The traditional elevator system design practice is to calculate the round trip time (RTT) and associated parameters of pure incoming traffic during up-peak, followed by real-time computer simulation. Recent studies indicated that the normal traffic is much more complicated, consisting of a mixture of incoming, outgoing and interfloor patterns. The Universal RTT, under such complicated traffic patterns, was analytically developed eight years ago based on the concept of an appropriate origindestination matrix describing the passenger transit probability, and verified by Monte Carlo simulation. That model is based on the assumption that the total number of passengers demanding service within one round trip is limited to the elevator contract capacity, which is in line with the traditional up-peak incoming RTT formula. The idea of extending the consideration to beyond the contract capacity was initiated two years ago. In this article, an in-depth study on such consideration is carried out so that the performance such as RTT, handling capacity (HC) and mean transit time (MTT) etc. under different traffic patterns is evaluated and analyzed with the help of Monte Carlo simulation. This article may help designers optimally size an elevator system during the RTT calculation stage without oversizing it if the prevalent traffic patterns of the building are known.
{"title":"In-depth Study on RTT-HC-MTT Relationship for Passenger Demand beyond Elevator Contract Capacity by Simulation","authors":"Albert Ting Pat So, Lutfi Al-Sharif","doi":"10.14234/tsib.v5i1.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/tsib.v5i1.169","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional elevator system design practice is to calculate the round trip time (RTT) and associated parameters of pure incoming traffic during up-peak, followed by real-time computer simulation. Recent studies indicated that the normal traffic is much more complicated, consisting of a mixture of incoming, outgoing and interfloor patterns. The Universal RTT, under such complicated traffic patterns, was analytically developed eight years ago based on the concept of an appropriate origindestination matrix describing the passenger transit probability, and verified by Monte Carlo simulation. That model is based on the assumption that the total number of passengers demanding service within one round trip is limited to the elevator contract capacity, which is in line with the traditional up-peak incoming RTT formula. The idea of extending the consideration to beyond the contract capacity was initiated two years ago. In this article, an in-depth study on such consideration is carried out so that the performance such as RTT, handling capacity (HC) and mean transit time (MTT) etc. under different traffic patterns is evaluated and analyzed with the help of Monte Carlo simulation. This article may help designers optimally size an elevator system during the RTT calculation stage without oversizing it if the prevalent traffic patterns of the building are known.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"12 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The major part of the design and specification of equipment for the arrest or prevention of overspeed, particularly the safety gear/overspeed governor combination, concerns itself with the performance when carrying rated load, or, in the event of upward overspeed, zero load in the car. In particular, specification is concerned with performance of safety equipment in the face of suspension failure, however unlikely that might be. This paper sets out to investigate the performance of overspeed protection when there is a partial load in the car, whether with a failed suspension or not, and to discuss the opportunities in this respect provided by the introduction of the so-called rope brake.
{"title":"Uncontrolled Overspeed","authors":"Phil Andrew","doi":"10.14234/tsib.v5i1.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/tsib.v5i1.168","url":null,"abstract":"The major part of the design and specification of equipment for the arrest or prevention of overspeed, particularly the safety gear/overspeed governor combination, concerns itself with the performance when carrying rated load, or, in the event of upward overspeed, zero load in the car. In particular, specification is concerned with performance of safety equipment in the face of suspension failure, however unlikely that might be. This paper sets out to investigate the performance of overspeed protection when there is a partial load in the car, whether with a failed suspension or not, and to discuss the opportunities in this respect provided by the introduction of the so-called rope brake.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards a global traffic control (dispatcher) algorithm - interface prototype design","authors":"J. Beebe","doi":"10.14234/tsib.v4i1.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/tsib.v4i1.158","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126589463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modernizations in the post-pandemic world","authors":"Rory S. Smith","doi":"10.14234/tsib.v4i1.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/tsib.v4i1.162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114883605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic extension for Ideal Kinematics","authors":"Matt Appleby, R. Peters","doi":"10.14234/tsib.v4i1.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/tsib.v4i1.163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128397015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The trip function of a lift","authors":"Chris Rentier","doi":"10.14234/tsib.v4i1.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/tsib.v4i1.159","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117203966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3-dimensional (3-D) elevator systems will be the industrial trend. Traditionally, designers first perform a calculation on traffic analysis to get an overall concept and then go ahead to carry out simulation to obtain details. This tradition is still maintained throughout the world. In one previous article, a “Scanner” approach was adopted to convert a 2-D or 3-D path of scanning to a 1-dimensional line and a sophisticated origin/destination stops matrix was generated to calculate the round trip time (RTT). A probability matrix was generated with an assumption that only one floor was served in one round trip. In a more recent article, by using order statistics, a method to break down a series of repeatable stops in a 3-D system into several series of non-repeatable stops was developed for easy reasoning by designers. Here, a uniform population distribution of all potential stops and a single floor service were assumed. In this article, by following the concept of the most recent article, RTT calculation could be extended to non-uniform population distribution of stops and multi-floor applications which may be the most general approach to calculate the RTT of a truly 3-D elevator system.
