This paper describes how the standard GTAP framework may be used to assess the short-run impacts of changes in international capital market conditions. It describes a technique that can be used to examine the short-run effects of changes in country risk. In the standard GTAP model investment demand is spread across regions according to a simple rate-of-return-equalizing rule. By making the risk premium in this rule explicit, we are able to examine the effects of changes in these risk premium. This work was originally developed as part of the course material for the South African GTAP short course in January 1998. South Africa has experienced a series of dramatic changes during the last decade, and these have had very significant effects on the capital account. Thus, this paper also contains an application of the technique developed to the recent South African experience, and an assessment of how well the simulated changes in this application match actual outcomes. Technical Paper Number 13 can be downloaded in PDF format. To print this you will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Replication of the results in this technical paper may be readily accomplished using the latest version of the RunGTAP software. For those interested in further analysis of the implications of the capital inflow for the South African economy, as well as for the rest of Southern Africa, please download this file in MS Word format.
{"title":"Modeling Country Risk and Capital Flows in GTAP","authors":"G. Malcolm","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.28707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.28707","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes how the standard GTAP framework may be used to assess the short-run impacts of changes in international capital market conditions. It describes a technique that can be used to examine the short-run effects of changes in country risk. In the standard GTAP model investment demand is spread across regions according to a simple rate-of-return-equalizing rule. By making the risk premium in this rule explicit, we are able to examine the effects of changes in these risk premium. This work was originally developed as part of the course material for the South African GTAP short course in January 1998. South Africa has experienced a series of dramatic changes during the last decade, and these have had very significant effects on the capital account. Thus, this paper also contains an application of the technique developed to the recent South African experience, and an assessment of how well the simulated changes in this application match actual outcomes. Technical Paper Number 13 can be downloaded in PDF format. To print this you will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Replication of the results in this technical paper may be readily accomplished using the latest version of the RunGTAP software. For those interested in further analysis of the implications of the capital inflow for the South African economy, as well as for the rest of Southern Africa, please download this file in MS Word format.","PeriodicalId":281904,"journal":{"name":"GTAP Technical Paper Series","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115888442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The methods described in the paper below have been automated as part of Release 8.0 of GEMPACK. This new version of GEMPACK (which is being beta tested by several modellers now and will be officially released later in 2002) makes it very easy to implement quotas (including import/export quotas and tariff rate quotas). This means that many of the implementation details in the technical paper below are no longer required. To implement quotas etc in GEMPACK, please follow the methodology documented in chapter 16 of GEMPACK User documentation GPD-3, which you can find at http://www.copsmodels.com/gpdoc.htm. If unsure, please contact support@gempack.com.au. 1996, September. This document describes how explicit import and export quotas can be implemented and solved in the GTAP CGE trade model. The techniques described here apply equally well to other general and partial equilibrium models implemented and solved using the GEMPACK software. They also generalise to procedures for handling other inequalities in models solved via GEMPACK (even though GEMPACK does not allow explicit inequalities in the algebraic representation of models). In this document we review some recent applications of GTAP in which explicit import and export quotas have been modelled, and discuss how important it was for these applications to have explicit treatment of quotas. Accompanying this document are various computer files containing the ingredients of examples that readers can carry out for themselves while reading this paper. These files can also be used as a starting point for those who wish to explicitly model quotas in their own models.
{"title":"Implementing Quotas in GTAP Using GEMPACK or How to Linearize an Inequality","authors":"C. Bach, K. Pearson","doi":"10.21642/gtap.tp04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp04","url":null,"abstract":"The methods described in the paper below have been automated as part of Release 8.0 of GEMPACK. This new version of GEMPACK (which is being beta tested by several modellers now and will be officially released later in 2002) makes it very easy to implement quotas (including import/export quotas and tariff rate quotas). This means that many of the implementation details in the technical paper below are no longer required. To implement quotas etc in GEMPACK, please follow the methodology documented in chapter 16 of GEMPACK User documentation GPD-3, which you can find at http://www.copsmodels.com/gpdoc.htm. If unsure, please contact support@gempack.com.au. 1996, September. This document describes how explicit import and export quotas can be implemented and solved in the GTAP CGE trade model. The techniques described here apply equally well to other general and partial equilibrium models implemented and solved using the GEMPACK software. They also generalise to procedures for handling other inequalities in models solved via GEMPACK (even though GEMPACK does not allow explicit inequalities in the algebraic representation of models). In this document we review some recent applications of GTAP in which explicit import and export quotas have been modelled, and discuss how important it was for these applications to have explicit treatment of quotas. Accompanying this document are various computer files containing the ingredients of examples that readers can carry out for themselves while reading this paper. These files can also be used as a starting point for those who wish to explicitly model quotas in their own models.","PeriodicalId":281904,"journal":{"name":"GTAP Technical Paper Series","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122906589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the implementation of embodied international technology spillovers in the GTAP model. We specify a transmission mechanism for technical knowledge that assumes that knowledge is embodied in traded commodities. The usability of knowledge in the receiving country is dependent on the local absorption capacity (e.g., human capital, knowledge infrastructure) and on structural differences (e.g., factor endowments, climate) between countries. This concept is illustrated first by modeling spillovers embodied in final products and Hicks-neutral technical change. The bulk of the paper deals with factor-biased technical change in agriculture, and its international transmission through traded intermediate inputs. We demonstrate how to implement embodied international technology spillovers in the GTAP model and provide some numerical illustrations which highlight production effects and welfare effects. The GEMPACK implementation, together with additional data, is provided in a set of files which accompanies this paper.
