{"title":"Closure of \"Ground-Water Management with Fixed Charges\"","authors":"Eduardo Aguado, I. Remson","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134115171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The local water utility is ordinarily a pure monopoly except that industrial customers of water may establish their own supplies. Water supply systems can be separated into components: (1)Acquisition-treatment; and (2)delivery. Each of these components has its own cost function. Economies of scale gained in treatment may be lost in transportation. The tradeoffs between economies of scale in production and the costs of transportation have significance for the development of regional water supply systems. Cost functions are developed that allow a decision maker to evaluate these tradeoffs. Under specific circumstances the minimum average cost point for delivered water is approximately 8 miles.
{"title":"Analytical Cost Model for Urban Water Supply","authors":"R. Clark, R. G. Stevie","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000220","url":null,"abstract":"The local water utility is ordinarily a pure monopoly except that industrial customers of water may establish their own supplies. Water supply systems can be separated into components: (1)Acquisition-treatment; and (2)delivery. Each of these components has its own cost function. Economies of scale gained in treatment may be lost in transportation. The tradeoffs between economies of scale in production and the costs of transportation have significance for the development of regional water supply systems. Cost functions are developed that allow a decision maker to evaluate these tradeoffs. Under specific circumstances the minimum average cost point for delivered water is approximately 8 miles.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128463878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two water resources engineering questions are considered to study the statistical effect and associated loss of incorrectly assuming normality in linear regression analysis. Monte Carlo simulation is used to investigate the small sample behavior of the estimated regression coefficients, estimated variances, and predicted values of the dependent variable when the errors are not normally distributed. The distributions simulated are lognormal, Pearson and LogPearson with varying degress of skew. The estimated values of the regression coefficients are not appreciably affected by skew of the error distribution. Decisions based on both the mean and variance are less robust to nonnormality than decisions based only on the mean. Many hydrologic decisions are based on confidence intervals or percentiles, which involve estimated standard deviations and, thus, may be quite sensitive to violation of the normality assumption.
{"title":"Decisions Under Violation of Regression Normality","authors":"Eugenio Castano, Weber Je, L. Duckstein","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000227","url":null,"abstract":"Two water resources engineering questions are considered to study the statistical effect and associated loss of incorrectly assuming normality in linear regression analysis. Monte Carlo simulation is used to investigate the small sample behavior of the estimated regression coefficients, estimated variances, and predicted values of the dependent variable when the errors are not normally distributed. The distributions simulated are lognormal, Pearson and LogPearson with varying degress of skew. The estimated values of the regression coefficients are not appreciably affected by skew of the error distribution. Decisions based on both the mean and variance are less robust to nonnormality than decisions based only on the mean. Many hydrologic decisions are based on confidence intervals or percentiles, which involve estimated standard deviations and, thus, may be quite sensitive to violation of the normality assumption.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117252139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Closure of \"Water Resources Planning — Historical Development\"","authors":"T. Schad","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114171485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Planning methodology developed by the University of Idaho allows rapid determination of least-cost irrigation-system designs to assist in rehabilitation of damaged or new systems. Procedures are applied to a small 3,000 acre (1,214 ha) irrigation system damaged in the Teton Dam flood of 1977 and optimal designs to achieve specified levels of project water-use efficiency with varying costs of water and penalties or benefits for deep percolation and runoff were selected. Energy costs for each alternative were calculated. Fear of water-right loss and the paradox in western water law that encourages conservation but provides no economic incentive severely inhibit system rehabilitation. Poor understanding of groundwater-surface-water systems and the lack of recognition of possible benefits of aquifer recharge from deep percolation of irrigation water make water users reluctant to change systems.
{"title":"Problems in Applying Optimal Irrigation Plans","authors":"C. Brockway, R. Allen","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000139","url":null,"abstract":"Planning methodology developed by the University of Idaho allows rapid determination of least-cost irrigation-system designs to assist in rehabilitation of damaged or new systems. Procedures are applied to a small 3,000 acre (1,214 ha) irrigation system damaged in the Teton Dam flood of 1977 and optimal designs to achieve specified levels of project water-use efficiency with varying costs of water and penalties or benefits for deep percolation and runoff were selected. Energy costs for each alternative were calculated. Fear of water-right loss and the paradox in western water law that encourages conservation but provides no economic incentive severely inhibit system rehabilitation. Poor understanding of groundwater-surface-water systems and the lack of recognition of possible benefits of aquifer recharge from deep percolation of irrigation water make water users reluctant to change systems.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115314869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Management of United States water research and the linkage between water research and the effectiveness of water management are described. A conceptual economic framework for analysis is presented, but the empirical data needed to complete it are not available. The technology needed to establish a given quality of life, considering the water aspects, depends on growth, pollution, and other problems of advanced society. Technology needed is also a function of the desired ratio of quality of life to investment, a budgetary decision of government. Better linkages are needed in the United States water industry. Water management is an intergovernmental problem with interfaces with the energy industry and with manufacturing. Research is carried out by agencies, universities, industries, and water associations. The contributions of industries, utilities, and especially water associations, have not been adequately recognized. United States water research has been very effective despite the present difficulties it faces.
