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Early surgical exposure for medical students: Efficacy and effect on choice of electives 医学生早期手术暴露:疗效及对选修课选择的影响
Pub Date : 2019-12-16 DOI: 10.15273/dmj.vol46no1.9828
Connor McGuire, Todd Dow, Emma Crawley, Kit Moran, D. Davies
Background: The number of students applying to surgical residency programs is declining. The reasons are multi- factorial, however early exposure has been shown to increase application rates and decrease residency attrition rates. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Surgical Exploration and Discovery (SEAD) program, an early surgical exposure program, on its efficacy and influence on medical school electives. Methods: Two online surveys were distributed to participants of the SEAD program from 2016-2017.The surveys addressed demographics and prior surgical exposure, efficacy of the program, and the role of SEAD on influencing choice of electives.The Likert scale was used to measure responses along with multiple-choice questions. Univariate descriptive statistics were completed on all variables. Results: All participants (n = 36, 100% response rate) reported that SEAD made them more likely to enter a surgical career (Mean: 4.1 out of 5, SD: 0.8), helped narrow down career options (Mean: 4.0, SD: 0.9), and improved comfort in the OR environment (Mean: 4.7, SD; 0.5).The majority of students were planning to, or had completed at least one surgical elective in second year (72.2%) and felt that the program will influence their choice of electives in fourth year (Mean: 4.0, SD: 0.6). Conclusion:The SEAD program is an effective method to help students make career decisions, offer early surgical exposure, and help with choice of medical electives.With a lack of early surgical exposure, and declining interest in surgical programs the SEAD program is a valuable addition to medical school education.
背景:申请外科住院医师项目的学生数量正在下降。其原因是多方面的,然而,早期暴露已被证明可以增加申请率并减少住院率。本研究的目的是评估外科探索与发现(SEAD)计划,即早期外科接触计划,对医学院选修课程的效果和影响。方法:对2016-2017年SEAD项目的参与者进行两次在线调查。调查涉及人口统计学和既往手术暴露,该计划的有效性,以及SEAD在影响选修课选择方面的作用。李克特量表与多项选择题一起被用来测量反应。对所有变量进行单变量描述性统计。结果:所有参与者(n = 36, 100%回复率)报告说,SEAD使他们更有可能进入外科职业(平均值:4.1 / 5,SD: 0.8),有助于缩小职业选择(平均值:4.0,SD: 0.9),并改善了手术室环境的舒适度(平均值:4.7,SD;0.5)。大多数学生在第二年计划或已经完成了至少一门外科选修课(72.2%),并认为该计划将影响他们在第四年的选修课的选择(平均值:4.0,标准差:0.6)。结论:SEAD项目是一种有效的方法,可以帮助学生做出职业选择,提供早期外科经验,并帮助他们选择医学选修课程。由于缺乏早期的外科接触,以及对外科项目的兴趣下降,SEAD项目是医学院教育的一个有价值的补充。
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引用次数: 1
From expressionless to impressionist: Exploring the link between neurological disease and artistic style in painters 从无表情到印象派:探索画家的神经疾病与艺术风格之间的联系
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8995
Ricarda M. Konder
This paper discusses the relationship between various types of neurological disease and stylistic changes in painters. By first outlining the hypothesized neuroanatomical bases of creativity, the discussion then relates localized brain damage to various stylistic changes in painters and previously non-artists. It also explores artistic style in the context of more global neurological damage, such as dementias and neurotransmitter imbalances.The literature suggests that focal neurological insults (such as strokes or head injuries) may more often lead to focal deficits in painters, such as the loss of visuospatial ability or partial hemineglect. More widespread neurological damage may be associated with more global stylistic changes; for example, dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson’s disease has been shown to produce a more impressionist painting style in numerous recorded artists. In several case studies, brain damage actually led to the emergence of de novo artistic ability.While these changes in artistic style may not be rigidly predictable based on the limited literature available, this paper demonstrates that both artists and non-artists may experience significant changes in artistic style after neurological disease. Patient narratives also suggest that painting may serve as an empowering personal coping and communication strategy, aiding patients in navigating their complex illnesses.
