Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH008
I. Chirisa, Tariro Nyevera, W. W. Mandaza-Tsoriyo
The purpose of this chapter is to compare industrial and urban growth policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and North Africa (NA) with the aim to draw lessons and inform policy and research in the subject. The chapter advances the argument that industrial and urban growth ought to be directly related. This follows the development trajectory and urbanization trend in the Global South which was birthed and sustained by the Industrial Revolution. The case study approach has been used to develop this chapter where Africa is first divided into two broad territories, SSA and NA. Subsequently, cases are selected from Lusophone, Anglophone, and Francophone countries. The analysis considers in detail Zimbabwe, South Africa, Guinea-Bissau, Algeria, and Egypt.
{"title":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa Compared","authors":"I. Chirisa, Tariro Nyevera, W. W. Mandaza-Tsoriyo","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH008","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to compare industrial and urban growth policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and North Africa (NA) with the aim to draw lessons and inform policy and research in the subject. The chapter advances the argument that industrial and urban growth ought to be directly related. This follows the development trajectory and urbanization trend in the Global South which was birthed and sustained by the Industrial Revolution. The case study approach has been used to develop this chapter where Africa is first divided into two broad territories, SSA and NA. Subsequently, cases are selected from Lusophone, Anglophone, and Francophone countries. The analysis considers in detail Zimbabwe, South Africa, Guinea-Bissau, Algeria, and Egypt.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124831149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH006
M. A. Suleiman, Umar G. Benna
Africa is the last of the major global regions to urbanize and to economically benefit therefrom largely due to centuries of the fragmented spatial system by geographic, trading zone, colonial experiences, and logistics barriers. Recently, however, the integration of African urban spatial structure was spearheaded by the private sector under the guidance of the public sector. This chapter analyzes the goals driving integration, the tools used by private and the public sectors in setting the stage for integrative urban growth through industrialization, and then identifies the future opportunities and challenges in sustaining the momentum. The chapter comprises of an introduction, a conceptual framework, the gluing elements, the review of the development guidance system, opportunities and challenges ahead, future research direction, and conclusion.
{"title":"The Integration of Urban Growth and Industrial Policies in Africa","authors":"M. A. Suleiman, Umar G. Benna","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH006","url":null,"abstract":"Africa is the last of the major global regions to urbanize and to economically benefit therefrom largely due to centuries of the fragmented spatial system by geographic, trading zone, colonial experiences, and logistics barriers. Recently, however, the integration of African urban spatial structure was spearheaded by the private sector under the guidance of the public sector. This chapter analyzes the goals driving integration, the tools used by private and the public sectors in setting the stage for integrative urban growth through industrialization, and then identifies the future opportunities and challenges in sustaining the momentum. The chapter comprises of an introduction, a conceptual framework, the gluing elements, the review of the development guidance system, opportunities and challenges ahead, future research direction, and conclusion.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124971839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH001
Umar G. Benna
In response to the rapid population growth and rapid urbanization, governments and entrepreneurs worldwide are spinning off many types of green, blue, and silver policies to generate urban growth or to reduce the effects of grey, brown, and black economies that have negative growth activities. Central to the emergence of these economies is digital technology that is contributing virtual and white economy to the list. This chapter explores the motives underpinning the emergence of these economies; the key policy actors and their main activities, policy tools, and strategies and growth outcomes at various levels. The chapter starts with a short introduction and develops a conceptual framework with which to analyze the trends policy-goals that shape the growth activities and the emerging growth patterns and consequences at the subnational, national, and supranational levels.
