Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210604.11
Mearg Ngusse Sahle, Ashenafi Aregawi
Poor installation, relocation, maintenance, and management of utilities in a road right-of-way causes; (a) project delays to ongoing road construction projects, (b) repetitive damage and service loss to utilities, and (c) frequent pavement cuts to roads after project completion. This research aimed to evaluate the telecommunication, electric power and water supply utilities management practice in Mekelle city, during the life cycle of road projects, with a special emphasis to the construction phase. The evaluation was made by using 14 project success criteria parameters to measure the performance of stakeholders according to the Ethiopian standards, and benchmarking the current practice with European & U.S.A best practices. Quantitative descriptive-survey approach followed by qualitative-case studies were used for the research. The quantitative data has been gathered using three different sets of questionnaires. Part I contained questions designed to study the pre-construction, and post-construction utility management practices. The respondents were road administrator, utility operators and urban planners. Part II and III of the questionnaire surveyed road designers and contractors for issues of utility management during road design and construction phases respectively. In order to confirm the responses from the questionnaire surveys, observations on 12 ongoing & 6 recently competed road projects, and desk study survey of 5 ongoing road projects were made. Then the root causes of utility management problems were identified using qualitative case studies on the capacity and limitations of individual stakeholders. Based on the data analysis it is concluded that, the current practice of utility management during a road project life cycle is very poor both according to the Ethiopian standards, and in comparison to the European and U.S.A. best practices. 98% of the ongoing road construction projects suffer impacts due to delay in relocating utilities; 43% of the contractors suffered frequent costs of utility damages; and 95% of the recently completed roads suffer from inadequacy of ROW, road-utility conflicts, and non-uniform utility installation practice. The root causes to the utility management problems are (1) inadequate or nonexistent standard guidelines, (2) lack of technology and knowledge for utility management, (3) absence of integrated infrastructure planning and development, and (4) absence of asset management program among the infrastructure planners and operators in Mekelle city.
{"title":"Evaluation of Utility Management Practice in Road Construction Projects of Mekelle City","authors":"Mearg Ngusse Sahle, Ashenafi Aregawi","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210604.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210604.11","url":null,"abstract":"Poor installation, relocation, maintenance, and management of utilities in a road right-of-way causes; (a) project delays to ongoing road construction projects, (b) repetitive damage and service loss to utilities, and (c) frequent pavement cuts to roads after project completion. This research aimed to evaluate the telecommunication, electric power and water supply utilities management practice in Mekelle city, during the life cycle of road projects, with a special emphasis to the construction phase. The evaluation was made by using 14 project success criteria parameters to measure the performance of stakeholders according to the Ethiopian standards, and benchmarking the current practice with European & U.S.A best practices. Quantitative descriptive-survey approach followed by qualitative-case studies were used for the research. The quantitative data has been gathered using three different sets of questionnaires. Part I contained questions designed to study the pre-construction, and post-construction utility management practices. The respondents were road administrator, utility operators and urban planners. Part II and III of the questionnaire surveyed road designers and contractors for issues of utility management during road design and construction phases respectively. In order to confirm the responses from the questionnaire surveys, observations on 12 ongoing & 6 recently competed road projects, and desk study survey of 5 ongoing road projects were made. Then the root causes of utility management problems were identified using qualitative case studies on the capacity and limitations of individual stakeholders. Based on the data analysis it is concluded that, the current practice of utility management during a road project life cycle is very poor both according to the Ethiopian standards, and in comparison to the European and U.S.A. best practices. 98% of the ongoing road construction projects suffer impacts due to delay in relocating utilities; 43% of the contractors suffered frequent costs of utility damages; and 95% of the recently completed roads suffer from inadequacy of ROW, road-utility conflicts, and non-uniform utility installation practice. The root causes to the utility management problems are (1) inadequate or nonexistent standard guidelines, (2) lack of technology and knowledge for utility management, (3) absence of integrated infrastructure planning and development, and (4) absence of asset management program among the infrastructure planners and operators in Mekelle city.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130015682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-25DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210603.13
M. Thothadri
Choosing an application-centric microcontroller development board undisputedly increases the efficiency of the system. It impedes on-field failures and improves the quality of research. This paper analyses the Clock speeds of Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi Pico microcontrollers to test their computation speeds using Mandelbrot Set, a familiar self-recurring fractal object. Arduino Uno is one of the popularly-used microcontrollers in the field of development. Pi Pico is the first and latest Microcontroller from Raspberry Pi family. Though the boards are economic, the latter tends to be very powerful. Hence these microcontrollers are chosen for analysis. The Mandelbrot Set is formed by the microcontrollers on an OLED display using Escape Time (ET) Algorithm. ET Algorithm takes a position (x, y) and recursively calculates the pixels that have to be turned on to render the Mandelbrot set on the display. Initially the boards are tested at their standard clock speeds. Further they are decelerated to under-rated levels to find the deviation in the rate of change of computation with the raise in their core frequencies. The Arduino Uno requires complex on-board hardware modifications with an intensive monitoring setup to work at overclocked frequencies. Hence this board is not tested at overdriven clock speeds. But Pi Pico effortlessly adjusts its core frequency to work at desired computation speeds using its phase-controlled loop. With this parameter, benchmarks and results, one of the two boards is regarded ideal for applications requiring cumulative calculations.
