Pub Date : 2013-11-10DOI: 10.1108/17590811311314276
Mohamed Sherif
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the driving forces that influence family Takaful demand in Malaysia. The paper examines various identified and available economics and socio‐demographic variables.Design/methodology/approach – Using ordinary least square (OLS) and generalised method of moments (GMM) techniques, the paper investigates the significance of the identified economic and socio‐demographic factors in determining the consumption of family Takaful. The paper first examines a full model that combines all variables; second, a model that controls for product market factors; and finally, a model that controls for socio‐demographic factors. Following Anderson and Nevin, Haberman, Lenten and Rulli and Josa the paper further separates all models into linear and log‐linear demand functions.Findings – The paper demonstrates that income, Islamic banking development, education, dependency ratio and Muslim population factors are positively related to Takaful demand. On the other hand, inflatio...
{"title":"Determinants of Demand on Family Takaful in Malaysia","authors":"Mohamed Sherif","doi":"10.1108/17590811311314276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/17590811311314276","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the driving forces that influence family Takaful demand in Malaysia. The paper examines various identified and available economics and socio‐demographic variables.Design/methodology/approach – Using ordinary least square (OLS) and generalised method of moments (GMM) techniques, the paper investigates the significance of the identified economic and socio‐demographic factors in determining the consumption of family Takaful. The paper first examines a full model that combines all variables; second, a model that controls for product market factors; and finally, a model that controls for socio‐demographic factors. Following Anderson and Nevin, Haberman, Lenten and Rulli and Josa the paper further separates all models into linear and log‐linear demand functions.Findings – The paper demonstrates that income, Islamic banking development, education, dependency ratio and Muslim population factors are positively related to Takaful demand. On the other hand, inflatio...","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125859338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O presente artigo condensa um pacote de medidas politicas anticrise conducentes a operar uma profunda modificacao das estruturas sociais, economicas e financeiras portuguesas, nos dominios da pobreza e do desemprego.This paper condenses a package of anti crisis measures that leading to achieving operating a profound change of social, economic and financial Portuguese structures, in the areas of poverty and unemployment.
O现在artigo condensa嗯pacote de medidas politica anticrise conducentes一operar乌玛股modificacao das estruturas社会,经济e financeiras portuguesas,号“dominio”da pobreza e desemprego。本文浓缩了一揽子反危机措施，这些措施导致在贫困和失业领域实现葡萄牙社会、经济和金融结构的深刻变化。
{"title":"Pobreza e Desemprego em Portugal: Novo Paradigma (Poverty and Unemployment in Portugal: New Paradigm)","authors":"R. Rodrigues","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2274226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2274226","url":null,"abstract":"O presente artigo condensa um pacote de medidas politicas anticrise conducentes a operar uma profunda modificacao das estruturas sociais, economicas e financeiras portuguesas, nos dominios da pobreza e do desemprego.This paper condenses a package of anti crisis measures that leading to achieving operating a profound change of social, economic and financial Portuguese structures, in the areas of poverty and unemployment.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128297521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Employment Strategy (EES) aims to promote convergence of domestic labour market policies by soft law instruments. Previous studies on the impact of the EES are mainly focused on active labour market policies. The present study aims at explaining cross national variation in national passive labour market policies and unemployment benefit levels. Building on the most recent measures and pooled time series data, the empirical findings reveal the presence of a convergence process among the most advanced economies regarding passive labour market policy efforts, with the EES fostering this trend even further. Furthermore, our findings support the argument that the EES creates pressure on governments to reform domestic labour market policies, but this pressure varies across countries and over time. The results suggest that the recommendations from the European Council have contributed to unemployment benefit reform processes.
