Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0022
Sarvjeet Singh, S. Sharma, R. Gill, Shiv Kumar
Abstract Lentil (Lens culinaris L. Medik.) is an important cool-season food legume but is a poor competitor to weeds because of a slow early growth rate. If weeds are left uncontrolled, they can reduce yield by up to 50%. Sensitivity of lentil to post-emergence herbicides warrants development of herbicide-tolerant cultivars. In the absence of natural variability, mutation breeding is a powerful tool to create variability for desired traits. Thus, 1000 seeds of a lentil genotype, LL1203, were exposed to gamma radiation (300 Gy, 60Co) with the objective to induce herbicide tolerance. Seeds of all 530 surviving M1 plants were harvested individually and divided in two parts to raise the M2 generation in two different plots. Each plot was sprayed with imazethapyr (75 g/ha) and metribuzin (250 g/ha) herbicides 50 days after sowing, using water at 375 l/ha. Data on herbicide tolerance for individual M2 plants were recorded after 14 days of herbicide spray on a 1-5 scale, where 1 = highly tolerant (plants free from chlorosis or wilting) and 5 = highly sensitive (leaves and tender branches completely burnt). For herbicide-tolerant M2 plants, data were also recorded for pod and yield per plant. None of the M2 plants showed a high level of tolerance to imazethapyr. However, 14 mutants having higher herbicide tolerance to metribuzin were selected. Two mutants ('LL1203-MM10', 'LL1203-MM7') recorded < 2.0 score, while six mutants recorded < 2.50 score as compared with the 3.13 score of the parent variety. The pods per plant and seed yield per plant of mutants 'LL1203-MM7' (383 and 12.4 g) and 'LL1203-MM10' (347 and 12.1 g) were higher than those of the parent genotype LL1203 (253 and 7.8 g). The study indicated that metribuzin-tolerant mutants have some other desirable traits that can be of use in lentil breeding.
{"title":"Induced variation for post-emergence herbicide tolerance in lentil.","authors":"Sarvjeet Singh, S. Sharma, R. Gill, Shiv Kumar","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Lentil (Lens culinaris L. Medik.) is an important cool-season food legume but is a poor competitor to weeds because of a slow early growth rate. If weeds are left uncontrolled, they can reduce yield by up to 50%. Sensitivity of lentil to post-emergence herbicides warrants development of herbicide-tolerant cultivars. In the absence of natural variability, mutation breeding is a powerful tool to create variability for desired traits. Thus, 1000 seeds of a lentil genotype, LL1203, were exposed to gamma radiation (300 Gy, 60Co) with the objective to induce herbicide tolerance. Seeds of all 530 surviving M1 plants were harvested individually and divided in two parts to raise the M2 generation in two different plots. Each plot was sprayed with imazethapyr (75 g/ha) and metribuzin (250 g/ha) herbicides 50 days after sowing, using water at 375 l/ha. Data on herbicide tolerance for individual M2 plants were recorded after 14 days of herbicide spray on a 1-5 scale, where 1 = highly tolerant (plants free from chlorosis or wilting) and 5 = highly sensitive (leaves and tender branches completely burnt). For herbicide-tolerant M2 plants, data were also recorded for pod and yield per plant. None of the M2 plants showed a high level of tolerance to imazethapyr. However, 14 mutants having higher herbicide tolerance to metribuzin were selected. Two mutants ('LL1203-MM10', 'LL1203-MM7') recorded < 2.0 score, while six mutants recorded < 2.50 score as compared with the 3.13 score of the parent variety. The pods per plant and seed yield per plant of mutants 'LL1203-MM7' (383 and 12.4 g) and 'LL1203-MM10' (347 and 12.1 g) were higher than those of the parent genotype LL1203 (253 and 7.8 g). The study indicated that metribuzin-tolerant mutants have some other desirable traits that can be of use in lentil breeding.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133232655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0047
C. Mba, H. Dreyer
Abstract The 50% increase in food production required to feed an ever-growing global population, and which must be attained under dire climate change scenarios and other constraints, will not be attained with a 'business as usual' mindset. For crops, the current cultivars will have to be replaced by ones that are more nutritious, stress tolerant and input-use efficient and that would produce higher yields with less external input. Generating such varieties requires significant efficiency enhancements to the conservation and characterization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and their use in plant breeding. Genome editing holds great promise in this regard. Its rapid adoption as a relatively cheap and rapid means to generate precise and predictable heritable variations and its universal applicability mirror the developments of the closely associated gene drive. Large amounts of digital sequence data are also increasingly available, while the field of synthetic biology has been expanding rapidly. This all holds great promise for improving and broadening the genetic base of crop varieties for the enhancement of crop productivity without damaging the environment. However, the pace of the scientific and technological developments for these methods has far outstripped that of the requisite policy regimes. The demonstrable potentials