This work presents an overview of the surface and subsurface carbon capture and storage (CCS) opportunities, and their associated risks, in Oman. Oman's stratigraphy encompasses various rock sequences that can be harnessed for CCS purposes. The ultramafic rocks of the Samail Ophiolite have long been researched for their ability to permanently sequestrate CO 2 near the surface, whilst the well-studied subsurface sequences also offer storage opportunities for CO 2 , particularly in deeply buried clastic and carbonate saline aquifers. Structural and stratigraphic traps could hold potential for carbon disposal. Producing hydrocarbon fields can also be considered for CCS, either to enhance hydrocarbon production from existing reservoirs or by utilising deep traps for disposal. Oman's Late Proterozoic to Cambrian evaporites could be utilised to create large underground salt caverns for storing hydrogen and less-attractively CO 2 . The identified CCS opportunities are ranked based on different criteria. Using injected CO 2 to enhanced hydrocarbon recovery by providing additional reservoir pressure support, using depleted hydrocarbon fields for CO 2 storage, and the injection of CO 2 in deep clastic saline aquifers rank among the main opportunities for CCS in Oman.
{"title":"Overview of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Opportunities in Oman","authors":"MH Al Kindi","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2024-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2024-7","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This work presents an overview of the surface and subsurface carbon capture and storage (CCS) opportunities, and their associated risks, in Oman. Oman's stratigraphy encompasses various rock sequences that can be harnessed for CCS purposes. The ultramafic rocks of the Samail Ophiolite have long been researched for their ability to permanently sequestrate CO\u0000 2\u0000 near the surface, whilst the well-studied subsurface sequences also offer storage opportunities for CO\u0000 2\u0000 , particularly in deeply buried clastic and carbonate saline aquifers. Structural and stratigraphic traps could hold potential for carbon disposal. Producing hydrocarbon fields can also be considered for CCS, either to enhance hydrocarbon production from existing reservoirs or by utilising deep traps for disposal. Oman's Late Proterozoic to Cambrian evaporites could be utilised to create large underground salt caverns for storing hydrogen and less-attractively CO\u0000 2\u0000 . The identified CCS opportunities are ranked based on different criteria. Using injected CO\u0000 2\u0000 to enhanced hydrocarbon recovery by providing additional reservoir pressure support, using depleted hydrocarbon fields for CO\u0000 2\u0000 storage, and the injection of CO\u0000 2\u0000 in deep clastic saline aquifers rank among the main opportunities for CCS in Oman.\u0000","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Scotese, Christian Vérard, L. Burgener, R. Elling, Á. Kocsis
The tectonics, geography, and climate of the Cretaceous world was a very different from the modern world. At the start of the Cretaceous, the supercontinent of Pangea had just begun to break apart and only a few small ocean basins separated Laurasia, West Gondwana, and East Gondwana. Unlike the modern world, there were no significant continent-continent collisions during the Cretaceous and the continents were low-lying and easily flooded. The transition from a Pangea-like configuration to a more dispersed continental arrangement had important effects on global sea level and climate. During the Early Cretaceous, as the continents rifted apart, the new continental rifts were transformed into young ocean basins. The oceanic lithosphere in these young ocean basins was thermally elevated, which boosted sea level. Sea level, on average, was ∼70 m higher than the present-day. Sea level was highest during the mid-Cretaceous (90 Ma – 80 Ma), with a subsidiary peak ∼ 120 million years ago (early Aptian). Overall, the Cretaceous was much warmer than the present-day (> 10˚C warmer). These very warm times produced oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) and high temperatures in equatorial regions sometimes made terrestrial and shallow marine ecosystems uninhabitable (temperatures > 40˚C). This is unlike anything we have seen in the last 35 million years and may presage the eventual results of man-made global warming. This mostly stable, hot climate regime endured for nearly 80 million years before dramatically terminating with the Chicxulub bolide impact 66 million years ago. Temperatures plummeted to icehouse levels in the “impact winter” resulting from sunlight-absorbing dust and aerosols. As a consequence of the collapse of the food chain, ∼75% of all species were wiped out (Sepkoski, 1996). The effect of this extinction event on global ecosystems was second only to the great Permo-Triassic Extinction (McGhee et al., 2013).