{"title":"Convergence Without Hard Criteria: Does EU Soft Law Affect Domestic Unemployment Protection Schemes?","authors":"Jörg Paetzold, Olaf van Vliet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2179888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2179888","url":null,"abstract":"The European Employment Strategy (EES) aims to promote convergence of domestic labour market policies by soft law instruments. Previous studies on the impact of the EES are mainly focused on active labour market policies. The present study aims at explaining cross national variation in national passive labour market policies and unemployment benefit levels. Building on the most recent measures and pooled time series data, the empirical findings reveal the presence of a convergence process among the most advanced economies regarding passive labour market policy efforts, with the EES fostering this trend even further. Furthermore, our findings support the argument that the EES creates pressure on governments to reform domestic labour market policies, but this pressure varies across countries and over time. The results suggest that the recommendations from the European Council have contributed to unemployment benefit reform processes.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122140059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This case study traces the evolution of poverty in Mongolia, a country currently developing a pluralist approach to poverty alleviation. Mongolia is unique because it transformed from nomadic pastoralism to Soviet socialism without a natural industrial development though capital markets. In the 1990s, it was one of few countries to simultaneously undertake market liberalism and multiparty democracy. Collapse of the socialist safety net increased poverty for women and rural areas. Although macroeconomic “shock therapy” reforms in the 1990s stabilized inflation, poverty estimates remained at 36% and called into question poverty alleviation strategies. In the face of severe winters, families attempt sustainable livelihoods though employment income, bartering livestock, informal trading, remittances from overseas relatives, and unlicensed mining. Current national social development strategies affirmed at Rio 20 combine a green economy for inclusive growth and poverty elimination by using redistribution from mining revenues and overseas development assistance.
{"title":"Ending Poverty in Mongolia: From Socialism to Green Inclusive Growth?","authors":"Richard J. Smith","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2100555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2100555","url":null,"abstract":"This case study traces the evolution of poverty in Mongolia, a country currently developing a pluralist approach to poverty alleviation. Mongolia is unique because it transformed from nomadic pastoralism to Soviet socialism without a natural industrial development though capital markets. In the 1990s, it was one of few countries to simultaneously undertake market liberalism and multiparty democracy. Collapse of the socialist safety net increased poverty for women and rural areas. Although macroeconomic “shock therapy” reforms in the 1990s stabilized inflation, poverty estimates remained at 36% and called into question poverty alleviation strategies. In the face of severe winters, families attempt sustainable livelihoods though employment income, bartering livestock, informal trading, remittances from overseas relatives, and unlicensed mining. Current national social development strategies affirmed at Rio 20 combine a green economy for inclusive growth and poverty elimination by using redistribution from mining revenues and overseas development assistance.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128004807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Both unemployment insurance (UI) extensions and the availability of disability benefits have disincentive effects on job search. But UI extensions can reduce the efficiency cost of disability benefits if UI recipients delay disability application until they exhaust their unemployment benefits. This paper, the first to focus on the effect of UI extensions on disability applications, investigates whether UI eligibility, extension, and exhaustion affect the timing of disability applications and the composition of the applicant pool. Jobless individuals are significantly less likely to apply to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) during UI extensions, and significantly more likely to apply when UI is ultimately exhausted. Healthier potential applicants appear more likely to delay, as state allowance rates increase after a new UI extension. Simulations find that a 13-week UI extension decreases SSDI and Medicare costs, offsetting about half of the increase in UI payments; this suggests that the benefits of UI extensions may be understated — permanent disability benefits are diverted to shorter-run unemployment benefits and, potentially, new jobs, while easing the burden on the nearly insolvent SSDI Trust Fund.
{"title":"The Impact of Unemployment Insurance Extensions on Disability Insurance Application and Allowance Rates","authors":"Matthew S. Rutledge","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1956008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1956008","url":null,"abstract":"Both unemployment insurance (UI) extensions and the availability of disability benefits have disincentive effects on job search. But UI extensions can reduce the efficiency cost of disability benefits if UI recipients delay disability application until they exhaust their unemployment benefits. This paper, the first to focus on the effect of UI extensions on disability applications, investigates whether UI eligibility, extension, and exhaustion affect the timing of disability applications and the composition of the applicant pool. Jobless individuals are significantly less likely to apply to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) during UI extensions, and significantly more likely to apply when UI is ultimately exhausted. Healthier potential applicants appear more likely to delay, as state allowance rates increase after a new UI extension. Simulations find that a 13-week UI extension decreases SSDI and Medicare costs, offsetting about half of the increase in UI payments; this suggests that the benefits of UI extensions may be understated — permanent disability benefits are diverted to shorter-run unemployment benefits and, potentially, new jobs, while easing the burden on the nearly insolvent SSDI Trust Fund.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116668014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Working longer is often hailed as the best way to increase retirement incomes, yet this strategy depends crucially on seniors' ability to find work and hold on to their jobs. This study examines how the incidence and consequences of job displacement vary by age. Data come primarily from the 1996, 2001, and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), which follow respondents for up to 48 months. The data span the years 1996 to 2007, covering the 2001 recession but not the 2007-2009 recession. Results show that older workers are less likely than younger workers to lose their jobs, but only because they generally have spent more time with their employers. When older workers lose their jobs, they appear to have more trouble than their younger counterparts finding work. Compared with their counterparts ages 25 to 34, displaced men ages 50 to 61 are 39 percent less likely to become reemployed each month and displaced women ages 50 to 61 are 18 percent less likely. When older displaced workers find jobs, they typically experience sharp wage declines. Among displaced men who become reemployed, for example, the median hourly wage on the new job falls 20 percent below the median wage on the old job at ages 50 to 61, compared with only 2 percent at ages 25 to 34. These findings suggest that some employers are reluctant to hire older workers, and raise questions about the employability of older adults.