notwithstanding, the developments have not been universally accepted. The ongoing debates include whether the products of genome editing, with or without gene drive, should be considered living modified organisms and, if so, subject to the international framework, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Another debate is whether digital sequence information should be subject to some access- and-benefit sharing regime, considering that, with the power of synthetic biology, products previously harnessed only from living organisms can now be produced in the laboratory once the DNA sequence is available. There are also debates about ethics. In order to avoid the mistakes of the past, a call is made for evidence-based multi-stakeholder (including especially intergovernmental) dialogues on the safety, fairness and ethics of the use of these emerging biotechnologies, as the stakes are extremely high.
{"title":"The conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and emerging biotechnologies.","authors":"C. Mba, H. Dreyer","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The 50% increase in food production required to feed an ever-growing global population, and which must be attained under dire climate change scenarios and other constraints, will not be attained with a 'business as usual' mindset. For crops, the current cultivars will have to be replaced by ones that are more nutritious, stress tolerant and input-use efficient and that would produce higher yields with less external input. Generating such varieties requires significant efficiency enhancements to the conservation and characterization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and their use in plant breeding. Genome editing holds great promise in this regard. Its rapid adoption as a relatively cheap and rapid means to generate precise and predictable heritable variations and its universal applicability mirror the developments of the closely associated gene drive. Large amounts of digital sequence data are also increasingly available, while the field of synthetic biology has been expanding rapidly. This all holds great promise for improving and broadening the genetic base of crop varieties for the enhancement of crop productivity without damaging the environment. However, the pace of the scientific and technological developments for these methods has far outstripped that of the requisite policy regimes. The demonstrable potentials notwithstanding, the developments have not been universally accepted. The ongoing debates include whether the products of genome editing, with or without gene drive, should be considered living modified organisms and, if so, subject to the international framework, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Another debate is whether digital sequence information should be subject to some access- and-benefit sharing regime, considering that, with the power of synthetic biology, products previously harnessed only from living organisms can now be produced in the laboratory once the DNA sequence is available. There are also debates about ethics. In order to avoid the mistakes of the past, a call is made for evidence-based multi-stakeholder (including especially intergovernmental) dialogues on the safety, fairness and ethics of the use of these emerging biotechnologies, as the stakes are extremely high.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126629616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0008
Malathy Parasuraman, P. Weerasinghe
Abstract The Department of Agriculture (DOA) in Sri Lanka initiated mutation breeding in the 1960s with the introduction of a cobalt-60 source. The first rice mutant variety, MI 273, was released for general cultivation in 1971. M1 273, derived from irradiation of the H-4 variety, was identified as a drought-tolerant variety. An indirect rice mutant variety, developed by crossing the short mutant line BW267-3 with a highly adaptable variety, was released as BW 372 in 2013. It is moderately tolerant to blast, bacterial leaf blight, brown plant hopper, gall midge and iron toxicity, and thus increases productivity to 3-4 t/ha on lands prone to iron toxicity. The most popular groundnut variety cultivated in the country, 'Tissa', is a mutant developed by irradiation with gamma-rays at 200 Gy. It showed attributes of high yield, medium maturity (90-100 days) and high oil content (42%). 'Tissa' presently covers 80% of the groundnut cultivated area in Sri Lanka. A sesame mutant line, derived from the variety MI-3 irradiated at 200 Gy with 60Co gamma-rays, was released as 'Malee' (ANK-S2) in 1993. It is a high-yielding variety (1.1-1.8 t/ha) resistant to Phytophthora blight. A cherry-type mutant tomato variety, developed by irradiation of seeds with gamma-rays (320 Gy), was released as 'Lanka Cherry' in 2010. Improved attributes are pear-shaped fruits and bacterial wilt resistance. Narrow genetic variability in many crops is a constraint to the development of new varieties adapted to the changing climate. Hence, the DOA is emphasizing integration of induced mutagenesis in conventional breeding programmes to develop resistant/tolerant varieties having high yield, quality and health-promoting functional properties in field and horticultural crops. The newly installed gamma irradiation chamber facilitates the creation of genetic variability in food crops, thus paving the way for the development of greener varieties.