选择以应用为中心的微控制器开发板无疑会提高系统的效率。它阻止了现场失败，提高了研究质量。本文分析了Arduino Uno和Raspberry Pi Pico微控制器的时钟速度，并使用常见的自循环分形对象Mandelbrot Set来测试它们的计算速度。Arduino Uno是开发领域中常用的微控制器之一。Pi Pico是树莓派家族的第一个也是最新的微控制器。虽然董事会是经济的，后者往往是非常强大的。因此，选择这些微控制器进行分析。Mandelbrot集合由OLED显示器上的微控制器使用Escape Time (ET)算法形成。ET算法获取一个位置(x, y)并递归地计算必须打开的像素，以便在显示器上呈现Mandelbrot集合。最初，电路板在其标准时钟速度下进行测试。此外，它们被减速到低估的水平，以发现计算变化率随其核心频率的提高而发生的偏差。Arduino Uno需要复杂的板载硬件修改和密集的监控设置才能在超频频率下工作。因此，该板没有在超速时钟速度下进行测试。但Pi Pico可以毫不费力地调整其核心频率，以使用其相位控制回路以理想的计算速度工作。有了这个参数、基准和结果，两块板中的一块被认为是需要累积计算的应用程序的理想选择。
{"title":"An Analysis on Clock Speeds in Raspberry Pi Pico and Arduino Uno Microcontrollers","authors":"M. Thothadri","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210603.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210603.13","url":null,"abstract":"Choosing an application-centric microcontroller development board undisputedly increases the efficiency of the system. It impedes on-field failures and improves the quality of research. This paper analyses the Clock speeds of Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi Pico microcontrollers to test their computation speeds using Mandelbrot Set, a familiar self-recurring fractal object. Arduino Uno is one of the popularly-used microcontrollers in the field of development. Pi Pico is the first and latest Microcontroller from Raspberry Pi family. Though the boards are economic, the latter tends to be very powerful. Hence these microcontrollers are chosen for analysis. The Mandelbrot Set is formed by the microcontrollers on an OLED display using Escape Time (ET) Algorithm. ET Algorithm takes a position (x, y) and recursively calculates the pixels that have to be turned on to render the Mandelbrot set on the display. Initially the boards are tested at their standard clock speeds. Further they are decelerated to under-rated levels to find the deviation in the rate of change of computation with the raise in their core frequencies. The Arduino Uno requires complex on-board hardware modifications with an intensive monitoring setup to work at overclocked frequencies. Hence this board is not tested at overdriven clock speeds. But Pi Pico effortlessly adjusts its core frequency to work at desired computation speeds using its phase-controlled loop. With this parameter, benchmarks and results, one of the two boards is regarded ideal for applications requiring cumulative calculations.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129928521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210602.12
S. Prasad
All the infrastructure projects such as buildings, railways, water reservoirs etc. require earth materials in a large quantity. In urban areas most of the soil are of highly plastic and expanse which is not suitable for all purpose. Many times we need to haul the suitable soil from a large distance which is not economical. The behavior of soil varies with different agencies like water, temperature, and region of soil, other atmospheric agencies, and mixed surplus material also. In this project we will be tried to established important properties of soil by using fly ash which is an industrial waste material, Fly ash causes various environmental problems like groundwater contaminants. So utilizing fly ash in soil stabilization can minimize such environmental hazards. In this project we will perform direct shear test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test, unconfined compression test and proctor compaction test. For this project we selected Black cotton soil which is available in Near Mantralaya, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh) India, region. We followed all the procedure prescribed in IS 2720 Part 7, 10, 16, and 40. Fly ash is often wont to stabilization bases or sub grade to stabilize back fill to scale back lateral earth pressure and to stabilize embankments to boost slope stability. Typical stabilized soil depths are 15 to 46 cm. the first reason ash is employed in soil stabilization applications is to boost the compressive and cutting strength of soils. The compressive strength of ash treated soils relies on-(i) in situ soil properties; (ii) Delay time; (iii) Moisture content at time of compaction; (iv) fly ash addition magnitude relation.