{"title":"The Cretaceous World: Plate Tectonics, Paleogeography, and Paleoclimate","authors":"C. Scotese, Christian Vérard, L. Burgener, R. Elling, Á. Kocsis","doi":"10.1144/sp544-2024-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp544-2024-28","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The tectonics, geography, and climate of the Cretaceous world was a very different from the modern world. At the start of the Cretaceous, the supercontinent of Pangea had just begun to break apart and only a few small ocean basins separated Laurasia, West Gondwana, and East Gondwana. Unlike the modern world, there were no significant continent-continent collisions during the Cretaceous and the continents were low-lying and easily flooded. The transition from a Pangea-like configuration to a more dispersed continental arrangement had important effects on global sea level and climate. During the Early Cretaceous, as the continents rifted apart, the new continental rifts were transformed into young ocean basins. The oceanic lithosphere in these young ocean basins was thermally elevated, which boosted sea level. Sea level, on average, was ∼70 m higher than the present-day. Sea level was highest during the mid-Cretaceous (90 Ma – 80 Ma), with a subsidiary peak ∼ 120 million years ago (early Aptian). Overall, the Cretaceous was much warmer than the present-day (> 10˚C warmer). These very warm times produced oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) and high temperatures in equatorial regions sometimes made terrestrial and shallow marine ecosystems uninhabitable (temperatures > 40˚C). This is unlike anything we have seen in the last 35 million years and may presage the eventual results of man-made global warming. This mostly stable, hot climate regime endured for nearly 80 million years before dramatically terminating with the Chicxulub bolide impact 66 million years ago. Temperatures plummeted to icehouse levels in the “impact winter” resulting from sunlight-absorbing dust and aerosols. As a consequence of the collapse of the food chain, ∼75% of all species were wiped out (Sepkoski, 1996). The effect of this extinction event on global ecosystems was second only to the great Permo-Triassic Extinction (McGhee et al., 2013).","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"124 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diverse and excellently exposed geology and tectonics of the Arabian Plate and its surroundings provide a natural laboratory for scientific research as well as for the exploration of its natural resources. This volume offers a range of chapters improving our geological understanding of the region and its energy/mineral resources.
{"title":"About this title - Geology, Tectonics and Natural Resources of Arabia and its Surroundings","authors":"A. Scharf, M. Al-Kindi, A. Racey","doi":"10.1144/sp550-000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-000","url":null,"abstract":"The diverse and excellently exposed geology and tectonics of the Arabian Plate and its surroundings provide a natural laboratory for scientific research as well as for the exploration of its natural resources. This volume offers a range of chapters improving our geological understanding of the region and its energy/mineral resources.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Middle East, significant evaporite units formed in the latest Precambrian-Cambrian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. The Precambrian-Cambrian period gave rise to the Ara Salt carbonate stringer plays, southern Oman and the giant Zagros anticline traps (Hormuz Formation). While outcrops of salt diapirs are common, basal detachment exposures are extremely rare. The Lakar Kuh area of Central Iran reveals the Precambrian-Cambrian basal salt detachment, on satellite images, in natural cross-section view through the entire Phanerozoic sedimentary section east of Ravar. This view illustrates how older diapiric structures (pillows, and normal faults) were the focus of later contractional folds particularly in the Jurassic and Cenozoic. The salt detachment zone contains many floating blocks (stringers) of clastic, carbonate and igneous rocks. Some blocks were stoped from the overlying beds, while most were layers originally interbedded with the evaporites. Block size, distribution and orientation is highly variable, folding is infrequent. Lakar Kuh encompasses several key themes generally pertinent to structural geology and salt system research: the presence of sedimentary stringers within evaporites, multiple detachment levels within a thick (>5 km) stratigraphic section, detachment folding, multi-phase salt activity, reactivation of older structures by newer ones, and multi-stage development of salt bodies.