{"title":"Application of mutation breeding techniques in the development of green crop varieties in Sri Lanka: the way forward.","authors":"Malathy Parasuraman, P. Weerasinghe","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The Department of Agriculture (DOA) in Sri Lanka initiated mutation breeding in the 1960s with the introduction of a cobalt-60 source. The first rice mutant variety, MI 273, was released for general cultivation in 1971. M1 273, derived from irradiation of the H-4 variety, was identified as a drought-tolerant variety. An indirect rice mutant variety, developed by crossing the short mutant line BW267-3 with a highly adaptable variety, was released as BW 372 in 2013. It is moderately tolerant to blast, bacterial leaf blight, brown plant hopper, gall midge and iron toxicity, and thus increases productivity to 3-4 t/ha on lands prone to iron toxicity. The most popular groundnut variety cultivated in the country, 'Tissa', is a mutant developed by irradiation with gamma-rays at 200 Gy. It showed attributes of high yield, medium maturity (90-100 days) and high oil content (42%). 'Tissa' presently covers 80% of the groundnut cultivated area in Sri Lanka. A sesame mutant line, derived from the variety MI-3 irradiated at 200 Gy with 60Co gamma-rays, was released as 'Malee' (ANK-S2) in 1993. It is a high-yielding variety (1.1-1.8 t/ha) resistant to Phytophthora blight. A cherry-type mutant tomato variety, developed by irradiation of seeds with gamma-rays (320 Gy), was released as 'Lanka Cherry' in 2010. Improved attributes are pear-shaped fruits and bacterial wilt resistance. Narrow genetic variability in many crops is a constraint to the development of new varieties adapted to the changing climate. Hence, the DOA is emphasizing integration of induced mutagenesis in conventional breeding programmes to develop resistant/tolerant varieties having high yield, quality and health-promoting functional properties in field and horticultural crops. The newly installed gamma irradiation chamber facilitates the creation of genetic variability in food crops, thus paving the way for the development of greener varieties.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122197497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0004
Thao Duc Le, C. T. Pham
Abstract In Vietnam, soybean is one of the traditional crops and plays an important role in crop rotation, soil improvement and meeting the nutritional needs of humans and livestock. With the aim of generating genetic variability in soybean and creating new soybean varieties to meet the needs of production, induced mutation research has been carried out since the 1980s and has gained outstanding achievements. Induction of modified traits and their incorporation into an ideal genotype was achieved by judicious use of the induced mutation technique. So far, outstanding soybean varieties such as DT84, DT90, DT99, DT2008 and several promising lines have been developed in Vietnam by incorporating desirable traits like high and stable yield (2.0-3.5 t/ha), good quality, drought tolerance, disease resistance (rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew), short growth duration (70-100 days), wide adaptability and suitability for cropping systems and ecological regions in the whole country. The most outstanding variety, DT84, occupies over 50% of the total production area and 80% in Central and North Vietnam (about 70,000-80,000 ha/year). These varieties have also been used as materials for developing several additional improved soybean varieties. Thus, induced mutation research has played an important role in improving soybean varieties in Vietnam.
