Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799032
Karl Smith
This tutorial based paper provides a unique perspective for adapting today's distribution reclose schemes to modern IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) relays which continue to offer more innovative and flexible solutions. Due to the increased overhead of the IED's configuration requirements that generally accompany these solutions, it is important to structure the settings and logic in such a way that custom solutions can easily be developed. The “Reclose Scheme Matrix” provides this structure. The matrix, a binary representation of the reclose system, is composed of building blocks that are used to design the reclose program. The rows of the matrix are defined by initiate and block signals, and the columns, by the shot pointer. By using building blocks, instead of fixed shots, a greater degree of flexibility can be achieved, allowing for multiple and adaptive sequences. For single pole reclosing, the initiate lines of the matrix can be represented on a per phase basis. The tutorial begins with a basic review of the fundamentals including why reclosing is needed, terms and definitions, and an example of how a typical fuse saving scheme is used to create the matrix. A discussion will then follow on specialized applications utilizing open interval time selectivity and drive to lockout features to fully demonstrate the flexibility and functionality of the reclose scheme matrix. The tutorial concludes with a section on testing and commissioning that emphasizes the benefits of an automatic reclose sequence visualization tool. The tool allows the user to view the settings from the reclose scheme matrix in table format and run test simulations by selecting various initiate input signals.
{"title":"The Reclose Scheme Matrix - A building block approach to more flexible reclose schemes","authors":"Karl Smith","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799032","url":null,"abstract":"This tutorial based paper provides a unique perspective for adapting today's distribution reclose schemes to modern IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) relays which continue to offer more innovative and flexible solutions. Due to the increased overhead of the IED's configuration requirements that generally accompany these solutions, it is important to structure the settings and logic in such a way that custom solutions can easily be developed. The “Reclose Scheme Matrix” provides this structure. The matrix, a binary representation of the reclose system, is composed of building blocks that are used to design the reclose program. The rows of the matrix are defined by initiate and block signals, and the columns, by the shot pointer. By using building blocks, instead of fixed shots, a greater degree of flexibility can be achieved, allowing for multiple and adaptive sequences. For single pole reclosing, the initiate lines of the matrix can be represented on a per phase basis. The tutorial begins with a basic review of the fundamentals including why reclosing is needed, terms and definitions, and an example of how a typical fuse saving scheme is used to create the matrix. A discussion will then follow on specialized applications utilizing open interval time selectivity and drive to lockout features to fully demonstrate the flexibility and functionality of the reclose scheme matrix. The tutorial concludes with a section on testing and commissioning that emphasizes the benefits of an automatic reclose sequence visualization tool. The tool allows the user to view the settings from the reclose scheme matrix in table format and run test simulations by selecting various initiate input signals.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123946973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799038
S. Pavavicharn, G. Johnson
Differential protection is usually applied on bus protection because of its high selectivity since it does not need to coordinate with other relays. Bus differential protection in power system networks operates on a principle defined by Kirchoff's current law. The law states that the vector sum of all currents entering and leaving a node or bus is equal to zero. It is this principle that is used in all bus differential protection regardless of the relay type used. This paper discusses the fundamentals of bus protection with a focus on the two common methods typically used: high-impedance and low-impedance bus differential relaying. Included are the basic theories of high impedance and low-impedance differential relaying and their operational concepts. A comparison between the two methods which points out the benefits, drawbacks, concerns and considerations is also given. The importance of current transformer selection and performance are considered in this paper as part of the consideration in bus differential protection scheme design.
{"title":"A review of high-impedance and low-impedance differential relaying for bus protection","authors":"S. Pavavicharn, G. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799038","url":null,"abstract":"Differential protection is usually applied on bus protection because of its high selectivity since it does not need to coordinate with other relays. Bus differential protection in power system networks operates on a principle defined by Kirchoff's current law. The law states that the vector sum of all currents entering and leaving a node or bus is equal to zero. It is this principle that is used in all bus differential protection regardless of the relay type used. This paper discusses the fundamentals of bus protection with a focus on the two common methods typically used: high-impedance and low-impedance bus differential relaying. Included are the basic theories of high impedance and low-impedance differential relaying and their operational concepts. A comparison between the two methods which points out the benefits, drawbacks, concerns and considerations is also given. The importance of current transformer selection and performance are considered in this paper as part of the consideration in bus differential protection scheme design.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"442 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125779495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799039
J. Sykes, Y. Hu, M. Adamiak, A. Apostolov, Bui Dac-Phuoc, A. Deronja, Jim Ebrecht, G. Henneberg, S. Imai, V. Madani, Dean H. Miller, A. De La Quintana, B. Vandiver, R. Whittaker, Mohammad Zubair, S. Ward
This paper is a summary of an IEEE/PES Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) report [2] on the design and testing of selected System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). The report includes high level general considerations in SIPS design and testing, and the industry practice in design and testing of the following selected SIPS with example implemented schemes: (1) Generator rejection; (2) Load rejection; (3) Adaptive load mitigation; (4) Dynamic braking; and (5) System separation.