{"title":"Management of US Water Research","authors":"N. Grigg","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000131","url":null,"abstract":"Management of United States water research and the linkage between water research and the effectiveness of water management are described. A conceptual economic framework for analysis is presented, but the empirical data needed to complete it are not available. The technology needed to establish a given quality of life, considering the water aspects, depends on growth, pollution, and other problems of advanced society. Technology needed is also a function of the desired ratio of quality of life to investment, a budgetary decision of government. Better linkages are needed in the United States water industry. Water management is an intergovernmental problem with interfaces with the energy industry and with manufacturing. Research is carried out by agencies, universities, industries, and water associations. The contributions of industries, utilities, and especially water associations, have not been adequately recognized. United States water research has been very effective despite the present difficulties it faces.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115622578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy analysis of water development and use projects should be an integral part of the planning process to avoid the construction of projects with unnecessarily high energy requirements. However, energy analyses must be carried out with great care, taking into account the different boundaries that can be drawn around the problem, the need to use consistent energy units, and the need to make a variety of assumptions where energy data are inadequate. This paper illustrates many of the problems and shows how very different conclusions can be reached depending on the elements included in an energy analysis. Examples are presented of energy analyses of water storage and diversion projects, the effects of water quality, and wastewater treatment and reuse.
{"title":"Energy-impact analysis in water-project planning","authors":"R. Hagan, E. B. Roberts","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000142","url":null,"abstract":"Energy analysis of water development and use projects should be an integral part of the planning process to avoid the construction of projects with unnecessarily high energy requirements. However, energy analyses must be carried out with great care, taking into account the different boundaries that can be drawn around the problem, the need to use consistent energy units, and the need to make a variety of assumptions where energy data are inadequate. This paper illustrates many of the problems and shows how very different conclusions can be reached depending on the elements included in an energy analysis. Examples are presented of energy analyses of water storage and diversion projects, the effects of water quality, and wastewater treatment and reuse.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124553390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work devises a simplified method to evaluate the event magnitude of nonpoint source rain-induced UBOD loads for urban areas. The method is flexible, non-dependent upon computer simulation, and uses readily available data. The results appear to be realistic. Ten urban watersheds were studied using a methodology that assumes triangular hydrographs and piece-wise linear pollutographs. A rapid method for estimating pollutant loadings in terms of pounds per acre per storm is presented. UBOD was used in this study but the methodology is readily adaptable to other parameters. The effects of storage and streetsweeping on total storm loadings are preliminarily evaluated.
{"title":"Urban Runoff Pollution Method","authors":"G. K. Young, Dennis N. Athayde, T. Bondelid","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000114","url":null,"abstract":"This work devises a simplified method to evaluate the event magnitude of nonpoint source rain-induced UBOD loads for urban areas. The method is flexible, non-dependent upon computer simulation, and uses readily available data. The results appear to be realistic. Ten urban watersheds were studied using a methodology that assumes triangular hydrographs and piece-wise linear pollutographs. A rapid method for estimating pollutant loadings in terms of pounds per acre per storm is presented. UBOD was used in this study but the methodology is readily adaptable to other parameters. The effects of storage and streetsweeping on total storm loadings are preliminarily evaluated.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122588912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the early and recent history of the relations between water planning and economic development in the West and Bureau of Reclamation activities. The objectives of Bureau development projects have shifted from the agrarian egalitarian goals of the past to provision of municipal and industrial water and power and recreation and othe benefits as the relative benefits to agriculture have declined. The economic efficiency requirements, the environmental movement, and the concommittent comprehensive planning requirements imposed on Federal projects have resulted in the challenge to development which the Bureau currently faces. Bureau supporters come primarily from states that wish to confirm water rights and receive agricultural subsidies in the form of cheap water. The development of vast energy resources and population growth may, however, provide new bases for a resurgence of the engineering solutions of the bureau to water scarcity and allocation problems in the West.
{"title":"Closure of \"Western Economic Development and Water Planning: Bureau of Reclamation\"","authors":"J. Keith, A. Lebaron, J. C. Andersen, K. Wilde","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000092","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the early and recent history of the relations between water planning and economic development in the West and Bureau of Reclamation activities. The objectives of Bureau development projects have shifted from the agrarian egalitarian goals of the past to provision of municipal and industrial water and power and recreation and othe benefits as the relative benefits to agriculture have declined. The economic efficiency requirements, the environmental movement, and the concommittent comprehensive planning requirements imposed on Federal projects have resulted in the challenge to development which the Bureau currently faces. Bureau supporters come primarily from states that wish to confirm water rights and receive agricultural subsidies in the form of cheap water. The development of vast energy resources and population growth may, however, provide new bases for a resurgence of the engineering solutions of the bureau to water scarcity and allocation problems in the West.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121319851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to increased flood runoff, urban development has caused a significant increase in sediment loads in streams. While many means of sediment and runoff control have been proposed, stormwater detention has been shown to be one of the more cost efficient means. Because detention facilities have not been used extensively in the past, a data base is not available for determining the effect of design factors on sediment trap efficiency and runoff control characteristics. A mathematical model, which includes erosion, sedimentation, and detention facility components, was developed from principles of hydraulics and classical settling mechanics. The model was used to examine the effect of: (1)Detention basin location; (2)soil particle size distribution; (3)basin depth; (4)initial storage, and (5)orifice diameter. An understanding of the relative importance of these factors may lead to better design of stormwater detention facilities.
{"title":"DESIGN EFFICIENCY OF STORMWATER DETENTION BASINS","authors":"D. C. Curtis, R. McCuen","doi":"10.1061/JWRDDC.0000034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRDDC.0000034","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to increased flood runoff, urban development has caused a significant increase in sediment loads in streams. While many means of sediment and runoff control have been proposed, stormwater detention has been shown to be one of the more cost efficient means. Because detention facilities have not been used extensively in the past, a data base is not available for determining the effect of design factors on sediment trap efficiency and runoff control characteristics. A mathematical model, which includes erosion, sedimentation, and detention facility components, was developed from principles of hydraulics and classical settling mechanics. The model was used to examine the effect of: (1)Detention basin location; (2)soil particle size distribution; (3)basin depth; (4)initial storage, and (5)orifice diameter. An understanding of the relative importance of these factors may lead to better design of stormwater detention facilities.","PeriodicalId":291050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131110505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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