{"title":"Age Differences in Job Displacement, Job Search, and Reemployment","authors":"Richard W. Johnson, Corina D Mommaerts","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1736644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1736644","url":null,"abstract":"Working longer is often hailed as the best way to increase retirement incomes, yet this strategy depends crucially on seniors' ability to find work and hold on to their jobs. This study examines how the incidence and consequences of job displacement vary by age. Data come primarily from the 1996, 2001, and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), which follow respondents for up to 48 months. The data span the years 1996 to 2007, covering the 2001 recession but not the 2007-2009 recession. Results show that older workers are less likely than younger workers to lose their jobs, but only because they generally have spent more time with their employers. When older workers lose their jobs, they appear to have more trouble than their younger counterparts finding work. Compared with their counterparts ages 25 to 34, displaced men ages 50 to 61 are 39 percent less likely to become reemployed each month and displaced women ages 50 to 61 are 18 percent less likely. When older displaced workers find jobs, they typically experience sharp wage declines. Among displaced men who become reemployed, for example, the median hourly wage on the new job falls 20 percent below the median wage on the old job at ages 50 to 61, compared with only 2 percent at ages 25 to 34. These findings suggest that some employers are reluctant to hire older workers, and raise questions about the employability of older adults.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122635026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study estimates the effect of the UI (Unemployment Insurance) wage replacement rate on reemployment wages using the sample of men in the 1996 and 2001 Surveys of Income and Program Participation. It models employment search behavior in a dynamic discrete time hazard setting with three possible outcomes: finding a full-time job, finding a part-time job, or staying unemployed (continuing the job search). It finds that reemployment wages, particularly part-time wages, decrease with the UI wage replacement rate. Furthermore, the wage replacement rate depresses the prospect of finding full-time work while increasing the prospect of finding part-time work.
{"title":"The Effect of the UI Wage Replacement Rate On Reemployment Wages: A Dynamic Discrete Time Hazard Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity","authors":"Zafar Nazarov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1533001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1533001","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimates the effect of the UI (Unemployment Insurance) wage replacement rate on reemployment wages using the sample of men in the 1996 and 2001 Surveys of Income and Program Participation. It models employment search behavior in a dynamic discrete time hazard setting with three possible outcomes: finding a full-time job, finding a part-time job, or staying unemployed (continuing the job search). It finds that reemployment wages, particularly part-time wages, decrease with the UI wage replacement rate. Furthermore, the wage replacement rate depresses the prospect of finding full-time work while increasing the prospect of finding part-time work.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134376521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Caliendo, Konstantinos Tatsiramos, Arne Uhlendorff
The generosity of the Unemployment Insurance system (UI) plays a central role for the job search behavior of unemployed individuals. Standard search theory predicts that an increase in UI benefit generosity, either in terms of benefit duration or entitlement, has a negative impact on the job search activities of the unemployed increasing their unemployment duration. Despite the disincentive effect of UI on unemployment duration, UI benefit generosity may also increase job match quality by allowing individuals to wait for better job offers. In this paper we use a sharp discontinuity in the maximum duration of unemployment benefits in Germany, which increases from 12 months to 18 months at the age of 45, to identify the effect of extended benefit duration on unemployment duration and post-unemployment outcomes. We find a spike in the re-employment hazard for the unemployed workers with 12 months benefit duration, which occurs around benefit exhaustion. This leads to lower unemployment duration compared to their counterparts with 18 months benefit duration. However, we also show that those unemployed who obtain jobs close to and after the time when benefits are exhausted are significantly more likely to exit subsequent employment and receive lower wages compared to their counterparts with extended benefit duration.