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Soil Behaviour Using Industrial Fly Ash","authors":"S. Prasad","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210602.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210602.12","url":null,"abstract":"All the infrastructure projects such as buildings, railways, water reservoirs etc. require earth materials in a large quantity. In urban areas most of the soil are of highly plastic and expanse which is not suitable for all purpose. Many times we need to haul the suitable soil from a large distance which is not economical. The behavior of soil varies with different agencies like water, temperature, and region of soil, other atmospheric agencies, and mixed surplus material also. In this project we will be tried to established important properties of soil by using fly ash which is an industrial waste material, Fly ash causes various environmental problems like groundwater contaminants. So utilizing fly ash in soil stabilization can minimize such environmental hazards. In this project we will perform direct shear test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test, unconfined compression test and proctor compaction test. For this project we selected Black cotton soil which is available in Near Mantralaya, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh) India, region. We followed all the procedure prescribed in IS 2720 Part 7, 10, 16, and 40. Fly ash is often wont to stabilization bases or sub grade to stabilize back fill to scale back lateral earth pressure and to stabilize embankments to boost slope stability. Typical stabilized soil depths are 15 to 46 cm. the first reason ash is employed in soil stabilization applications is to boost the compressive and cutting strength of soils. The compressive strength of ash treated soils relies on-(i) in situ soil properties; (ii) Delay time; (iii) Moisture content at time of compaction; (iv) fly ash addition magnitude relation.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134157702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210603.11
K. Tai
In the seismic design of equipment and piping systems, it seems that the precise response spectrum analysis method of multiply supported systems with good accuracy does not spread, though there are many multiply supported systems which subject the different earthquake excitations. The Standard Review Plan 3.7.1 in the United States, for example, recommends that the seismic response of each support point be combined by the absolute sum. However, this leads to excessive conservative seismic response, and there is a problem in the analytical accuracy. Then, this paper presents a basic equation of motion of a multiply supported systems considering correlation between modes and seismic excitation directions and residual rigid response of a multiply supported system receiving three-directional earthquake excitations of X, Y and Z. The correlation of the multiply supported system response is applied to the CCFS method based on the sophisticated random vibration theory by Kiureghian, the residual rigid response is based on the missing mass method on the Regulatory Guide 1.92 Rev.2, and the synthesis method of the multi-directional earthquake excitations is based on our previous work, The purpose of this paper is to present a precise analytical evaluation formula for the multiple response spectrum analysis method and to hope to promote the improvement of the design guidelines for multiply supported equipment and piping systems.