{"title":"A New Colorful Pathway Chosen","authors":"Umar G. Benna","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the rapid population growth and rapid urbanization, governments and entrepreneurs worldwide are spinning off many types of green, blue, and silver policies to generate urban growth or to reduce the effects of grey, brown, and black economies that have negative growth activities. Central to the emergence of these economies is digital technology that is contributing virtual and white economy to the list. This chapter explores the motives underpinning the emergence of these economies; the key policy actors and their main activities, policy tools, and strategies and growth outcomes at various levels. The chapter starts with a short introduction and develops a conceptual framework with which to analyze the trends policy-goals that shape the growth activities and the emerging growth patterns and consequences at the subnational, national, and supranational levels.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134408535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH011
Y. Akinwale, I. Ogundari, A. Adepoju, J. Akinbami
Science, technology, and innovation (STI) has become a significant factor in driving several sectors towards economic growth and development in many economies. There are several possibilities of usage for renewable energy resources in Nigeria which could be explored for solving electricity crisis especially in the growing urban centers where large population of Nigerians are moving into en masse. There is no doubt that technology capability plays a central role in the development of renewable energy. This chapter assessed the level of technology capability among the Nigerian university academia specializing in renewable energy-related disciplines. The results revealed that the level of renewable energy R&D funding is insufficient and poor university-industry interaction also abounds. Thus, there is a colossal gap between the existing and the required technology innovation capabilities. This study makes some suggestions which could be used by the policymakers to salvage the present situations in the country so as to improve the electricity generation in meeting the needs of the growing urbanization.
{"title":"A Technology Assessment of Renewable Energy Potentials in Nigeria","authors":"Y. Akinwale, I. Ogundari, A. Adepoju, J. Akinbami","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH011","url":null,"abstract":"Science, technology, and innovation (STI) has become a significant factor in driving several sectors towards economic growth and development in many economies. There are several possibilities of usage for renewable energy resources in Nigeria which could be explored for solving electricity crisis especially in the growing urban centers where large population of Nigerians are moving into en masse. There is no doubt that technology capability plays a central role in the development of renewable energy. This chapter assessed the level of technology capability among the Nigerian university academia specializing in renewable energy-related disciplines. The results revealed that the level of renewable energy R&D funding is insufficient and poor university-industry interaction also abounds. Thus, there is a colossal gap between the existing and the required technology innovation capabilities. This study makes some suggestions which could be used by the policymakers to salvage the present situations in the country so as to improve the electricity generation in meeting the needs of the growing urbanization.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128744680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH010
J. Vargas-Hérnandez, Adam Konto Kyari
The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the empirical-theoretical approaches to shrinking cities in Mexico. The study of tendencies in economic and environmental shrinkage is tied to the expressions of substantive changes in the complexity of determinant contexts of internal and migration flows. The method used is the critical analysis of economic, social, and political tendencies in relation to the situation of shrinking cities in Mexico. The results of this analysis led to the finding that the shrinkage process in Mexico, as a developing and emerging economy, does not follow the same patterns of well developed countries, where an increase in shrinking cities has occurred since the middle of the 1950s, and the use of incentives in some localities to attract economic growth have had modest success to turn around the shrinking process. Further research on shrinking cities should be done in Mexico. Finally, this chapter analyzes some of the important issues and problems that are important to set an agenda for future research in Mexico.
{"title":"Economic and Environmental Effects of Rural and Urban Shrinkage Transformation Processes in Mexico","authors":"J. Vargas-Hérnandez, Adam Konto Kyari","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH010","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the empirical-theoretical approaches to shrinking cities in Mexico. The study of tendencies in economic and environmental shrinkage is tied to the expressions of substantive changes in the complexity of determinant contexts of internal and migration flows. The method used is the critical analysis of economic, social, and political tendencies in relation to the situation of shrinking cities in Mexico. The results of this analysis led to the finding that the shrinkage process in Mexico, as a developing and emerging economy, does not follow the same patterns of well developed countries, where an increase in shrinking cities has occurred since the middle of the 1950s, and the use of incentives in some localities to attract economic growth have had modest success to turn around the shrinking process. Further research on shrinking cities should be done in Mexico. Finally, this chapter analyzes some of the important issues and problems that are important to set an agenda for future research in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128646652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH015
V. Mkrttchian, Y. Vertakova, Y. Treshchevsky, N. Firsova, V. Plotnikov, Dmitry Y. Treshchevsky
The chapter proposes the correction of the concept of “smart city.” It is substantiated that the specificity of the redistribution of the population and economic resources to the major cities of Russia, mainly to regional centers, requires the modification of the concept of “smart city.” In accordance with this concept, a number of principles are proposed, among which the most important are the principles: integration, metabolism, architectural quality of the urban environment. The most important functional goals are defined: the creation of a new production structure, formation of a modern transport and logistics infrastructure, modernization of the road-street network, development and modernization of the rolling stock of urban transport, development and modernization of communal infrastructure, provision of safe and comfortable living conditions for citizens, improvement of the ecological condition of the urban district, improvement of the state of objects of cultural heritage and improvement of the urban district. Three levels are singled out, each of which requires solutions.