{"title":"Benefit Duration, Unemployment Duration and Job Match Quality: A Regression-Discontinuity Approach","authors":"Marco Caliendo, Konstantinos Tatsiramos, Arne Uhlendorff","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1594787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1594787","url":null,"abstract":"The generosity of the Unemployment Insurance system (UI) plays a central role for the job search behavior of unemployed individuals. Standard search theory predicts that an increase in UI benefit generosity, either in terms of benefit duration or entitlement, has a negative impact on the job search activities of the unemployed increasing their unemployment duration. Despite the disincentive effect of UI on unemployment duration, UI benefit generosity may also increase job match quality by allowing individuals to wait for better job offers. In this paper we use a sharp discontinuity in the maximum duration of unemployment benefits in Germany, which increases from 12 months to 18 months at the age of 45, to identify the effect of extended benefit duration on unemployment duration and post-unemployment outcomes. We find a spike in the re-employment hazard for the unemployed workers with 12 months benefit duration, which occurs around benefit exhaustion. This leads to lower unemployment duration compared to their counterparts with 18 months benefit duration. However, we also show that those unemployed who obtain jobs close to and after the time when benefits are exhausted are significantly more likely to exit subsequent employment and receive lower wages compared to their counterparts with extended benefit duration.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129888881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper has two main goals. The first is to provide empirical evidence that differences in labour market institutions across countries and, specifically, in how they provide protection to workers, can be attributed to underlying differences in culturally-based prior beliefs: in particular, people’s fatalism and trust in others. The second goal is to single out the socio-economic factors associated with these beliefs and the role of education in this regard.
{"title":"Culturally-Based Beliefs and Labour Market Institutions","authors":"Fabio D’Orlando, F. Ferrante, Gabriele Ruiu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1507682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1507682","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has two main goals. The first is to provide empirical evidence that differences in labour market institutions across countries and, specifically, in how they provide protection to workers, can be attributed to underlying differences in culturally-based prior beliefs: in particular, people’s fatalism and trust in others. The second goal is to single out the socio-economic factors associated with these beliefs and the role of education in this regard.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130096781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Labour market policies for the unemployed combine passive income support with active measures that aim at improving jobseekers' employment prospects. This paper extends the theoretical framework developed by Pavoni and Violante (2005a) for the optimal choice between different active and passive policies for the unemployed to a setting which allows for the use of a job search assistance programme that affects the exit rate to employment by raising search effectiveness but not productivity in the job. These programmes are one of the most widely used activation measures in OECD countries and should, therefore, be taken into account when considering the optimal design of labour market policies. The enriched model allows to answer a wide range of interesting policy questions. It is used to assess the optimality of the West German policy in the period 2000-2002 as well as the benefits from introducing tight monitoring. It is shown that sizeable budget savings could have been realised by switching to the optimal scheme, but that the net gains from monitoring are only small. In addition, some interesting results on the optimal use of job search assistance and training are derived. It is shown that existing policies already share some but not all features of the optimal scheme.
{"title":"Optimal Use of Labour Market Policies","authors":"Conny Wunsch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.999519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.999519","url":null,"abstract":"Labour market policies for the unemployed combine passive income support with active measures that aim at improving jobseekers' employment prospects. This paper extends the theoretical framework developed by Pavoni and Violante (2005a) for the optimal choice between different active and passive policies for the unemployed to a setting which allows for the use of a job search assistance programme that affects the exit rate to employment by raising search effectiveness but not productivity in the job. These programmes are one of the most widely used activation measures in OECD countries and should, therefore, be taken into account when considering the optimal design of labour market policies. The enriched model allows to answer a wide range of interesting policy questions. It is used to assess the optimality of the West German policy in the period 2000-2002 as well as the benefits from introducing tight monitoring. It is shown that sizeable budget savings could have been realised by switching to the optimal scheme, but that the net gains from monitoring are only small. In addition, some interesting results on the optimal use of job search assistance and training are derived. It is shown that existing policies already share some but not all features of the optimal scheme.","PeriodicalId":285024,"journal":{"name":"Unemployment Insurance eJournal","volume":"6 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114134151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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