{"title":"Analytical RTT Estimation of a 3-D Elevator System by Exact Stop Positions - Extension to Multi-floor and Non-uniform Population Applications","authors":"A. So","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V3I1.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V3I1.157","url":null,"abstract":"3-dimensional (3-D) elevator systems will be the industrial trend. Traditionally, designers first perform a calculation on traffic analysis to get an overall concept and then go ahead to carry out simulation to obtain details. This tradition is still maintained throughout the world. In one previous article, a “Scanner” approach was adopted to convert a 2-D or 3-D path of scanning to a 1-dimensional line and a sophisticated origin/destination stops matrix was generated to calculate the round trip time (RTT). A probability matrix was generated with an assumption that only one floor was served in one round trip. In a more recent article, by using order statistics, a method to break down a series of repeatable stops in a 3-D system into several series of non-repeatable stops was developed for easy reasoning by designers. Here, a uniform population distribution of all potential stops and a single floor service were assumed. In this article, by following the concept of the most recent article, RTT calculation could be extended to non-uniform population distribution of stops and multi-floor applications which may be the most general approach to calculate the RTT of a truly 3-D elevator system.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127061320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lifts are essential for means of vertical transportation. Recently, the lifts installed in the high-rise buildings are long travel, thus the lift ropes are becoming longer. The natural period of the high-rise buildings is longer than that of the conventional buildings. In addition to the lift rope becomes longer, the natural period of the lift ropes become longer. Accordingly, the natural period of the lift ropes gets closer to the natural period of the building. Consequently, the lift ropes might be hooked to the equipment of wall when the lift ropes vibrate by an external force, such as a strong wind and earthquake. Furthermore, secondary accident such as containment of passengers and lift service stop may occur. In the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, 2015 cases of problem such as the catch and the damage of lift ropes have been reported. Operation of lifts after earthquakes are required for the security of the refuge course. Accordingly, the analytical method for comparative evaluation is investigated in this study. Furthermore, method to prevent a catch by vibration reduction of the lift ropes is investigated. In the previous research, it was confirmed that the division of the lift stroke is effective for reducing the response of the rope. When the lift stroke was equally divided. The displacement of the upper lift became larger than that of the other lift. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the division ratio of lift stroke was examined in this report. We investigated the catching of the lift rope using differential analysis and risk assessment. As the result, the displacement of the upper lift was decreased by the apposite division ratio. The probability of catching rope of the upper lift is reduced. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the risk of the catching rope reduces in probabilistic risk assessment.Lifts are essential for means of vertical transportation. Recently, the lifts installed in the high-rise buildings are long travel, thus the lift ropes are becoming longer. The natural period of the high-rise buildings is longer than that of the conventional buildings[1]. In addition to the lift rope becomes longer, the natural period of the lift ropes become longer. Accordingly, the natural period of the lift ropes gets closer to the natural period of the building. Consequently, the lift ropes might be hooked to the equipment of wall when the lift ropes vibrate by an external force, such as a strong wind and earthquake. Furthermore, secondary accident such as containment of passengers and lift service stop may occur. In the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, 2015 cases of problem such as the catch and the damage of lift ropes have been reported [2]. Operation of lifts after earthquakes are required for the security of the refuge course. Accordingly, the analytical method for comparative evaluation is investigated in this study. Furthermore, method to prevent a catch by vibration reduction of the lift ropes is investigated. In the
{"title":"Fundamental study on rope vibration suppression by middle transfer floor using risk information","authors":"S. Tamashiro","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V3I1.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V3I1.155","url":null,"abstract":"Lifts are essential for means of vertical transportation. Recently, the lifts installed in the high-rise buildings are long travel, thus the lift ropes are becoming longer. The natural period of the high-rise buildings is longer than that of the conventional buildings. In addition to the lift rope becomes longer, the natural period of the lift ropes become longer. Accordingly, the natural period of the lift ropes gets closer to the natural period of the building. Consequently, the lift ropes might be hooked to the equipment of wall when the lift ropes vibrate by an external force, such as a strong wind and earthquake. Furthermore, secondary accident such as containment of passengers and lift service stop may occur. In the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, 2015 cases of problem such as the catch and the damage of lift ropes have been reported. Operation of lifts after earthquakes are required for the security of the refuge course. Accordingly, the analytical method for comparative evaluation is investigated in this study. Furthermore, method to prevent a catch by vibration reduction of the lift ropes is investigated. In the previous research, it was confirmed that the division of the lift stroke is effective for reducing the response of the rope. When the lift stroke was equally divided. The displacement of the upper lift became larger than that of the other lift. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the division ratio of lift stroke was examined in this report. We investigated the catching of the lift rope using differential analysis and risk assessment. As the result, the displacement of the upper lift was decreased by the apposite division ratio. The probability of catching rope of the upper lift is reduced. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the risk of the catching rope reduces in probabilistic risk assessment.Lifts are essential for means of vertical transportation. Recently, the lifts installed in the high-rise buildings are long travel, thus the lift ropes are becoming longer. The natural period of the high-rise buildings is longer than that of the conventional buildings[1]. In addition to the lift rope becomes longer, the natural period of the lift ropes become longer. Accordingly, the natural period of the lift ropes gets closer to the natural period of the building. Consequently, the lift ropes might be hooked to the equipment of wall when the lift ropes vibrate by an external force, such as a strong wind and earthquake. Furthermore, secondary accident such as containment of passengers and lift service stop may occur. In the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, 2015 cases of problem such as the catch and the damage of lift ropes have been reported [2]. Operation of lifts after earthquakes are required for the security of the refuge course. Accordingly, the analytical method for comparative evaluation is investigated in this study. Furthermore, method to prevent a catch by vibration reduction of the lift ropes is investigated. In the ","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"297 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125126415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The devastating earthquake of Mw9.0, so-called the Great East Japan Earthquake, hit the Tohoku district, north east part of Japan on March 11, 2011. About 16,000 people died and 2,500 people were missing by the strong motion and tsunami, and the economic damage was estimated about 16.9 trillion yen in addition to the influence by the nuclear accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. In addition to the main shock, many strong aftershocks occurred in the long term. After that, strong near-field earthquakes called the Kumamoto Earthquake and the North Osaka Earthquake occurred in 2016 and 2018. Many lifts and escalators were damaged in these earthquakes as well as building structures, industrial facilities and so on. Therefore, this paper reports seismic damage of lifts and escalators by large earthquakes in Japan. At first, changes of the Seismic Design Guideline in Japan are introduced. Then a summary of the damage regarding the lifts and escalators was provided in order to confirm effectiveness of Seismic Design Guideline and to contribute improvement of the seismic design for forthcoming destructive earthquakes. The damage is analysed from the viewpoint of causes, the edition of Seismic Design Guideline and so on. Although the many of the buildings were hit by massive earthquakes, the damage of the lifts and escalators to be designed according to the Seismic Design Guideline was suppressed to certain level, and the effectiveness of the Seismic Design Guideline was confirmed.
{"title":"Report on Seismic Damage of Lifts and Escalators by Large Earthquakes in Japan","authors":"K. Minagawa","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V3I1.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V3I1.154","url":null,"abstract":"The devastating earthquake of Mw9.0, so-called the Great East Japan Earthquake, hit the Tohoku district, north east part of Japan on March 11, 2011. About 16,000 people died and 2,500 people were missing by the strong motion and tsunami, and the economic damage was estimated about 16.9 trillion yen in addition to the influence by the nuclear accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. In addition to the main shock, many strong aftershocks occurred in the long term. After that, strong near-field earthquakes called the Kumamoto Earthquake and the North Osaka Earthquake occurred in 2016 and 2018. Many lifts and escalators were damaged in these earthquakes as well as building structures, industrial facilities and so on. Therefore, this paper reports seismic damage of lifts and escalators by large earthquakes in Japan. At first, changes of the Seismic Design Guideline in Japan are introduced. Then a summary of the damage regarding the lifts and escalators was provided in order to confirm effectiveness of Seismic Design Guideline and to contribute improvement of the seismic design for forthcoming destructive earthquakes. The damage is analysed from the viewpoint of causes, the edition of Seismic Design Guideline and so on. Although the many of the buildings were hit by massive earthquakes, the damage of the lifts and escalators to be designed according to the Seismic Design Guideline was suppressed to certain level, and the effectiveness of the Seismic Design Guideline was confirmed.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130959917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The safety gear is regarded as the last line of defence in the relatively safe world of lifts. Industry contemporaries recall Elisha Otis declaring “All safe” after cutting the ropes on a platform upon which he was standing and the safety gear preventing his uncontrolled descent. The design of safety gears has moved on significantly from an original proposal to place a bag of feathers in the lift pit to designs that now arrest uncontrolled movement in ascent. This paper is a developing research project which will look at UK patents and standards and tracks the development of the safety gear from the embryonic days of lift installations to the present day. It will contribute to knowledge by bringing together a number of sources of information not previously brought together into a single paper and thus provide a consolidated history of the safety gear.
{"title":"History of the Safety Gear","authors":"D. Cooper","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.142","url":null,"abstract":"The safety gear is regarded as the last line of defence in the relatively safe world of lifts. Industry contemporaries recall Elisha Otis declaring “All safe” after cutting the ropes on a platform upon which he was standing and the safety gear preventing his uncontrolled descent. The design of safety gears has moved on significantly from an original proposal to place a bag of feathers in the lift pit to designs that now arrest uncontrolled movement in ascent. This paper is a developing research project which will look at UK patents and standards and tracks the development of the safety gear from the embryonic days of lift installations to the present day. It will contribute to knowledge by bringing together a number of sources of information not previously brought together into a single paper and thus provide a consolidated history of the safety gear.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121090625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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