{"title":"Application of Response Spectrum Analysis of Multiply Supported System, with the Multi-Directional Excitations and Residual Rigid Response","authors":"K. Tai","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210603.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210603.11","url":null,"abstract":"In the seismic design of equipment and piping systems, it seems that the precise response spectrum analysis method of multiply supported systems with good accuracy does not spread, though there are many multiply supported systems which subject the different earthquake excitations. The Standard Review Plan 3.7.1 in the United States, for example, recommends that the seismic response of each support point be combined by the absolute sum. However, this leads to excessive conservative seismic response, and there is a problem in the analytical accuracy. Then, this paper presents a basic equation of motion of a multiply supported systems considering correlation between modes and seismic excitation directions and residual rigid response of a multiply supported system receiving three-directional earthquake excitations of X, Y and Z. The correlation of the multiply supported system response is applied to the CCFS method based on the sophisticated random vibration theory by Kiureghian, the residual rigid response is based on the missing mass method on the Regulatory Guide 1.92 Rev.2, and the synthesis method of the multi-directional earthquake excitations is based on our previous work, The purpose of this paper is to present a precise analytical evaluation formula for the multiple response spectrum analysis method and to hope to promote the improvement of the design guidelines for multiply supported equipment and piping systems.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127642760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210602.11
Kachilei Levy, V. Ngeno
This study analyzes the impact of beans produced under joint multiple agricultural technologies (Improved beans variety, soil carbon management, integrated pest control, and use of compost manure) on nutrition outcome of stunting, underweight, and wasting in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Adoption of technologies in East Africa has been in isolation only focusing on single technologies. However, farmers typically adopt joint multiple agricultural technologies as complements or substitutes thus technologies to be adopted dependent on early technology choices. The objective of the study was to analyze the impact of the nutrition outcome variables in terms of stunting, wasting, and underweight for the best joint multiple agricultural technology combinations as a set of explanatory variables (z). This study adopts the multinomial endogenous switching regression model to correct for the selection bias and endogeneity. Results indicate that joint multiple agricultural technologies had a significant impact on the overall nutrition outcome in East Africa households. It is concluded that households in East Africa rarely use a single agricultural technology but rather a combination of different joint technologies in order to improve their nutrition outcome. The findings recommend that households should adopt joint multiple agricultural technologies rather than focusing on single technologies.
{"title":"Impact of Joint Multiple Agricultural Technology Production of Beans on Household Nutrition Outcome in East Africa","authors":"Kachilei Levy, V. Ngeno","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210602.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210602.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the impact of beans produced under joint multiple agricultural technologies (Improved beans variety, soil carbon management, integrated pest control, and use of compost manure) on nutrition outcome of stunting, underweight, and wasting in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Adoption of technologies in East Africa has been in isolation only focusing on single technologies. However, farmers typically adopt joint multiple agricultural technologies as complements or substitutes thus technologies to be adopted dependent on early technology choices. The objective of the study was to analyze the impact of the nutrition outcome variables in terms of stunting, wasting, and underweight for the best joint multiple agricultural technology combinations as a set of explanatory variables (z). This study adopts the multinomial endogenous switching regression model to correct for the selection bias and endogeneity. Results indicate that joint multiple agricultural technologies had a significant impact on the overall nutrition outcome in East Africa households. It is concluded that households in East Africa rarely use a single agricultural technology but rather a combination of different joint technologies in order to improve their nutrition outcome. The findings recommend that households should adopt joint multiple agricultural technologies rather than focusing on single technologies.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"C-28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121001617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-16DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210601.12
R. Barua
RHD, a public organization under the Road Transport and Highways Division of the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges is responsible to enhance the traffic capacity and safety for efficient transshipment of goods and passengers on transnational boundary, national, regional, and Zilla highways. But in recent years the quality of works and services of RHD has failed to meet the standard required by the specifications. With this background the objective of this report is to evaluate the use of TQM tools to improve the performance of the supply chain in RHD. Primary data were collected through questionnaires survey from 34 engineers of different grades and secondary information were collected from the RHD website, journals, magazines, and different publications. Analysis shows to ensure quality in RHD it is necessary to conduct Quality Assurance Audit (QAA) through a third party. Also, an intensive and robust training program regarding TQM must be introduced for all levels of employees. Moreover, it is important to conduct studies with the uses of new technologies like IoT, AI, Block chain, etc. to improve quality-related difficulties and other supply chain processes in RHD to face upcoming challenge with the help of TQM approach in order to ensure value for money for the public fund.