{"title":"Soybean breeding through induced mutation in Vietnam.","authors":"Thao Duc Le, C. T. Pham","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 In Vietnam, soybean is one of the traditional crops and plays an important role in crop rotation, soil improvement and meeting the nutritional needs of humans and livestock. With the aim of generating genetic variability in soybean and creating new soybean varieties to meet the needs of production, induced mutation research has been carried out since the 1980s and has gained outstanding achievements. Induction of modified traits and their incorporation into an ideal genotype was achieved by judicious use of the induced mutation technique. So far, outstanding soybean varieties such as DT84, DT90, DT99, DT2008 and several promising lines have been developed in Vietnam by incorporating desirable traits like high and stable yield (2.0-3.5 t/ha), good quality, drought tolerance, disease resistance (rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew), short growth duration (70-100 days), wide adaptability and suitability for cropping systems and ecological regions in the whole country. The most outstanding variety, DT84, occupies over 50% of the total production area and 80% in Central and North Vietnam (about 70,000-80,000 ha/year). These varieties have also been used as materials for developing several additional improved soybean varieties. Thus, induced mutation research has played an important role in improving soybean varieties in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124993672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0015
M. Hussain, L. Jankuloski, M. Habib-ur-Rahman, M. Malek, M. Islam, M. R. Raheemi, Jawdat Dana, K. M. Lwin, F. Ahmad, M. Rizwan, Ghulam Mohyuddintalha, M. Asif, S. Ali
Abstract Cotton, being a leading commercial fibre crop, is grown on 20.5 million hectares in three major cotton-producing countries: China, India and Pakistan. Wide differences in yield per hectare exist among these countries and these are being aggravated by changing climate conditions, i.e. higher temperatures and significant seasonal and regional fluctuation in rainfall. Pakistan is one of the countries most affected by climate change. The disastrous effects of extreme periods of heat stress in cotton were very prominent in Pakistan during the growing seasons 2013-2014 (40-50% fruit abortion) and 2016-2017 (33% shortfall), which posed an alarming threat to the cotton-based economy of Pakistan. Poor resilience of the most commonly grown cotton varieties against extreme periods of heat stress are considered to be major factors for this drastic downfall in cotton production in Pakistan. Using the approach of induced mutation breeding, the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan, has demonstrated its capabilities in developing cotton mutants that can tolerate the changed climatic conditions and sustain high yields under contrasting environments. The results of studies on the phenological and physiological traits conferring heat tolerance are presented here for thermo-tolerant cotton mutants (NIAB-878, NIAB-545, NIAB-1048, NIAB-444, NIAB-1089, NIAB-1064, NIAB-1042) relative to FH-142 and FH-Lalazar. NIAB-878 excelled in heat tolerance by maintaining the highest anther dehiscence (82%) and minimum cell injury percentage (39%) along with maximum stomatal conductance (27.7 mmol CO2/m2/s), transpiration rate (6.89 μmol H2O/m2/s), net photosynthetic rate (44.6 mmol CO2/m2/s) and physiological water use efficiency (6.81 mmol CO2/μmol H2O) under the prevailing high temperatures.
{"title":"Improving sustainable cotton production through enhanced resilience to climate change using mutation breeding.","authors":"M. Hussain, L. Jankuloski, M. Habib-ur-Rahman, M. Malek, M. Islam, M. R. Raheemi, Jawdat Dana, K. M. Lwin, F. Ahmad, M. Rizwan, Ghulam Mohyuddintalha, M. Asif, S. Ali","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Cotton, being a leading commercial fibre crop, is grown on 20.5 million hectares in three major cotton-producing countries: China, India and Pakistan. Wide differences in yield per hectare exist among these countries and these are being aggravated by changing climate conditions, i.e. higher temperatures and significant seasonal and regional fluctuation in rainfall. Pakistan is one of the countries most affected by climate change. The disastrous effects of extreme periods of heat stress in cotton were very prominent in Pakistan during the growing seasons 2013-2014 (40-50% fruit abortion) and 2016-2017 (33% shortfall), which posed an alarming threat to the cotton-based economy of Pakistan. Poor resilience of the most commonly grown cotton varieties against extreme periods of heat stress are considered to be major factors for this drastic downfall in cotton production in Pakistan. Using the approach of induced mutation breeding, the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan, has demonstrated its capabilities in developing cotton mutants that can tolerate the changed climatic conditions and sustain high yields under contrasting environments. The results of studies on the phenological and physiological traits conferring heat tolerance are presented here for thermo-tolerant cotton mutants (NIAB-878, NIAB-545, NIAB-1048, NIAB-444, NIAB-1089, NIAB-1064, NIAB-1042) relative to FH-142 and FH-Lalazar. NIAB-878 excelled in heat tolerance by maintaining the highest anther dehiscence (82%) and minimum cell injury percentage (39%) along with maximum stomatal conductance (27.7 mmol CO2/m2/s), transpiration rate (6.89 μmol H2O/m2/s), net photosynthetic rate (44.6 mmol CO2/m2/s) and physiological water use efficiency (6.81 mmol CO2/μmol H2O) under the prevailing high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115657870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0044