{"title":"“Smart City”","authors":"V. Mkrttchian, Y. Vertakova, Y. Treshchevsky, N. Firsova, V. Plotnikov, Dmitry Y. Treshchevsky","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH015","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter proposes the correction of the concept of “smart city.” It is substantiated that the specificity of the redistribution of the population and economic resources to the major cities of Russia, mainly to regional centers, requires the modification of the concept of “smart city.” In accordance with this concept, a number of principles are proposed, among which the most important are the principles: integration, metabolism, architectural quality of the urban environment. The most important functional goals are defined: the creation of a new production structure, formation of a modern transport and logistics infrastructure, modernization of the road-street network, development and modernization of the rolling stock of urban transport, development and modernization of communal infrastructure, provision of safe and comfortable living conditions for citizens, improvement of the ecological condition of the urban district, improvement of the state of objects of cultural heritage and improvement of the urban district. Three levels are singled out, each of which requires solutions.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134259062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH009
Blanca C. Garcia
Water security has been defined as the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water. Growing populations and the increasing trend of human migration from rural to urban environments is leading to an expansion of the metropolitan/urban landscape, which threatens water security. Mexican cities are following this worldwide trend. Hence, this chapter will seek to develop theoretical understanding of the smart cities (SCs) model to meet global challenges such as water security. Seemingly, SCs are expected to deploy adaptation strategies resilient enough to secure future water quotas. Hence, the core scope of the chapter is to link water resources and social resilience strategies to social learning and governance in cities, which in some cases are featured as green and blue cities in the smart city paradigm. This linkage will explore potentials and opportunities of urban spaces and strengthen the efficacy of water networks in smart cities in Mexico, Latin America, and other developing spaces around the world.
{"title":"Green and Blue City-Regions","authors":"Blanca C. Garcia","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"Water security has been defined as the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water. Growing populations and the increasing trend of human migration from rural to urban environments is leading to an expansion of the metropolitan/urban landscape, which threatens water security. Mexican cities are following this worldwide trend. Hence, this chapter will seek to develop theoretical understanding of the smart cities (SCs) model to meet global challenges such as water security. Seemingly, SCs are expected to deploy adaptation strategies resilient enough to secure future water quotas. Hence, the core scope of the chapter is to link water resources and social resilience strategies to social learning and governance in cities, which in some cases are featured as green and blue cities in the smart city paradigm. This linkage will explore potentials and opportunities of urban spaces and strengthen the efficacy of water networks in smart cities in Mexico, Latin America, and other developing spaces around the world.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117203415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH007
I. Chirisa, Brilliant Mavhima
The chapter stresses that Africa requires a clear position of how “leapfrogging” into the FOIR should be informed by clear and unambiguous policy goals and strategies so that a sustainable development route is created. Political will, global connectivity, and straightforward pathways are fused in the menu. Africa is neither a monolithic nor a homogenous space where events and developments happen in a linear pattern. The traditional perspective about Africa perceives the region as motley of so many variations and controversies – spatial, temporal, gender, racial, and ideological. This is evident from the fact that Africa has portions of its economy that are pre-modern, modern, and post-modern. The “resource curse” phenomenon seems to hold water in both debate and practice in some circles. Countries and states should avoid falling into the proverbial trap of unequal exchange in form of transacting the natural endowments that Africa is known for.
