Rupture of wire ropes is one of severe accidents in lift systems. Before rupture by aging degradation, diameter of wire ropes decreases and surface of wire ropes is rusted. Thus diameters and red rust of wire ropes should be checked in periodic inspections of lift systems in Japan. The diameters are usually measured by using vernier calipers or scales, and red rust is checked with eyes, so there are errors and difference among inspectors. Therefore development of a new monitoring system for the diameters and red rust is required in order to ensure qualities of the inspection and manage the inspection data efficiently. Meanwhile image processing technology has recently been applied to various industries such as automatic driving vehicles. This paper proposes and constructs a health monitoring system for wire rope using image processing. The system consists of a digital camera and a computer. The digital camera takes a photograph of a wire rope and the photograph is analyzed by the computer. The diameter is calculated from the number of pixels of the rope, and red rust is detected by resolving the colour of the photograph into RGB data. This paper describes image processing method for inspection of wire rope and results of verification tests. Photography condition suitable for monitoring was investigated. As a result, the measurement error was less than 1% by adjusting photographing condition.
{"title":"Application of Image Processing to Health Monitoring for Wire Rope of Lift systems","authors":"K. Minagawa, S. Fujita","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.143","url":null,"abstract":"Rupture of wire ropes is one of severe accidents in lift systems. Before rupture by aging degradation, diameter of wire ropes decreases and surface of wire ropes is rusted. Thus diameters and red rust of wire ropes should be checked in periodic inspections of lift systems in Japan. The diameters are usually measured by using vernier calipers or scales, and red rust is checked with eyes, so there are errors and difference among inspectors. Therefore development of a new monitoring system for the diameters and red rust is required in order to ensure qualities of the inspection and manage the inspection data efficiently. Meanwhile image processing technology has recently been applied to various industries such as automatic driving vehicles. This paper proposes and constructs a health monitoring system for wire rope using image processing. The system consists of a digital camera and a computer. The digital camera takes a photograph of a wire rope and the photograph is analyzed by the computer. The diameter is calculated from the number of pixels of the rope, and red rust is detected by resolving the colour of the photograph into RGB data. This paper describes image processing method for inspection of wire rope and results of verification tests. Photography condition suitable for monitoring was investigated. As a result, the measurement error was less than 1% by adjusting photographing condition.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125051379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various safety devices are provided to ensure the safety of the lift passengers. A number of safety systems are employed to prevent injury in case or uncontrolled movement. The car and counterweight buffers (shock absorber) play an important role. This paper considers appropriate performance of the car and counterweight buffers. Buffer performance is examined to satisfy a safe condition in the revised JIS A 4306.
设有各种安全装置，确保电梯乘客的安全。许多安全系统被用来防止受伤的情况下或不受控制的运动。汽车和配重缓冲器(减震器)起着重要作用。本文考虑了小车和配重缓冲器的适当性能。对缓冲性能进行检查，以满足修订后的JIS a 4306中的安全条件。
{"title":"A Fundamental Study Concerning the Correct Performance of Elevator Buffers","authors":"O. Furuya, Naoki Fujiwara, S. Fujita","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.145","url":null,"abstract":"Various safety devices are provided to ensure the safety of the lift passengers. A number of safety systems are employed to prevent injury in case or uncontrolled movement. The car and counterweight buffers (shock absorber) play an important role. This paper considers appropriate performance of the car and counterweight buffers. Buffer performance is examined to satisfy a safe condition in the revised JIS A 4306.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117043854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, there are benchmarking parameters to assess the energy performance of lifts, e.g. one in Germany adopted by VDI (4707-1/2), one internationally published by ISO (BS EN ISO 25745-2:2015), and the other in Hong Kong adopted by The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. These parameters are mainly checking and governing the energy consumed by a lift drive without considering real time passenger demands and traffic conditions, the one in Hong Kong pinpointing a fully loaded up-journey under rated speed while the two in Europe pinpointing a round trip, bottom floor to top floor and return with an empty car, though including energy consumed by lighting, displays, ventilation etc. A holistic normalization method (So et al 2005, Lam et al 2006) was developed more than ten years ago by the first author of this article, which can simultaneously assess both drive efficiency and traffic control performance, termed which is the name of the parameter measured in unit, J/kgm, and is now adopted by the HKSAR Government as a good practice in the Technical Guidelines of the Energy Code, but not yet enforced in the mandatory code. In Europe, the energy unit of Wh has been used but here, the unit of Joule (J), i.e. Ws, is adopted to discriminate the difference between the two concepts. In this article, such parameter is evaluated under different drives and lift traffic control scenarios by using computer simulations, with the aim of arriving at a reasonable figure for benchmarking an energy efficient lift system with both an efficient drive as well as an efficient supervisory traffic control. This parameter could also compare the performance of different types of intelligent car dispatcher.