{"title":"The Proterozoic-Cambrian salt detachment zone at Lakhar Kuh, Iran: A seismic-scale analogue for salt stringers, detachment folding, and multi-phase structural development","authors":"C. K. Morley, S. Back","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2024-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2024-6","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the Middle East, significant evaporite units formed in the latest Precambrian-Cambrian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. The Precambrian-Cambrian period gave rise to the Ara Salt carbonate stringer plays, southern Oman and the giant Zagros anticline traps (Hormuz Formation). While outcrops of salt diapirs are common, basal detachment exposures are extremely rare. The Lakar Kuh area of Central Iran reveals the Precambrian-Cambrian basal salt detachment, on satellite images, in natural cross-section view through the entire Phanerozoic sedimentary section east of Ravar. This view illustrates how older diapiric structures (pillows, and normal faults) were the focus of later contractional folds particularly in the Jurassic and Cenozoic. The salt detachment zone contains many floating blocks (stringers) of clastic, carbonate and igneous rocks. Some blocks were stoped from the overlying beds, while most were layers originally interbedded with the evaporites. Block size, distribution and orientation is highly variable, folding is infrequent. Lakar Kuh encompasses several key themes generally pertinent to structural geology and salt system research: the presence of sedimentary stringers within evaporites, multiple detachment levels within a thick (>5 km) stratigraphic section, detachment folding, multi-phase salt activity, reactivation of older structures by newer ones, and multi-stage development of salt bodies.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"26 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A survey of the palynostratigraphy of the strata above and below the Hercynian Unconformity (HU) indicates that the range of its associated hiatus, due to either non-deposition or erosion (or both), varies considerably across the Arabian Plate depending on the position of the succession in relation to the three main highs or arches, the Levant, Al Batin, and Oman-Hadhramaut arches, and any Hercynian faulting or other uplift in basinal regions, for example in the Ghawar region. As expected, the succession spanning the HU is most complete in basinal areas, for example in the Faydah-Jafurah and Nafud-Ma'aniya basins. The well with the shortest hiatus corresponding approximately to a maximum duration of part of the Serpukhovian and Bashkirian, appears to be KH-5/1, close to the axis of the Nafud-Ma'aniya Basin. Palynological assemblages in rocks above the HU indicate the diachronous onset of the basal Khuff clastics northwest through the Arabian Plate over a period of around 15 my. The oldest strata above the HU across the Arabian Plate also indicate systematic variation, probably due to palaeoclimate, with assemblages of similar age in Iraq and northern Saudi Arabia showing some similarities to those of Oman, but differences probably due to a strong climatic gradient at the time.
{"title":"Palynology of strata associated with the Hercynian unconformity across the Arabian plate, from the Levant to southern Arabia","authors":"M. H. Stephenson","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2023-182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2023-182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A survey of the palynostratigraphy of the strata above and below the Hercynian Unconformity (HU) indicates that the range of its associated hiatus, due to either non-deposition or erosion (or both), varies considerably across the Arabian Plate depending on the position of the succession in relation to the three main highs or arches, the Levant, Al Batin, and Oman-Hadhramaut arches, and any Hercynian faulting or other uplift in basinal regions, for example in the Ghawar region. As expected, the succession spanning the HU is most complete in basinal areas, for example in the Faydah-Jafurah and Nafud-Ma'aniya basins. The well with the shortest hiatus corresponding approximately to a maximum duration of part of the Serpukhovian and Bashkirian, appears to be KH-5/1, close to the axis of the Nafud-Ma'aniya Basin.\u0000 Palynological assemblages in rocks above the HU indicate the diachronous onset of the basal Khuff clastics northwest through the Arabian Plate over a period of around 15 my. The oldest strata above the HU across the Arabian Plate also indicate systematic variation, probably due to palaeoclimate, with assemblages of similar age in Iraq and northern Saudi Arabia showing some similarities to those of Oman, but differences probably due to a strong climatic gradient at the time.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"11 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141020591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a story of failure and success, of disappointment and elation. World wars, a market glutted with cheap oil and geologists unable to access areas of interest hampered the search. Early expeditions provided the first maps of the mountains and Dhofar, and glimpses of the geology of the interior, but no evidence of oil. Geological and geophysical surveys began in earnest in the 1950s, leading to the first exploratory drilling and the discovery of heavy oil at Marmul. Commercial oil was discovered a few years later at Fahud and Natih. All Oman's largest oil fields were found over the next 20 years based on 2-D seismic data. Early concessions were large and ill-defined. More companies became involved as interest grew in exploration offshore and as acreage was relinquished onshore. Although gas was encountered as a byproduct of oil activities, exploration for gas did not begin until 1984 when it became apparent that the known accumulations were insufficient for future needs. Large accumulations of gas and condensate were subsequently discovered in central Oman. Petroleum continues to underpin the economy of the Sultanate as it strives to diversify and decarbonise. Useful lessons can be learned from the search so far.