{"title":"IEEE/PES PSRC report on design and testing of selected System Integrity Protection Schemes","authors":"J. Sykes, Y. Hu, M. Adamiak, A. Apostolov, Bui Dac-Phuoc, A. Deronja, Jim Ebrecht, G. Henneberg, S. Imai, V. Madani, Dean H. Miller, A. De La Quintana, B. Vandiver, R. Whittaker, Mohammad Zubair, S. Ward","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799039","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a summary of an IEEE/PES Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) report [2] on the design and testing of selected System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). The report includes high level general considerations in SIPS design and testing, and the industry practice in design and testing of the following selected SIPS with example implemented schemes: (1) Generator rejection; (2) Load rejection; (3) Adaptive load mitigation; (4) Dynamic braking; and (5) System separation.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127811299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799002
Fred Friend, G. Johnson, Brian Mugalian, Calin Micu, C. Sufana, Cheong Siew, Claire Patti, Daniel Goodrich, D. Lukach, Don Parker, F. Soudi, John M. Jester, J. Vico, J. Sperl, J. Tengdin, J. Gers, K. Donahoe, Matt Black, M. Meisinger, P. Heavey, P. Carroll, R. Lascu, S. Venkata, S. Hodder, Victor Ortiz, W. Hartmann
Distribution Automation (DA) is part of today's evolution of the distribution system. Many utilities already have some Distribution Automation applications (e.g., remote controlling of feeder switches and breakers, automatic reconfiguration, fault detection, fault location, voltage and reactive power control, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), etc.) and the trend is undeniable and expanding.
{"title":"Effect of Distribution Automation on Protective Relaying","authors":"Fred Friend, G. Johnson, Brian Mugalian, Calin Micu, C. Sufana, Cheong Siew, Claire Patti, Daniel Goodrich, D. Lukach, Don Parker, F. Soudi, John M. Jester, J. Vico, J. Sperl, J. Tengdin, J. Gers, K. Donahoe, Matt Black, M. Meisinger, P. Heavey, P. Carroll, R. Lascu, S. Venkata, S. Hodder, Victor Ortiz, W. Hartmann","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799002","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution Automation (DA) is part of today's evolution of the distribution system. Many utilities already have some Distribution Automation applications (e.g., remote controlling of feeder switches and breakers, automatic reconfiguration, fault detection, fault location, voltage and reactive power control, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), etc.) and the trend is undeniable and expanding.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"912 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116401085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799013
K. Koellner, Oskar Reynisson, D. Costello
This paper discusses the potential misoperation of a high-impedance bus differential relay when surge arresters are located within the relay zone of protection. Transient overvoltage caused by a circuit breaker restrike during shunt capacitor bank de-energization can cause the surge arresters to conduct. The relay interprets the current flowing through the surge arrester as fault current within its zone of protection and subsequently trips the bus. This paper reviews high-impedance bus differential protection principles and discusses circuit breaker design, voltage rating, and restrikes. Trapped charge on shunt capacitor banks is analyzed, and surge arrester design and operation are reviewed. This paper also analyzes real-world events that show relay misoperation due to circuit breaker restrikes and are validated by computer restrike simulations. This paper shows that a better understanding of transient overvoltages is essential to improving protection settings in order to minimize false trips while maintaining fast, secure, and sensitive bus protection.
{"title":"High-impedance bus differential misoperation due to circuit breaker restrikes","authors":"K. Koellner, Oskar Reynisson, D. Costello","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799013","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the potential misoperation of a high-impedance bus differential relay when surge arresters are located within the relay zone of protection. Transient overvoltage caused by a circuit breaker restrike during shunt capacitor bank de-energization can cause the surge arresters to conduct. The relay interprets the current flowing through the surge arrester as fault current within its zone of protection and subsequently trips the bus. This paper reviews high-impedance bus differential protection principles and discusses circuit breaker design, voltage rating, and restrikes. Trapped charge on shunt capacitor banks is analyzed, and surge arrester design and operation are reviewed. This paper also analyzes real-world events that show relay misoperation due to circuit breaker restrikes and are validated by computer restrike simulations. This paper shows that a better understanding of transient overvoltages is essential to improving protection settings in order to minimize false trips while maintaining fast, secure, and sensitive bus protection.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124526396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798994
R. Patterson, E. Price, M. Sanders
We have discussed many practical aspects of directional comparison blocking schemes; its basic implementation with PLC, the pros and cons of non-directional vs. directional starting, coordination time of blocking signal and FP tripping elements, carrier holes, and as well a few of the multitude of implementations seen in practice. We have shown the complexities and necessary considerations for the implementation of a seemingly rather simple, and often taken for granted, DCB scheme. Our intent was not simply to inform the reader but also to motivate the reader to vigorously investigate and “what if” the schemes at use in their utility. Just because “we've always done it this way” isn't a sound basis for how we should proceed in the future with new technology and more flexible protection systems. At the same time, changing just for the sake of change may open a can of worms that the casual user did not anticipate. There is no substitute for careful study and real world experience garnered through event analysis and study.