Chengyan Zhou, Yuan-yuan Tan, Sophia Gossner, You-fa Li, Q. Shu, K. Engel
Abstract Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate), the major storage form of phosphorus in cereals, is considered as an antinutrient in food and feed. During the past few years, various cereals have been subjected to mutation breeding for generating low phytic acid (lpa) crops. Recently, it was demonstrated that reduction of phytic acid in the rice mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1 obtained by gamma irradiation was due to a disruption of OsSULTR3;3, an orthologue of the sulfate transporter family group 3 genes. The application of a GC/MS-based metabolite profiling approach revealed that the reduction of phytic acid was accompanied by changes in concentrations of metabolites from different classes in the Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant.Lpa mutant lines often exhibit lower grain yield and seed viability compared with their wild-type parents. To improve the agronomic performance of the Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant, cross-breeding with a commercial cultivar was performed. The resulting progenies were genotyped using molecular markers to identify homozygous wildtype and lpa mutants from generations F4 to F7. The objectives of this study were: (i) to observe the consistent metabolic changes in Os-lpa-MH86-1 lpa mutants by following their composition over several independent field trials; (ii) to investigate the impact of cross-breeding on the phytic acid content and the metabolic phenotype of the homozygous lpa mutant; and (iii) to assess the stability of the mutation-specific metabolite signature in the lpa progenies over several generations. Statistical assessment of the data via multivariate and univariate approaches demonstrated that the lpa trait and the mutation-induced metabolite signature in the lpa progenies were comparable to the progenitor Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant and consistently expressed over generations. These findings extend the basis for implementing mutation breeding in the generation of lpa rice cultivars.
{"title":"Impact of cross-breeding on the metabolites of the low phytic acid rice mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1.","authors":"Chengyan Zhou, Yuan-yuan Tan, Sophia Gossner, You-fa Li, Q. Shu, K. Engel","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate), the major storage form of phosphorus in cereals, is considered as an antinutrient in food and feed. During the past few years, various cereals have been subjected to mutation breeding for generating low phytic acid (lpa) crops. Recently, it was demonstrated that reduction of phytic acid in the rice mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1 obtained by gamma irradiation was due to a disruption of OsSULTR3;3, an orthologue of the sulfate transporter family group 3 genes. The application of a GC/MS-based metabolite profiling approach revealed that the reduction of phytic acid was accompanied by changes in concentrations of metabolites from different classes in the Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant.Lpa mutant lines often exhibit lower grain yield and seed viability compared with their wild-type parents. To improve the agronomic performance of the Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant, cross-breeding with a commercial cultivar was performed. The resulting progenies were genotyped using molecular markers to identify homozygous wildtype and lpa mutants from generations F4 to F7. The objectives of this study were: (i) to observe the consistent metabolic changes in Os-lpa-MH86-1 lpa mutants by following their composition over several independent field trials; (ii) to investigate the impact of cross-breeding on the phytic acid content and the metabolic phenotype of the homozygous lpa mutant; and (iii) to assess the stability of the mutation-specific metabolite signature in the lpa progenies over several generations. Statistical assessment of the data via multivariate and univariate approaches demonstrated that the lpa trait and the mutation-induced metabolite signature in the lpa progenies were comparable to the progenitor Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant and consistently expressed over generations. These findings extend the basis for implementing mutation breeding in the generation of lpa rice cultivars.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"321 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116533190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0019
L. Gómez-Pando, Jesus Bernardo-Rojas, Denisse Deza-Montoya, Martha Ibañez-Tremolada, Enrique Aguilar-Castellanos