{"title":"The Search for Petroleum in The Sultanate of Oman – The First 120 Years","authors":"A. Heward, M. Q. Morton, MH Al Kindi","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2023-220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2023-220","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This is a story of failure and success, of disappointment and elation. World wars, a market glutted with cheap oil and geologists unable to access areas of interest hampered the search. Early expeditions provided the first maps of the mountains and Dhofar, and glimpses of the geology of the interior, but no evidence of oil.\u0000 Geological and geophysical surveys began in earnest in the 1950s, leading to the first exploratory drilling and the discovery of heavy oil at Marmul. Commercial oil was discovered a few years later at Fahud and Natih. All Oman's largest oil fields were found over the next 20 years based on 2-D seismic data.\u0000 Early concessions were large and ill-defined. More companies became involved as interest grew in exploration offshore and as acreage was relinquished onshore. Although gas was encountered as a byproduct of oil activities, exploration for gas did not begin until 1984 when it became apparent that the known accumulations were insufficient for future needs. Large accumulations of gas and condensate were subsequently discovered in central Oman.\u0000 Petroleum continues to underpin the economy of the Sultanate as it strives to diversify and decarbonise. Useful lessons can be learned from the search so far.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent drilling in Block 56 on the southern Oman coast north-east of Salalah has revealed the presence of intrusive rocks in Huqf sediments. The igneous bodies are found as both discrete and composite, decametre scale sills separated by screens of Huqf host rock. Compositionally they form a cogenetic suite of monzonites and syenites that can be related by fractional crystallization to a gabbro-diorite parental magma. Enrichment in alkalis and other large ion lithophile elements points to either an enriched mantle source or magma-crust interaction on ascent. Geochemical profiles match closely those of the latest Neoproterozoic alkaline eruptives now found as exotic volcanic blocks entrained in the salt diapirs of the Ghaba Salt Basin. Limited geochronological data indicate that the Block 56 intrusives are contemporaneous and derived from the same magma source. Porosities in excess of 10% have been recorded in the intrusives; it is a dissolution porosity created by volume loss during the conversion of primary ferromagnesian minerals to biotite and ferroan dolomite. Porosity creation took place during a short lived, fault-controlled Cretaceous hydrothermal event contemporaneous with uplift and alkaline volcanic activity in the Masirah Ophiolite. The intrusives contain a Huqf-sourced oil with light to medium viscosity appearance. Charging is believed to be coming from the cooler and shallower parts of the South Oman Salt Basin to the north and from beneath thick Cenozoic cover in the basin to the south.