{"title":"Directional comparison blocking system fundamentals","authors":"R. Patterson, E. Price, M. Sanders","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798994","url":null,"abstract":"We have discussed many practical aspects of directional comparison blocking schemes; its basic implementation with PLC, the pros and cons of non-directional vs. directional starting, coordination time of blocking signal and FP tripping elements, carrier holes, and as well a few of the multitude of implementations seen in practice. We have shown the complexities and necessary considerations for the implementation of a seemingly rather simple, and often taken for granted, DCB scheme. Our intent was not simply to inform the reader but also to motivate the reader to vigorously investigate and “what if” the schemes at use in their utility. Just because “we've always done it this way” isn't a sound basis for how we should proceed in the future with new technology and more flexible protection systems. At the same time, changing just for the sake of change may open a can of worms that the casual user did not anticipate. There is no substitute for careful study and real world experience garnered through event analysis and study.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129921939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798992
J. O'Brien, A. Deronja, A. Apostolov, A. Arana, M. Begovic, S. Brahma, G. Brunello, F. Calero, Herb Faulk, Y. Hu, G. Kobet, H. Kirkham, Y. Liao, Chih-Wen Liu, Yuchen Lu, D. Lukach, K. Martin, J. Mooney, Jay Murphy, K. Narendra, D. Novosel, Mahendra Patel, E. Price, Sinan Saygin, V. Skendzic, Rick Taylor, D. Tziouvaras, S. Ward
The IEEE PSRC System Protection Subcommittee Working Group C14 has produced a report that describes practical applications of synchrophasors in protection applications. The report begins with the history of synchrophasors and then goes into issues to consider in their application. Some existing applications are described and then future applications that have been considered or are in development are described. The appendix contains applications that use synchrophasor data but are not considered protection applications. This is a summary of the complete report found on the PSRC website (http://www.pes-psrc.org click on Published Reports).
{"title":"Use of synchrophasor measurements in protective relaying applications","authors":"J. O'Brien, A. Deronja, A. Apostolov, A. Arana, M. Begovic, S. Brahma, G. Brunello, F. Calero, Herb Faulk, Y. Hu, G. Kobet, H. Kirkham, Y. Liao, Chih-Wen Liu, Yuchen Lu, D. Lukach, K. Martin, J. Mooney, Jay Murphy, K. Narendra, D. Novosel, Mahendra Patel, E. Price, Sinan Saygin, V. Skendzic, Rick Taylor, D. Tziouvaras, S. Ward","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798992","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE PSRC System Protection Subcommittee Working Group C14 has produced a report that describes practical applications of synchrophasors in protection applications. The report begins with the history of synchrophasors and then goes into issues to consider in their application. Some existing applications are described and then future applications that have been considered or are in development are described. The appendix contains applications that use synchrophasor data but are not considered protection applications. This is a summary of the complete report found on the PSRC website (http://www.pes-psrc.org click on Published Reports).","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123321082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799000
R. Cimadevilla, I. Garcia
Distance relays provide good dependability for bolted faults but they can face problems detecting resistive faults, specially in short lines. The fault resistance can also affect the security of the relay. This paper explains the concept of the apparent resistance. The influence of the remote infeed with load flow and non-homogeneity of the system on both Quadrilateral and Mho characteristics is described. The effect of the ground resistance on the phase to earth loops during a phase-phase-ground fault is also reviewed. The paper describes the most common polarization methods used for the reactance line to compensate the load flow and non-homogeneity of the system. It describes an adaptive polarization method that provides good security and dependability for any type of resistive fault. Special conditions are considered: faults during open pole conditions, cross-country faults and evolving faults. Real events and RTDS cases are considered. The paper also provides a guide for setting the resistive reach of a distance relay, based on the line impedance, the VT and CT errors, the phase selector used, the type of load flow and non-homogeneity compensation, general reactance line tilting, load encroachment, resistive limiter algorithm (based on ohms / phase or ohms / loop), etc. Examples from real installations are included.