Abstract Quinoa is an important crop due to its nutritional characteristics (better than cereals) and its tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, various factors such as high susceptibility to diseases, especially downy mildew caused by Peronospora variabilis, limit its agricultural performance. Genetic improvement of quinoa could reduce the need to use fungicides for this crop and maintain the organic quality of Peruvian production in small-scale farms. Seeds of var. 'Amarilla Marangani', irradiated with 150 and 250 Gy of gamma-rays (60Co), were evaluated in two experimental locations in Peru: coastland at La Molina and highland at Huancayo. Resistance to downy mildew and other agricultural traits in the M3 and M4 generations was studied. In both locations, downy mildew was observed in susceptible plants under natural infection, from the seedling stage to plant maturity. At the coastland site, six mutants with 30% leaf infection were obtained in the progeny of plants exposed to 150 Gy. Five additional mutants with 40% leaf infection were found in the progeny of plants exposed to 250 Gy. In the highland trial, only seven lines were identified with 30% severity (foliar area with symptoms) among the plants from the 150 Gy experiment. The parent materials showed 70-80% disease severity. Mutant lines with quantitative resistance and tolerance to downy mildew, high yield potential, reduced duration, shorter plant height, altered inflorescence shape and grain colour mutations were selected from both doses. This study showed that quantitative resistance and tolerance to downy mildew could be obtained in quinoa and this resulted in increased grain yields.
{"title":"Mutation induction to improve quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora variabilis).","authors":"L. Gómez-Pando, Jesus Bernardo-Rojas, Denisse Deza-Montoya, Martha Ibañez-Tremolada, Enrique Aguilar-Castellanos","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Quinoa is an important crop due to its nutritional characteristics (better than cereals) and its tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, various factors such as high susceptibility to diseases, especially downy mildew caused by Peronospora variabilis, limit its agricultural performance. Genetic improvement of quinoa could reduce the need to use fungicides for this crop and maintain the organic quality of Peruvian production in small-scale farms. Seeds of var. 'Amarilla Marangani', irradiated with 150 and 250 Gy of gamma-rays (60Co), were evaluated in two experimental locations in Peru: coastland at La Molina and highland at Huancayo. Resistance to downy mildew and other agricultural traits in the M3 and M4 generations was studied. In both locations, downy mildew was observed in susceptible plants under natural infection, from the seedling stage to plant maturity. At the coastland site, six mutants with 30% leaf infection were obtained in the progeny of plants exposed to 150 Gy. Five additional mutants with 40% leaf infection were found in the progeny of plants exposed to 250 Gy. In the highland trial, only seven lines were identified with 30% severity (foliar area with symptoms) among the plants from the 150 Gy experiment. The parent materials showed 70-80% disease severity. Mutant lines with quantitative resistance and tolerance to downy mildew, high yield potential, reduced duration, shorter plant height, altered inflorescence shape and grain colour mutations were selected from both doses. This study showed that quantitative resistance and tolerance to downy mildew could be obtained in quinoa and this resulted in increased grain yields.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130708234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0007
R. Ibrahim
Abstract Malaysia has made substantial progress in plant mutation breeding with the use of nuclear techniques and related biotechnologies, not only in the development of new mutant varieties but also in the establishment of an excellent nuclear research centre. A total of 53 mutant varieties have been developed, including rice Oryza sativa (19), banana Musa acuminata (one), groundnut Arachis hypogaea (two), orchid Dendrobium 'Sonia' (six), chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium (seven), hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (three), roselles Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (three) and other ornamental and landscaping plants (12). Most of the new ornamental varieties have been developed by both acute and chronic gamma-ray irradiation of seeds, rooted cuttings, bulbs and tissue cultures. Food crops that have an economic impact on sustainable agricultural production are mutant varieties of banana ('Novaria') and rice (MRQ74, MR219-9 and MR219-4). 'Novaria' is a selection made from a mutant, 'GN-60A', of 'Grande Naine' (AAA Musa) identified from gamma-ray treated populations of the Biotechnology Laboratory in Seibersdorf, Austria. 'Novaria' was the first mutant variety, officially released in 1995 by the Malaysian Nuclear Agency as a new variety for its improved characteristics such as early flowering, short stature and high yield. MRQ74 is a type of high-quality fragrant rice with newly induced traits such as resistance to blast, long and slender grain shape, non-sticky and with the elongation properties of cooked rice similar to those of Basmati-type rice. It is an indirect mutant variety released in 2003 and one of its parental lines for cross-breeding was the mutant 'Mahsuri', which was developed through mutation breeding using gamma-rays. In 2014, two new mutant varieties of rice, 'MR219-9' and 'MR219-4', which are drought tolerant, high yielding and resistant to blast, were selected from gamma irradiated material. Despite these achievements, applications of induced mutation have decreased during the past 10 years due to reduced funding. Mutation breeding is still a promising technique for the development of novel varieties which in combination with advanced molecular genetics can bring plant mutation breeding into a new era.