{"title":"Africa Under the Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution","authors":"I. Chirisa, Brilliant Mavhima","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH007","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter stresses that Africa requires a clear position of how “leapfrogging” into the FOIR should be informed by clear and unambiguous policy goals and strategies so that a sustainable development route is created. Political will, global connectivity, and straightforward pathways are fused in the menu. Africa is neither a monolithic nor a homogenous space where events and developments happen in a linear pattern. The traditional perspective about Africa perceives the region as motley of so many variations and controversies – spatial, temporal, gender, racial, and ideological. This is evident from the fact that Africa has portions of its economy that are pre-modern, modern, and post-modern. The “resource curse” phenomenon seems to hold water in both debate and practice in some circles. Countries and states should avoid falling into the proverbial trap of unequal exchange in form of transacting the natural endowments that Africa is known for.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121375493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH004
S. Panasenko, L. Belyanina, I. Potapova, S. Veretekhina, L. Rozhkova, V. Mkrttchian, S. Vasin
The chapter deals with issues related to the construction and development of the digital economy in one particular region: Republic of Armenia. This country is considered the digital sector of which may become the largest in the country in the next five years. The digital revolution affects all areas of the Armenian economy. Prior to this, the Armenian economy was known as the mining industry, a food producer, and a food. Today, according to statistics, Armenia's leading mining and energy companies are already one step ahead of their colleagues in the economically successful implementation of digital technology. Naturally, in such successes of digital transformations, there are key components. The authors hope that the examples of development and thought about the driving springs of these transformations, chosen in consideration of the interests of the development of the Russian digital economy, can be interesting and useful for Russian enterprises that have started their digital transformations.
{"title":"Avatar-Based Management as Help System to Entrepreneurs in Using Emerging Tools","authors":"S. Panasenko, L. Belyanina, I. Potapova, S. Veretekhina, L. Rozhkova, V. Mkrttchian, S. Vasin","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter deals with issues related to the construction and development of the digital economy in one particular region: Republic of Armenia. This country is considered the digital sector of which may become the largest in the country in the next five years. The digital revolution affects all areas of the Armenian economy. Prior to this, the Armenian economy was known as the mining industry, a food producer, and a food. Today, according to statistics, Armenia's leading mining and energy companies are already one step ahead of their colleagues in the economically successful implementation of digital technology. Naturally, in such successes of digital transformations, there are key components. The authors hope that the examples of development and thought about the driving springs of these transformations, chosen in consideration of the interests of the development of the Russian digital economy, can be interesting and useful for Russian enterprises that have started their digital transformations.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115456655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH003
Hisham Abusaada, A. Elshater
This chapter uses the term urban chaos as an alternative to words such as anarchy, randomness, and disorder. It expresses the visual and behavioral failure that describes a property that was not taken into consideration when dealing with the theme of hardship cities. The terms livability and quality of life focus on measuring functional, social, economic, and political indicators, ignoring visual and behavioral indicators as not essential for creating cities of hardship. This work presents two concepts, chaos city (CC) and order city (OC) based on the reviews of livability, quality of life, and the writings of Christopher Alexander, to demonstrate the lack of standards of livability to the visual and behavioral indicators. The addition of these indicators helps to classify cities of hardship from the perspective of the relationship between chaos and order and tries to provide guidelines and proposed action plan related to urban policies (UP) that enable the transformation of CC to OC.
{"title":"From Chaos to Order","authors":"Hisham Abusaada, A. Elshater","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7625-9.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses the term urban chaos as an alternative to words such as anarchy, randomness, and disorder. It expresses the visual and behavioral failure that describes a property that was not taken into consideration when dealing with the theme of hardship cities. The terms livability and quality of life focus on measuring functional, social, economic, and political indicators, ignoring visual and behavioral indicators as not essential for creating cities of hardship. This work presents two concepts, chaos city (CC) and order city (OC) based on the reviews of livability, quality of life, and the writings of Christopher Alexander, to demonstrate the lack of standards of livability to the visual and behavioral indicators. The addition of these indicators helps to classify cities of hardship from the perspective of the relationship between chaos and order and tries to provide guidelines and proposed action plan related to urban policies (UP) that enable the transformation of CC to OC.","PeriodicalId":287215,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115902463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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