{"title":"Improvements in the operation of a distance relay during resistive faults","authors":"R. Cimadevilla, I. Garcia","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6799000","url":null,"abstract":"Distance relays provide good dependability for bolted faults but they can face problems detecting resistive faults, specially in short lines. The fault resistance can also affect the security of the relay. This paper explains the concept of the apparent resistance. The influence of the remote infeed with load flow and non-homogeneity of the system on both Quadrilateral and Mho characteristics is described. The effect of the ground resistance on the phase to earth loops during a phase-phase-ground fault is also reviewed. The paper describes the most common polarization methods used for the reactance line to compensate the load flow and non-homogeneity of the system. It describes an adaptive polarization method that provides good security and dependability for any type of resistive fault. Special conditions are considered: faults during open pole conditions, cross-country faults and evolving faults. Real events and RTDS cases are considered. The paper also provides a guide for setting the resistive reach of a distance relay, based on the line impedance, the VT and CT errors, the phase selector used, the type of load flow and non-homogeneity compensation, general reactance line tilting, load encroachment, resistive limiter algorithm (based on ohms / phase or ohms / loop), etc. Examples from real installations are included.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114246660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798990
R. Hedding
The Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) is one of the 17 technical committees of the Power and Energy Society (PES) reporting to the PES Technical Council. The PSRC was established over 75 years ago as the repository for the standards and application guides pertaining to protective relays used in our industry. Lots of changes have come to the industry since the PSRC's inception and PSRC is changing to meet those needs. This paper will discuss a brief history of the PSRC, it's organization, where it fits into the Standards body, what it's doing currently, how it's evolving to meet your needs, and you can help.
{"title":"The IEEE PES Power System Relaying Committee what is it? What's happening there? Why is it important to you?","authors":"R. Hedding","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798990","url":null,"abstract":"The Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) is one of the 17 technical committees of the Power and Energy Society (PES) reporting to the PES Technical Council. The PSRC was established over 75 years ago as the repository for the standards and application guides pertaining to protective relays used in our industry. Lots of changes have come to the industry since the PSRC's inception and PSRC is changing to meet those needs. This paper will discuss a brief history of the PSRC, it's organization, where it fits into the Standards body, what it's doing currently, how it's evolving to meet your needs, and you can help.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131409203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-24DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798998
W. Tucker, Andrew K. Burich, M. Thompson, RadhaKiranMaye Anne, Sneha Vasudevan
Communications-assisted (pilot) protection schemes are used to provide high-speed simultaneous fault clearance from each end of a line. The most common pilot schemes used in the industry are permissive overreaching transfer trip (POTT) and directional comparison blocking (DCB). For secure operation, ensuring coordination between the local and remote relays is absolutely necessary. A common myth is that POTT schemes do not have to be coordinated. However, when applying modern POTT schemes that include advanced features such as current reversal and echo logic, reverse blocking elements play an important role and need to be properly coordinated. Good engineering practice suggests using the same type of relay at both terminals in a pilot scheme. However, sometimes this is not possible due to construction, project schedule timing, or budget constraints. Further, when the line is a tie line, transmission facility owners often mutually agree to select dissimilar relays to prevent having to vary from their standards for maintenance, spare equipment, and training reasons. Using different models, manufacturers, and vintages of microprocessor-based relays in a pilot scheme presents coordination difficulties due to different operation principles that result in different sensitivities, speeds, and transient responses. This paper presents a number of such problems and challenges discovered in realworld applications. The paper then proposes solutions to minimize the risk of misoperation and achieve good fault coverage. Finally, the paper discusses the pros and cons of the proposed solutions, keeping in mind the effect power system faults have on power quality and system stability.
{"title":"Coordinating dissimilar line relays in a communications-assisted scheme","authors":"W. Tucker, Andrew K. Burich, M. Thompson, RadhaKiranMaye Anne, Sneha Vasudevan","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2014.6798998","url":null,"abstract":"Communications-assisted (pilot) protection schemes are used to provide high-speed simultaneous fault clearance from each end of a line. The most common pilot schemes used in the industry are permissive overreaching transfer trip (POTT) and directional comparison blocking (DCB). For secure operation, ensuring coordination between the local and remote relays is absolutely necessary. A common myth is that POTT schemes do not have to be coordinated. However, when applying modern POTT schemes that include advanced features such as current reversal and echo logic, reverse blocking elements play an important role and need to be properly coordinated. Good engineering practice suggests using the same type of relay at both terminals in a pilot scheme. However, sometimes this is not possible due to construction, project schedule timing, or budget constraints. Further, when the line is a tie line, transmission facility owners often mutually agree to select dissimilar relays to prevent having to vary from their standards for maintenance, spare equipment, and training reasons. Using different models, manufacturers, and vintages of microprocessor-based relays in a pilot scheme presents coordination difficulties due to different operation principles that result in different sensitivities, speeds, and transient responses. This paper presents a number of such problems and challenges discovered in realworld applications. The paper then proposes solutions to minimize the risk of misoperation and achieve good fault coverage. Finally, the paper discusses the pros and cons of the proposed solutions, keeping in mind the effect power system faults have on power quality and system stability.","PeriodicalId":285252,"journal":{"name":"2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132786079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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