{"title":"Impact of mutant varieties in Malaysia: challenges and future perspectives for mutation breeding.","authors":"R. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Malaysia has made substantial progress in plant mutation breeding with the use of nuclear techniques and related biotechnologies, not only in the development of new mutant varieties but also in the establishment of an excellent nuclear research centre. A total of 53 mutant varieties have been developed, including rice Oryza sativa (19), banana Musa acuminata (one), groundnut Arachis hypogaea (two), orchid Dendrobium 'Sonia' (six), chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium (seven), hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (three), roselles Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (three) and other ornamental and landscaping plants (12). Most of the new ornamental varieties have been developed by both acute and chronic gamma-ray irradiation of seeds, rooted cuttings, bulbs and tissue cultures. Food crops that have an economic impact on sustainable agricultural production are mutant varieties of banana ('Novaria') and rice (MRQ74, MR219-9 and MR219-4). 'Novaria' is a selection made from a mutant, 'GN-60A', of 'Grande Naine' (AAA Musa) identified from gamma-ray treated populations of the Biotechnology Laboratory in Seibersdorf, Austria. 'Novaria' was the first mutant variety, officially released in 1995 by the Malaysian Nuclear Agency as a new variety for its improved characteristics such as early flowering, short stature and high yield. MRQ74 is a type of high-quality fragrant rice with newly induced traits such as resistance to blast, long and slender grain shape, non-sticky and with the elongation properties of cooked rice similar to those of Basmati-type rice. It is an indirect mutant variety released in 2003 and one of its parental lines for cross-breeding was the mutant 'Mahsuri', which was developed through mutation breeding using gamma-rays. In 2014, two new mutant varieties of rice, 'MR219-9' and 'MR219-4', which are drought tolerant, high yielding and resistant to blast, were selected from gamma irradiated material. Despite these achievements, applications of induced mutation have decreased during the past 10 years due to reduced funding. Mutation breeding is still a promising technique for the development of novel varieties which in combination with advanced molecular genetics can bring plant mutation breeding into a new era.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114851782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789249095.0026
A. Kumar, B. K. Agarwal, Rajesh Kumar, S. Jambhulkar, V. Rani, Zille Ali. Haider
Abstract Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the most important oilseed crop of the state of Jharkhand in India, where 78% of the cultivable soil is acidic, causing a sizeable yield reduction. Potential seed yield from such soils cannot be realized within existing varieties and therefore a mutation breeding approach has been followed to isolate mutants tolerant to acidic soil. Three doses of gamma-rays (900 Gy, 1000 Gy and 1100 Gy) and a combined treatment of gamma irradiation and 0.3% EMS were used for induction of mutation in the varieties 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold'. A total of 139,720 M2 plants (75,760 of 'Shivani' and 63,960 of 'Pusa Bold') were screened under acidic soil conditions (pH 4.8). A wide spectrum of variability for tolerance to soil acidity, earliness, seed colour, seed yield and yield components, and morphological traits was observed in the M2 generation. True-breeding mutants for different traits were confirmed in the M3 generation. Mutations were recorded in 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold', respectively, for secondary branch number (38 and 24), siliquae per plant (1223 and 562) and single plant seed yield (45.49 g and 34.84 g). In addition, a large spectrum of variability for morphological characters was identified.