{"title":"Late Neoproterozoic Alkaline Intrusives in Huqf Sediments; a New Reservoir Target in Southern Oman","authors":"J. Smewing, Alex Ilic, Muhammad F. Razi","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2024-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2024-27","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent drilling in Block 56 on the southern Oman coast north-east of Salalah has revealed the presence of intrusive rocks in Huqf sediments. The igneous bodies are found as both discrete and composite, decametre scale sills separated by screens of Huqf host rock. Compositionally they form a cogenetic suite of monzonites and syenites that can be related by fractional crystallization to a gabbro-diorite parental magma. Enrichment in alkalis and other large ion lithophile elements points to either an enriched mantle source or magma-crust interaction on ascent.\u0000 Geochemical profiles match closely those of the latest Neoproterozoic alkaline eruptives now found as exotic volcanic blocks entrained in the salt diapirs of the Ghaba Salt Basin. Limited geochronological data indicate that the Block 56 intrusives are contemporaneous and derived from the same magma source.\u0000 Porosities in excess of 10% have been recorded in the intrusives; it is a dissolution porosity created by volume loss during the conversion of primary ferromagnesian minerals to biotite and ferroan dolomite. Porosity creation took place during a short lived, fault-controlled Cretaceous hydrothermal event contemporaneous with uplift and alkaline volcanic activity in the Masirah Ophiolite.\u0000 The intrusives contain a Huqf-sourced oil with light to medium viscosity appearance. Charging is believed to be coming from the cooler and shallower parts of the South Oman Salt Basin to the north and from beneath thick Cenozoic cover in the basin to the south.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"2 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141020891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kuwait National Seismic Network (KNSN) data shows the clustering of earthquakes in northern and southern clusters. Spatial correlation between these clusters and oil fields led previous studies to declare that oil production/injection triggered earthquakes, but some suggested the possibility of tectonic causes. This study addresses the genuine objective of uncovering the origin of Kuwait earthquakes by analyzing relationships between earthquake spatial and temporal patterns, oil production/injection, structural and tectonic setting, and subsurface fluid pressures. A kinematic model of the Jal Az-Zor dextral-slip fault was presented as a decipherer to the earthquake's origin. The northern and southern clusters represent leading quadrants, where increased mean stress causes earthquakes. Dibdibah Trough and Kuwait Bay represent trailing quadrants with decreased mean stress and a lack of earthquakes. The small percentage of earthquakes falling outside clusters are caused by the concentration of regional compressive stresses related to Arabian Plate motion on pre-existing faults. Triggering earthquakes by oil field operations requires 10% pressure increase above the original pressures, which never occurs in Kuwait oil fields. The results of this study emphasize the significance of understanding fault kinematics to assess earthquake hazards and the need to focus on engineering requirements for developments in the leading quadrants areas.
{"title":"Intra-plate Jal Az-Zor Strike-Slip faulting deciphering the enigma of local earthquakes in Kuwait","authors":"A. Al-Helal, M. J. Al-Mahmoud","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2023-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2023-130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Kuwait National Seismic Network (KNSN) data shows the clustering of earthquakes in northern and southern clusters. Spatial correlation between these clusters and oil fields led previous studies to declare that oil production/injection triggered earthquakes, but some suggested the possibility of tectonic causes.