{"title":"Total Quality Management in Supply Chain Administration: An Analysis from Roads and Highways Department, Bangladesh","authors":"R. Barua","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210601.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210601.12","url":null,"abstract":"RHD, a public organization under the Road Transport and Highways Division of the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges is responsible to enhance the traffic capacity and safety for efficient transshipment of goods and passengers on transnational boundary, national, regional, and Zilla highways. But in recent years the quality of works and services of RHD has failed to meet the standard required by the specifications. With this background the objective of this report is to evaluate the use of TQM tools to improve the performance of the supply chain in RHD. Primary data were collected through questionnaires survey from 34 engineers of different grades and secondary information were collected from the RHD website, journals, magazines, and different publications. Analysis shows to ensure quality in RHD it is necessary to conduct Quality Assurance Audit (QAA) through a third party. Also, an intensive and robust training program regarding TQM must be introduced for all levels of employees. Moreover, it is important to conduct studies with the uses of new technologies like IoT, AI, Block chain, etc. to improve quality-related difficulties and other supply chain processes in RHD to face upcoming challenge with the help of TQM approach in order to ensure value for money for the public fund.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134124895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20210601.11
J. Knezevic
The COVID-19 outbreak has shown that pandemics, like other rarely occurring natural catastrophes, have happened in the past and will happen in the future. Although humans cannot prevent dangerous viruses from emerging, they should be prepared to dampen their consequences for the economy and all of society. The main objective of this paper is to address the COVID-19 pandemic as a novel mechanism of the motion of an aircraft in MIRCE Mechanics, as only then the most effective technological, social and economic actions can be taken by humans to deal with it. Examples of devastating impacts on aviation world-wide are given in the paper, based on available statistics provided by governmental and global commercial aviation associations. Also, examples of professional and technological solutions taken to cushion the impact of COVID-19 on safety in aviation are presented. To assist airlines in the selection process of aircraft types that should be returned to the post pandemic service MIRCE Function ability and Profitability Equations are presented in the paper. However, they are applicable only when the mechanisms of the motion of an industrial system through MIRCE Space are known. As COVID-19 pandemic was not known until the beginning of 2020 business plans of airlines world-wide are for several orders of magnitude off the target, measured in flying hours delivered, revenue generated, an unprecedented number of aircraft grounded and prematurely retirement of B747 and A380 aircraft type from active service. Thus, this paper is bringing together the physiological side of COVID-19 and its physical impact on the operational side of airlines in order to assist them to predict the expected positive and negative work by each aircraft type grounded. This analysis will guide them to decide what type of fleet they should have in the post pandemic times and thus secure the business existence.
{"title":"COVID-19 Pandemic as a Mechanism of the Motion of an Aircraft in MIRCE Mechanics","authors":"J. Knezevic","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20210601.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20210601.11","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 outbreak has shown that pandemics, like other rarely occurring natural catastrophes, have happened in the past and will happen in the future. Although humans cannot prevent dangerous viruses from emerging, they should be prepared to dampen their consequences for the economy and all of society. The main objective of this paper is to address the COVID-19 pandemic as a novel mechanism of the motion of an aircraft in MIRCE Mechanics, as only then the most effective technological, social and economic actions can be taken by humans to deal with it. Examples of devastating impacts on aviation world-wide are given in the paper, based on available statistics provided by governmental and global commercial aviation associations. Also, examples of professional and technological solutions taken to cushion the impact of COVID-19 on safety in aviation are presented. To assist airlines in the selection process of aircraft types that should be returned to the post pandemic service MIRCE Function ability and Profitability Equations are presented in the paper. However, they are applicable only when the mechanisms of the motion of an industrial system through MIRCE Space are known. As COVID-19 pandemic was not known until the beginning of 2020 business plans of airlines world-wide are for several orders of magnitude off the target, measured in flying hours delivered, revenue generated, an unprecedented number of aircraft grounded and prematurely retirement of B747 and A380 aircraft type from active service. Thus, this paper is bringing together the physiological side of COVID-19 and its physical impact on the operational side of airlines in order to assist them to predict the expected positive and negative work by each aircraft type grounded. This analysis will guide them to decide what type of fleet they should have in the post pandemic times and thus secure the business existence.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130851953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20200506.12
S. Pickman, Lawrence A. Howard
This paper reviews the history of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and its ever-expanding and evolving security mission, both in the present day and into the future. The authors begin by describing the broad history of maritime crime, from piracy and smuggling to political terrorism and human trafficking. The paper next hones in on the creation and transformation of the USCG—from essentially a seagoing force charged primarily with protecting the fledgling U.S. government’s main source of revenue through tariffs, to a key, multifaceted organization under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) charged with no less than 11 major missions on both land and sea—a transformation that is ongoing to the present day. The paper identifies the increasing variety of both air and sea vessels that international criminals and cartels use to conduct drug smuggling and human trafficking, and even for the purpose of launching terrorist attacks. Today these methods include not just traditional means, like ships and planes, but also seemingly outlandish devices like flying drones and unmanned submersibles that can be—and have been—used to move all manner of contraband. The authors go on to describe the innovative technologies the USCG is employing to combat all of these diverse threats, including highly sophisticated intelligence gathering capabilities and all manner of high-tech digital scanning technology specifically aimed at more effective contraband detection. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting the most pressing current and future security challenges that the USCG faces, and emanating from some very surprising origins: the use of evolving digital technology to support covert illegal operations, and the worldwide, international effort to stop the spread of the most dangerous pandemic in over 100 years.