现时，评估升降机能源表现的基准参数有德国的VDI(4707-1/2)、国际标准组织ISO (BS EN ISO 25745-2:2015)及香港特别行政区政府在香港采用的基准参数。这些参数主要是检查和控制电梯驱动的能源消耗，而不考虑实时的乘客需求和交通状况，香港的电梯是指在额定速度下满载上升的旅程，而欧洲的两个电梯是指从底层到顶层的往返旅程，并以空车返回，但包括照明、显示、通风等方面的能源消耗。本文第一作者于十多年前开发了一种整体归一化方法(So et al 2005, Lam et al 2006)，可以同时评估驾驶效率和交通管制表现，称为“J/kgm”，即单位测量参数的名称，现已被香港特区政府采纳为《能源守则技术指引》的良好做法，但尚未在强制性守则中实施。在欧洲，已经使用了能量单位Wh，但在这里，采用焦耳(J)的单位，即Ws，来区分这两个概念的区别。在本文中，我们利用计算机模拟，在不同的驱动程序和电梯交通控制方案下评估这些参数，目的是得出一个合理的数字，以确定一个既具有高效驱动程序又具有高效监督交通控制的节能电梯系统的基准。此参数还可以比较不同类型智能汽车调度器的性能。
{"title":"Computer Simulation Aided Study of a Real-time Energy Benchmarking Parameter for Lift Systems under different Traffic Control Schemes","authors":"A. So, Ricky C. Chan, S. Kaczmarczyk","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.141","url":null,"abstract":"At present, there are benchmarking parameters to assess the energy performance of lifts, e.g. one in Germany adopted by VDI (4707-1/2), one internationally published by ISO (BS EN ISO 25745-2:2015), and the other in Hong Kong adopted by The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. These parameters are mainly checking and governing the energy consumed by a lift drive without considering real time passenger demands and traffic conditions, the one in Hong Kong pinpointing a fully loaded up-journey under rated speed while the two in Europe pinpointing a round trip, bottom floor to top floor and return with an empty car, though including energy consumed by lighting, displays, ventilation etc. A holistic normalization method (So et al 2005, Lam et al 2006) was developed more than ten years ago by the first author of this article, which can simultaneously assess both drive efficiency and traffic control performance, termed which is the name of the parameter measured in unit, J/kgm, and is now adopted by the HKSAR Government as a good practice in the Technical Guidelines of the Energy Code, but not yet enforced in the mandatory code. In Europe, the energy unit of Wh has been used but here, the unit of Joule (J), i.e. Ws, is adopted to discriminate the difference between the two concepts. In this article, such parameter is evaluated under different drives and lift traffic control scenarios by using computer simulations, with the aim of arriving at a reasonable figure for benchmarking an energy efficient lift system with both an efficient drive as well as an efficient supervisory traffic control. This parameter could also compare the performance of different types of intelligent car dispatcher.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115772607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a range of lift systems with more than one car or cabin per shaft. Double deck lifts have a car with two attached cabins, serving adjacent floors at the same time. Other systems enable two independent cars to share the same shaft. The next generation ropeless lifts will allow many cars to share the same shafts. In these systems, the interaction between the cars and cabins affects the quality of service for passengers. Departure delays occur when passenger loading and unloading times or the sequence of stops required to serve passengers is not the same. The consequence is that cars and cabins delay each other’s departure. Departure delays can also occur in lift systems with a single car and cabin per shaft, for example when destination calls are registered at a significant walking distance from the lift lobby. To include departure delay in an assessment of quality of service, definitions of passenger and cabin departure delays, and a method to measure these delays are required. This paper describes the different types of departure delays and their causes. This provides metrics which can be applied in lift planning and dispatcher design.
{"title":"Departure Delays in Lift Systems","authors":"Stefan Gerstenmeyer, R. Peters, Rory S. Smith","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.146","url":null,"abstract":"There is a range of lift systems with more than one car or cabin per shaft. Double deck lifts have a car with two attached cabins, serving adjacent floors at the same time. Other systems enable two independent cars to share the same shaft. The next generation ropeless lifts will allow many cars to share the same shafts. In these systems, the interaction between the cars and cabins affects the quality of service for passengers. Departure delays occur when passenger loading and unloading times or the sequence of stops required to serve passengers is not the same. The consequence is that cars and cabins delay each other’s departure. Departure delays can also occur in lift systems with a single car and cabin per shaft, for example when destination calls are registered at a significant walking distance from the lift lobby. To include departure delay in an assessment of quality of service, definitions of passenger and cabin departure delays, and a method to measure these delays are required. This paper describes the different types of departure delays and their causes. This provides metrics which can be applied in lift planning and dispatcher design.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122232378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an analysis of the requirements of a Global Dispatcher Interface for the control of a group of lifts. The information passed to and from the interface is defined as well as the common processing which will be executed on that information in order to generate the response. Using recognised software development methods, requirements are elicited from a consideration of the significant use cases and the architectural configurations which must be supported by the interface. The analysis is presented as interaction diagrams which show the collaborations and responsibilities of the key objects of the software.
{"title":"Towards A Global Traffic Control (Dispatcher) Algorithm - Requirements Analysis","authors":"J. Beebe","doi":"10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14234/TSIB.V2I1.147","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analysis of the requirements of a Global Dispatcher Interface for the control of a group of lifts. The information passed to and from the interface is defined as well as the common processing which will be executed on that information in order to generate the response. Using recognised software development methods, requirements are elicited from a consideration of the significant use cases and the architectural configurations which must be supported by the interface. The analysis is presented as interaction diagrams which show the collaborations and responsibilities of the key objects of the software.","PeriodicalId":286948,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Systems in Buildings","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117169538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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