{"title":"Induction of variability for yield components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) under acidic soil regime of Jharkhand.","authors":"A. Kumar, B. K. Agarwal, Rajesh Kumar, S. Jambhulkar, V. Rani, Zille Ali. Haider","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the most important oilseed crop of the state of Jharkhand in India, where 78% of the cultivable soil is acidic, causing a sizeable yield reduction. Potential seed yield from such soils cannot be realized within existing varieties and therefore a mutation breeding approach has been followed to isolate mutants tolerant to acidic soil. Three doses of gamma-rays (900 Gy, 1000 Gy and 1100 Gy) and a combined treatment of gamma irradiation and 0.3% EMS were used for induction of mutation in the varieties 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold'. A total of 139,720 M2 plants (75,760 of 'Shivani' and 63,960 of 'Pusa Bold') were screened under acidic soil conditions (pH 4.8). A wide spectrum of variability for tolerance to soil acidity, earliness, seed colour, seed yield and yield components, and morphological traits was observed in the M2 generation. True-breeding mutants for different traits were confirmed in the M3 generation. Mutations were recorded in 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold', respectively, for secondary branch number (38 and 24), siliquae per plant (1223 and 562) and single plant seed yield (45.49 g and 34.84 g). In addition, a large spectrum of variability for morphological characters was identified.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127073394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There are at least 1 billion hungry people worldwide and the Asia and Pacific region harbours the biggest estimated regional distribution of hunger. Lifting a billion people out of poverty and feeding more than 9 billion by 2050 will require increasing cereal production by 70%. Accelerating the development of agriculture to continually increase productivity should be the final approach to end poverty. Mutation techniques have played very significant roles in ensuring food security by developing new mutant germplasm and mutant varieties in China, which have generated a tremendous socio-economic impact. New mutagenesis approaches were initiated in the late 1980s by Chinese scientists, including spaceflight and heavy-ion beam irradiation used as new effective and alternative ways for crop genetic improvement. Protocols for crop mutation induction by space radiation with high-energy heavy-ion beams have been established and applied for crop breeding. More than 1030 mutant varieties with high-yielding, fine-quality and multi-resistant traits have been developed and officially released mainly in cereals, oil and vegetable crops. They have been playing an important role in agricultural production. Hundreds of rare mutant germplasm accessions with a possible breakthrough effect on main economic traits such as grain yield and quality were also identified and applied in conventional breeding programmes. The development of new mutation techniques will be heavily based on, and associated with, not only effective use of nuclear and aerospace research platforms, but also advanced plant omics and molecular biology.
{"title":"New mutation techniques for crop improvement in China.","authors":"Luxiang Liu, Yong-dun Xie, Huijun Guo, Lin-shu Zhao, Hong-chun Xiong, Jia-yu Gu, Shi-rong Zhao","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 There are at least 1 billion hungry people worldwide and the Asia and Pacific region harbours the biggest estimated regional distribution of hunger. Lifting a billion people out of poverty and feeding more than 9 billion by 2050 will require increasing cereal production by 70%. Accelerating the development of agriculture to continually increase productivity should be the final approach to end poverty. Mutation techniques have played very significant roles in ensuring food security by developing new mutant germplasm and mutant varieties in China, which have generated a tremendous socio-economic impact. New mutagenesis approaches were initiated in the late 1980s by Chinese scientists, including spaceflight and heavy-ion beam irradiation used as new effective and alternative ways for crop genetic improvement. Protocols for crop mutation induction by space radiation with high-energy heavy-ion beams have been established and applied for crop breeding. More than 1030 mutant varieties with high-yielding, fine-quality and multi-resistant traits have been developed and officially released mainly in cereals, oil and vegetable crops. They have been playing an important role in agricultural production. Hundreds of rare mutant germplasm accessions with a possible breakthrough effect on main economic traits such as grain yield and quality were also identified and applied in conventional breeding programmes. The development of new mutation techniques will be heavily based on, and associated with, not only effective use of nuclear and aerospace research platforms, but also advanced plant omics and molecular biology.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127359053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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