.
{"title":"Methodological Approach to Detecting Archaeological Sites with Metallurgical Activities on the Territory of the River Drava Basin and the Possibilities of Analysing the Collected Information","authors":"I. Valent, Tatjana Tkalčec, Siniša Krznar","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.5","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this chapter presents the results of field surveys conducted along the Drava River basin during the TransFER project, and the database of those archaeological sites with metallurgical activities created. The second part offers an analysis of the information collected – type and intensity of activities (smelting, smithing, etc.) throughout historical periods.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132243178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methodological Framework for Experiments Related to Bloomery Iron Production Procedures:","authors":"Tena Karavidović","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123010379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During years of archaeological research of mediaeval settlements and Late Antique and mediaeval smelting workshops in the area of Podravina, archaeobotanical samples were collected from the following sites: Hlebine – Dedanovice (H-Ded), Hlebine – Velike Hlebine (H-VH), Virje – Volarski breg (V-VB), and Virje – Sušine (V-Suš). They include fruits, seeds, and leaf imprints/remains. Despite the relatively large number of samples, only a small number of finds was found. It mostly consisted of non-carbonized plant remains from various species of weed and ruderal plants, that most likely represent recent contamination. Of the few carbonized finds, the most significant are the remains of cereals preserved in a rather poor condition: proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), spelt (Triticum spelta) and naked wheat (Triticum aestivum group), and fragmented and damaged remains of large-grain cereals (Cerealia). Due to the small number of archaeobotanical finds originating from the archaeological formations dated into the wide period from the Late Iron Age to the Early Modern Age, nothing can be said in more detail about the diet, agriculture, or other activities of the population of Virje and Hlebine during individual archaeological and historical periods. In general, it can be concluded, taking into account other sites from the area of Podravina (Torčec and Virovitica Kiškorija jug), that different types of cereals, such as wheat/spelt (Triticum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), formed the basis of the daily diet of the population of Podravina throughout various investigated periods, probably in combination with legumes, and that they were grown in the vicinity of the settlement. Finds of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) suggest that wine also had a significant place in the past of Podravina. At the position of Virje – Sušine, in Trench S-7, SU 314, a smelting furnace hearth wall fragment with a leaf imprint was found. The imprint most probably belongs to black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and dates from the period of Late Antiquity (late 4th/early 5th century). At the position of Hlebine – Velike Hlebine, in Trench S-2, SU 102, a partially fossilized leaf was found in the slag from the period of the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Since the sample was too small, it could not be identified with certainty.
{"title":"Plant Macro-Remains and Traces of Leaves from Virje and Hlebine","authors":"R. Šoštarić, Tihana Vilović","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk2k.13","url":null,"abstract":"During years of archaeological research of mediaeval settlements and Late Antique and mediaeval smelting workshops in the area of Podravina, archaeobotanical samples were collected from the following sites: Hlebine – Dedanovice (H-Ded), Hlebine – Velike Hlebine (H-VH), Virje – Volarski breg (V-VB), and Virje – Sušine (V-Suš). They include fruits, seeds, and leaf imprints/remains. Despite the relatively large number of samples, only a small number of finds was found. It mostly consisted of non-carbonized plant remains from various species of weed and ruderal plants, that most likely represent recent contamination. Of the few carbonized finds, the most significant are the remains of cereals preserved in a rather poor condition: proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), spelt (Triticum spelta) and naked wheat (Triticum aestivum group), and fragmented and damaged remains of large-grain cereals (Cerealia). Due to the small number of archaeobotanical finds originating from the archaeological formations dated into the wide period from the Late Iron Age to the Early Modern Age, nothing can be said in more detail about the diet, agriculture, or other activities of the population of Virje and Hlebine during individual archaeological and historical periods. In general, it can be concluded, taking into account other sites from the area of Podravina (Torčec and Virovitica Kiškorija jug), that different types of cereals, such as wheat/spelt (Triticum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), formed the basis of the daily diet of the population of Podravina throughout various investigated periods, probably in combination with legumes, and that they were grown in the vicinity of the settlement. Finds of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) suggest that wine also had a significant place in the past of Podravina. At the position of Virje – Sušine, in Trench S-7, SU 314, a smelting furnace hearth wall fragment with a leaf imprint was found. The imprint most probably belongs to black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and dates from the period of Late Antiquity (late 4th/early 5th century). At the position of Hlebine – Velike Hlebine, in Trench S-2, SU 102, a partially fossilized leaf was found in the slag from the period of the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Since the sample was too small, it could not be identified with certainty.","PeriodicalId":281363,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115152985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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