{"title":"Endogenous International Technology Spillovers and Biased Technical Change in the GTAP Model","authors":"H. van Meijl, F. van Tongeren","doi":"10.21642/gtap.tp15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp15","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the implementation of embodied international technology spillovers in the GTAP model. We specify a transmission mechanism for technical knowledge that assumes that knowledge is embodied in traded commodities. The usability of knowledge in the receiving country is dependent on the local absorption capacity (e.g., human capital, knowledge infrastructure) and on structural differences (e.g., factor endowments, climate) between countries. This concept is illustrated first by modeling spillovers embodied in final products and Hicks-neutral technical change. The bulk of the paper deals with factor-biased technical change in agriculture, and its international transmission through traded intermediate inputs. We demonstrate how to implement embodied international technology spillovers in the GTAP model and provide some numerical illustrations which highlight production effects and welfare effects. The GEMPACK implementation, together with additional data, is provided in a set of files which accompanies this paper.","PeriodicalId":281904,"journal":{"name":"GTAP Technical Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129776498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This document is written for those who wish to contribute to the GTAP data base, whether by providing an input-output table for a country not separately represented in the data base, or by updating the table for a region that is already represented. It provides specifications and advice on the structure of the table, sectoral classification, treatment of imports, and other key points. It also describes what we at the Center for Global Trade Analysis do once we receive your table. This version has been revised for use by contributors to release 11 of the GTAP data base. In particular, all concordances are to the revised GTAP sectoral classification.
{"title":"Contributing Input-Output Tables to the GTAP Data Base","authors":"K. Huff, Robert McDougall, T. Walmsley","doi":"10.21642/gtap.tp01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp01","url":null,"abstract":"This document is written for those who wish to contribute to the GTAP data base, whether by providing an input-output table for a country not separately represented in the data base, or by updating the table for a region that is already represented. It provides specifications and advice on the structure of the table, sectoral classification, treatment of imports, and other key points. It also describes what we at the Center for Global Trade Analysis do once we receive your table. This version has been revised for use by contributors to release 11 of the GTAP data base. In particular, all concordances are to the revised GTAP sectoral classification.","PeriodicalId":281904,"journal":{"name":"GTAP Technical Paper Series","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117008162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Liu, N. V. Leeuwen, T. Vo, R. Tyers, T. Hertel
This paper outlines an approach to disaggregating labor payments in the GTAP, global economic data base. The split between low- and high-skilled labor is based on occupational data. High-skilled labor is assumed to consist of managers, administrators, professionals, and para-professionals. Data are gathered on this occupational split, by sector, in fifteen different economies, and these are mapped to GTAP sectors. Regression analysis shows a systematic relationship between GDP per capita and the national stock of tertiary and secondary educated labor on the one hand, and the sectoral labor payments split on the other. This model is used to predict labor splits, by sector, in the remaining GTAP regions. The results are evaluated in terms of the implied economywide skilled -unskilled labor payment ratio. Overall, the results seem promising enough to warrant inclusion in the GTAP, version 4 data base.
{"title":"Disaggregating Labor Payments by Skill Level in GTAP","authors":"Jing Liu, N. V. Leeuwen, T. Vo, R. Tyers, T. Hertel","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.28722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.28722","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines an approach to disaggregating labor payments in the GTAP, global economic data base. The split between low- and high-skilled labor is based on occupational data. High-skilled labor is assumed to consist of managers, administrators, professionals, and para-professionals. Data are gathered on this occupational split, by sector, in fifteen different economies, and these are mapped to GTAP sectors. Regression analysis shows a systematic relationship between GDP per capita and the national stock of tertiary and secondary educated labor on the one hand, and the sectoral labor payments split on the other. This model is used to predict labor splits, by sector, in the remaining GTAP regions. The results are evaluated in terms of the implied economywide skilled -unskilled labor payment ratio. Overall, the results seem promising enough to warrant inclusion in the GTAP, version 4 data base.","PeriodicalId":281904,"journal":{"name":"GTAP Technical Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130625829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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