\u0000 This study addresses the genuine objective of uncovering the origin of Kuwait earthquakes by analyzing relationships between earthquake spatial and temporal patterns, oil production/injection, structural and tectonic setting, and subsurface fluid pressures.\u0000 A kinematic model of the Jal Az-Zor dextral-slip fault was presented as a decipherer to the earthquake's origin. The northern and southern clusters represent leading quadrants, where increased mean stress causes earthquakes. Dibdibah Trough and Kuwait Bay represent trailing quadrants with decreased mean stress and a lack of earthquakes. The small percentage of earthquakes falling outside clusters are caused by the concentration of regional compressive stresses related to Arabian Plate motion on pre-existing faults. Triggering earthquakes by oil field operations requires 10% pressure increase above the original pressures, which never occurs in Kuwait oil fields.\u0000 The results of this study emphasize the significance of understanding fault kinematics to assess earthquake hazards and the need to focus on engineering requirements for developments in the leading quadrants areas.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141021704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Weidle, E. Glück, A. Deif, I. El-Hussain, T. Meier
Eastern Arabia exhibits low seismic activity although damaging earthquakes are historically known. Despite the proximity to convergent plate boundaries in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, the state of stress in northern Oman with its persistent topography of the Oman Mountains (OM) remains enigmatic. We revised the earthquake catalogue of northern Oman and confirm detection and location accuracy of the permanent network by comparison with a temporarily densified network across the OM. For the first time, we infer focal mechanisms (FM) for earthquakes in Oman from P-wave polarities. Seismic activity is high in the Northern OM but diminishes rapidly south of 24.5°N. In the Central and Eastern OM, low-magnitude earthquakes occur along topography bounding faults with mostly transtensional FM. Offshore, seismicity follows NE-trending lines in extension of the Semail Gap and the Masirah Fault Zones, up to the Makran trench. Except for an isolated patch of repeated small-magnitude earthquakes, the western Makran trench is seismically quiet. Inversion of FM confirms a NE-SW direction of maximum horizontal stress that aligns with Arabia-Eurasia convergence. In the Central and Eastern OM, maximum horizontal and vertical stresses are balanced. The topography of the OM appears, therefore, not to be generally sustained by compressional forces.
虽然历史上曾发生过破坏性地震，但阿拉伯东部的地震活动较少。尽管靠近阿拉伯-欧亚大陆碰撞带的板块交汇边界，但阿曼北部的应力状态及其阿曼山脉（OM）的持续地形仍是个谜。我们修订了阿曼北部的地震目录，并通过与横跨 OM 的临时密集网络进行比较，确认了永久网络的探测和定位精度。我们首次从 P 波极性推断出阿曼地震的焦点机制（FM）。阿曼北部的地震活动频繁，但在北纬 24.5 度以南则迅速减弱。在阿曼中部和东部，低震级地震沿地形边界断层发生，主要是横断性地震。在近海，地震沿着塞迈尔峡谷和马西拉断层带的东北走向延伸，直至马克兰海沟。除了个别地区反复发生小震级地震外，马克兰海沟西部的地震活动并不频繁。调频反演证实了最大水平应力的东北-西南方向与阿拉伯-欧亚大陆的汇聚方向一致。在 OM 的中部和东部，最大水平应力和垂直应力是平衡的。因此，OM 的地形似乎一般不是由压缩力支撑的。
{"title":"Seismicity and state of stress in northeast Arabia","authors":"C. Weidle, E. Glück, A. Deif, I. El-Hussain, T. Meier","doi":"10.1144/sp550-2023-214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp550-2023-214","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Eastern Arabia exhibits low seismic activity although damaging earthquakes are historically known. Despite the proximity to convergent plate boundaries in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, the state of stress in northern Oman with its persistent topography of the Oman Mountains (OM) remains enigmatic. We revised the earthquake catalogue of northern Oman and confirm detection and location accuracy of the permanent network by comparison with a temporarily densified network across the OM. For the first time, we infer focal mechanisms (FM) for earthquakes in Oman from P-wave polarities.\u0000 Seismic activity is high in the Northern OM but diminishes rapidly south of 24.5°N. In the Central and Eastern OM, low-magnitude earthquakes occur along topography bounding faults with mostly transtensional FM. Offshore, seismicity follows NE-trending lines in extension of the Semail Gap and the Masirah Fault Zones, up to the Makran trench. Except for an isolated patch of repeated small-magnitude earthquakes, the western Makran trench is seismically quiet.