{"title":"Coast Guard Interdictions and the Use of Advanced Technology by Adversaries","authors":"S. Pickman, Lawrence A. Howard","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20200506.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20200506.12","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the history of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and its ever-expanding and evolving security mission, both in the present day and into the future. The authors begin by describing the broad history of maritime crime, from piracy and smuggling to political terrorism and human trafficking. The paper next hones in on the creation and transformation of the USCG—from essentially a seagoing force charged primarily with protecting the fledgling U.S. government’s main source of revenue through tariffs, to a key, multifaceted organization under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) charged with no less than 11 major missions on both land and sea—a transformation that is ongoing to the present day. The paper identifies the increasing variety of both air and sea vessels that international criminals and cartels use to conduct drug smuggling and human trafficking, and even for the purpose of launching terrorist attacks. Today these methods include not just traditional means, like ships and planes, but also seemingly outlandish devices like flying drones and unmanned submersibles that can be—and have been—used to move all manner of contraband. The authors go on to describe the innovative technologies the USCG is employing to combat all of these diverse threats, including highly sophisticated intelligence gathering capabilities and all manner of high-tech digital scanning technology specifically aimed at more effective contraband detection. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting the most pressing current and future security challenges that the USCG faces, and emanating from some very surprising origins: the use of evolving digital technology to support covert illegal operations, and the worldwide, international effort to stop the spread of the most dangerous pandemic in over 100 years.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128428317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20190406.14
H. N. Ngugi, S. Shitote, N. Ambassah, V. Okumu, J. Thuo
The increasing human population in cities and urban areas continues to raise the demand for housing and other infrastructure in developing nations. Stability of structures is critical for sustainable development to ensure longer useful life of structures and reduction in the rate at which natural resources for construction purposes are extracted from the environment. Foundation of buildings infrastructure plays a key role of transferring the loading from the structure to the soil underneath. In foundation design, the ultimate bearing capacity of soil under normal circumstances assumes that the water table is located well below the foundation. Variation in soil moisture content during construction and during the structure’s lifespan affect the soil bearing capacity. Information on the extent to which variation in soil moisture content affect the soil bearing capacity was lacking. This paper presents findings of a research that sought to establish the extent to which variation in soil moisture content affects the soil bearing capacity. Seven soil samples collected from Nairobi area and its environs were subjected to 30%, 50% and 75% moisture content variation. The soil bearing capacity was tested using Direct Shear method and Undrained Triaxial method in accordance to British Standard 1377 of 1990 Part 7 and Part 8 respectively. Test results determined that the insitu moisture content for the collected 7 soil samples from Nairobi area and its environs varied from 21.9% to 55.4% implying the diverse characteristics of soil samples and sites studied. Increasing the soil moisture content from 30% to 50% and to 75% all other factors held constant contributed to reduction in soil bearing capacity as illustrated by a linear equation y = -170.89x + 565.64 using direct shear method. y is the resultant soil bearing capacity (kN/mm2) while x is the soil moisture content in percentage. This shows that variation in soil moisture content contributes to a significant reduction in soil bearing capacity by a factor of -170.89x. To mitigate the negative effect of reduction in soil bearing capacity as a result of changes in soil moisture content, a factor of safety should be applied at design stage by adjusting the allowable soil bearing capacity to take cognisance of the contribution by changes in soil moisture content. This is critical to ensure that all structures are designed to withstand variation in moisture content at the foundation throughout their lifespan and avoid potential structural failure.
{"title":"Influence of Variation in Moisture Content to Soil Bearing Capacity in Nairobi Area and Its Environs","authors":"H. N. Ngugi, S. Shitote, N. Ambassah, V. Okumu, J. Thuo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20190406.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20190406.14","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing human population in cities and urban areas continues to raise the demand for housing and other infrastructure in developing nations. Stability of structures is critical for sustainable development to ensure longer useful life of structures and reduction in the rate at which natural resources for construction purposes are extracted from the environment. Foundation of buildings infrastructure plays a key role of transferring the loading from the structure to the soil underneath. In foundation design, the ultimate bearing capacity of soil under normal circumstances assumes that the water table is located well below the foundation. Variation in soil moisture content during construction and during the structure’s lifespan affect the soil bearing capacity. Information on the extent to which variation in soil moisture content affect the soil bearing capacity was lacking. This paper presents findings of a research that sought to establish the extent to which variation in soil moisture content affects the soil bearing capacity. Seven soil samples collected from Nairobi area and its environs were subjected to 30%, 50% and 75% moisture content variation. The soil bearing capacity was tested using Direct Shear method and Undrained Triaxial method in accordance to British Standard 1377 of 1990 Part 7 and Part 8 respectively. Test results determined that the insitu moisture content for the collected 7 soil samples from Nairobi area and its environs varied from 21.9% to 55.4% implying the diverse characteristics of soil samples and sites studied. Increasing the soil moisture content from 30% to 50% and to 75% all other factors held constant contributed to reduction in soil bearing capacity as illustrated by a linear equation y = -170.89x + 565.64 using direct shear method. y is the resultant soil bearing capacity (kN/mm2) while x is the soil moisture content in percentage. This shows that variation in soil moisture content contributes to a significant reduction in soil bearing capacity by a factor of -170.89x. To mitigate the negative effect of reduction in soil bearing capacity as a result of changes in soil moisture content, a factor of safety should be applied at design stage by adjusting the allowable soil bearing capacity to take cognisance of the contribution by changes in soil moisture content. This is critical to ensure that all structures are designed to withstand variation in moisture content at the foundation throughout their lifespan and avoid potential structural failure.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115462493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AJETM.20190406.13
Lei Zhiyong, C. Qiang, G. Tao, Z. Yong
In the Missan oilfield, because of its reservoir being "easy leakage in the up and low zones, and wellbore being collapse in the middle zone" with narrow density window, borehole instability, lost circulation, borehole collapse, sticking and other downhole complicated conditions were easily induced. A strong sealing and high performance water-based drilling fluid was mainly used to solve the problems of borehole instabilities in mud shale and muddy limestone in the horizontal wells of Missan Oilfield, for solving the problem of sidewall instability, aphysical/chemical plugging was used for strengthening the plugging of drilling fluid, improving the loading ability in formation, reducing the risk of lost circulation. The principle of "activity" regulation, permeable pressure were used to improve the semi-permeable membrane characteristics of mudstone and shale, reduce the activity of drilling fluid, inhibit the expansion ability of mudstone hydration and expansion in formation, on the basis of the static drilling fluid, permeable pressure was added to the wellbore for further improvement of borehole stability. The system in use reflects the stable rheological properties, it can be very good for plugging micro fractures, greatly improving the load ability in formation, the delaying time of borehole stability, guaranteeing the borehole stability in drilling, it provides support for the smooth drilling of the first horizontal well and consequent horizontal well drilling in Missan Oilfield.
{"title":"Application of Strong Sealing High-performance Water-based Drilling Fluid in the Horizontal Well of the Missan Oilfield","authors":"Lei Zhiyong, C. Qiang, G. Tao, Z. Yong","doi":"10.11648/J.AJETM.20190406.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJETM.20190406.13","url":null,"abstract":"In the Missan oilfield, because of its reservoir being \"easy leakage in the up and low zones, and wellbore being collapse in the middle zone\" with narrow density window, borehole instability, lost circulation, borehole collapse, sticking and other downhole complicated conditions were easily induced. A strong sealing and high performance water-based drilling fluid was mainly used to solve the problems of borehole instabilities in mud shale and muddy limestone in the horizontal wells of Missan Oilfield, for solving the problem of sidewall instability, aphysical/chemical plugging was used for strengthening the plugging of drilling fluid, improving the loading ability in formation, reducing the risk of lost circulation. The principle of \"activity\" regulation, permeable pressure were used to improve the semi-permeable membrane characteristics of mudstone and shale, reduce the activity of drilling fluid, inhibit the expansion ability of mudstone hydration and expansion in formation, on the basis of the static drilling fluid, permeable pressure was added to the wellbore for further improvement of borehole stability. The system in use reflects the stable rheological properties, it can be very good for plugging micro fractures, greatly improving the load ability in formation, the delaying time of borehole stability, guaranteeing the borehole stability in drilling, it provides support for the smooth drilling of the first horizontal well and consequent horizontal well drilling in Missan Oilfield.","PeriodicalId":287757,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124897414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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