\u0000 Inversion of FM confirms a NE-SW direction of maximum horizontal stress that aligns with Arabia-Eurasia convergence. In the Central and Eastern OM, maximum horizontal and vertical stresses are balanced. The topography of the OM appears, therefore, not to be generally sustained by compressional forces.","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies emphasize that in addition to climate-driven forces, sediment grain size and depositional setting with respect to mountain front significantly influenced the abundance of late Neogene C 3 -C 4 plants in the Himalayan Foreland Basin (HFB). The contrasting depositional settings of the Siwalik Group exposed across the western, central and eastern HFB therefore provide an ideal opportunity to understand the influence of sedimentary architecture on the distribution of C 3 -C 4 plants in paleolandscapes. Towards this end, we generate new δ 13 C soil carbonate data from Siwaliks of the Katilukhad region (12 Ma to 6 Ma) of Kangra sub-basin and synthesize these data with compiled sedimentological data and δ 13 C values of organic matter, soil carbonate and n -alkane data from western to eastern HFB Siwalik Group. Our comparison suggests that the rate and magnitude of positive shift in the 13 C/ 12 C ratios were higher in the floodplain-dominated Siwaliks. Despite an existing conducive climate in the late Neogene for the growth of C 4 plants, the channel-fill-dominated Siwaliks favored C 3 over C 4 plants in the eastern HFB. Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7168691
最近的研究强调，除了气候驱动力之外，沉积物粒度和相对于山前的沉积环境也极大地影响了喜马拉雅前陆盆地（HFB）新元古代晚期 C 3 -C 4 植物的丰度。因此，喜马拉雅前陆盆地西部、中部和东部出露的西瓦利克组（Siwalik Group）不同的沉积环境为了解沉积结构对古地貌中 C 3 -C 4 植物分布的影响提供了一个理想的机会。为此，我们从康格拉亚盆地 Katilukhad 地区（12 Ma 至 6 Ma）的 Siwaliks 中生成了新的δ 13 C 土壤碳酸盐数据，并将这些数据与编译的沉积学数据以及从西部到东部 HFB Siwalik 组的有机质、土壤碳酸盐和正烷烃的δ 13 C 值进行了综合。比较结果表明，在以洪泛平原为主的西瓦利克群中，13 C/ 12 C 比值的正向变化速度和幅度都更大。尽管新近纪晚期的气候条件有利于 C 4 植物的生长，但在东部高频带，以河道填充物为主的西瓦利克群更有利于 C 3 植物的生长，而不是 C 4 植物。 补充材料见 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7168691
{"title":"The Late Neogene distribution of C\u0000 3\u0000 -C\u0000 4\u0000 plants in the Himalayan foreland basin: Insight from the δ\u0000 13\u0000 C values and sedimentological architecture of the Siwaliks","authors":"S. Ghosh, B. Roy, P. Sanyal","doi":"10.1144/sp549-2023-145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sp549-2023-145","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Recent studies emphasize that in addition to climate-driven forces, sediment grain size and depositional setting with respect to mountain front significantly influenced the abundance of late Neogene C\u0000 3\u0000 -C\u0000 4\u0000 plants in the Himalayan Foreland Basin (HFB). The contrasting depositional settings of the Siwalik Group exposed across the western, central and eastern HFB therefore provide an ideal opportunity to understand the influence of sedimentary architecture on the distribution of C\u0000 3\u0000 -C\u0000 4\u0000 plants in paleolandscapes. Towards this end, we generate new δ\u0000 13\u0000 C\u0000 \u0000 soil carbonate\u0000 \u0000 data from Siwaliks of the Katilukhad region (12 Ma to 6 Ma) of Kangra sub-basin and synthesize these data with compiled sedimentological data and δ\u0000 13\u0000 C values of organic matter, soil carbonate and\u0000 n\u0000 -alkane data from western to eastern HFB Siwalik Group. Our comparison suggests that the rate and magnitude of positive shift in the\u0000 13\u0000 C/\u0000 12\u0000 C ratios were higher in the floodplain-dominated Siwaliks. Despite an existing conducive climate in the late Neogene for the growth of C\u0000 4\u0000 plants, the channel-fill-dominated Siwaliks favored C\u0000 3\u0000 over C\u0000 4\u0000 plants in the eastern HFB.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material at\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7168691\u0000","PeriodicalId":281618,"journal":{"name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140685644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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