本文讨论了各种类型的神经疾病与画家的风格变化之间的关系。首先概述了创造力的假设神经解剖学基础,然后讨论了局部脑损伤与画家和以前非艺术家的各种风格变化之间的关系。它还探讨了更多的全球神经损伤的背景下的艺术风格,如痴呆和神经递质失衡。文献表明,局灶性神经损伤(如中风或头部损伤)可能更经常导致画家出现局灶性缺陷,如视觉空间能力丧失或部分半忽视。更广泛的神经损伤可能与更多的整体风格变化有关;例如,对帕金森病的多巴胺替代疗法已被证明在许多有记录的艺术家身上产生了更印象派的绘画风格。在一些案例研究中,脑损伤实际上导致了新生艺术能力的出现。虽然基于有限的文献,这些艺术风格的变化可能无法严格预测,但本文表明,艺术家和非艺术家在神经疾病后都可能经历艺术风格的重大变化。病人的叙述还表明,绘画可以作为一种增强个人应对和沟通能力的策略,帮助病人应对复杂的疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Physician burnout: Current perspectives 医生职业倦怠:当前的观点
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8990
Danica Vidovic
.
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引用次数: 0
Male catheter insertion simulation using a low-fidelity 3D-printed model in undergraduate medical learners 在本科医学学习者中使用低保真度3d打印模型进行男性导管插入模拟
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8998
C. Gillis, David Harvey, Nicole Bishop, G. Walsh, A. Dubrowski
Urinary catheter insertion is one of the most widely performed procedures in a clinical setting. Inexperienced cath- eterizations constitute a high percentage of urethral trauma in hospital settings, with as high as 75% of comorbidities related to inaccurate insertion. Simulation training can help learners feel more confident, shorten the learning curve, and provide a safe learning environment for novices to make, and learn from, mistakes. Three dimensional (3D)- printed simulation models are as effective as commercially available models for novice learners, and have the benefits of being inexpensive, anatomically correct, portable and can be easily modified and rapidly produced as needed. A 3D-printed male urinary catheter insertion simulation model, designed by MUNMed 3D, was offered to Memorial University medical students as part of pre-clerkship procedural training. Fourteen students were provided with a checklist for the procedure and the 3D-printed urinary catheter insertion simulator, and following the simulation, were asked to complete a 5-point Likert survey on their experience.The average self-reported skill before using the model was 1.29 (out of 5), which increased to 3.21 (out of 5). All 14 respondents selected either “agree” or “strongly agree” for the following four survey items: the simulation was an accurate anatomical representation, they would prefer learning on this simulation model before performing this procedure, they would recommend the model to other learners, and they found this model beneficial overall. Simulation training with a 3D-printed urinary catheter insertion simulator allows trainees the opportunity to become confident and familiarize themselves with the procedure before performing it on a real patient.
导尿管插入是在临床环境中最广泛执行的程序之一。没有经验的置管在医院尿道创伤中占很大比例,高达75%的合并症与不准确的插入有关。模拟训练可以帮助学习者感到更自信,缩短学习曲线,并为新手提供一个安全的学习环境,让他们从错误中学习。三维(3D)打印的仿真模型是有效的,为新手学习者的市售模型,并具有便宜的好处,解剖正确,便携,可以很容易地修改,并根据需要快速生产。由MUNMed 3D设计的3D打印男性导尿管插入仿真模型,作为实习前程序培训的一部分,提供给纪念大学医科学生。为14名学生提供了手术清单和3d打印的导尿管插入模拟器,在模拟之后,他们被要求完成关于他们经历的5点李克特调查。在使用模型之前,平均自我报告的技能为1.29(满分5分),增加到3.21(满分5分)。所有14名受访者在以下四个调查项目中选择“同意”或“非常同意”:模拟是准确的解剖表征,他们更愿意在执行该过程之前学习该模拟模型,他们会向其他学习者推荐该模型,他们发现该模型总体上是有益的。使用3d打印导尿管插入模拟器进行模拟训练,使学员有机会在对真正的患者进行操作之前变得自信并熟悉程序。
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引用次数: 3
Decision-making through the lens of a pediatric cancer case 从儿童癌症案例的角度来做决策
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8993
Tamara Selman
It is crucial to obtain a competent individual’s informed consent in any medical process, including cancer treatments. However, when it comes to incompetent children, it seems to be favourable, but not necessary, to obtain their assent in medical practice.1 This paper considers Christine Harrison’s example of Samantha, an eleven-year-old girl that was treated for osteosarcoma in her left arm. Samantha had previously been treated by amputation and a course of chemotherapy. This cancer later metastasized to her lungs, decreasing her chances of remission with aggressive treatment to 20%. Although she wanted to refuse treatment, she was deemed incompetent to make decisions about her cancer care, and her parents adamantly wanted her to continue treatment.7 This paper considers physicians’ moral obligations in pediatric cancer cases such as Samantha’s. I will define assent, the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and competence as it pertains to children. I consider arguments of two opposing views–a child’s rights view that argues in favour of Samantha’s decision, and a paternalistic view that opposes her. After reviewing the bioethical literature on the risks and benefits of children’s decision making in health care, I argue that Samantha’s wishes to stop treatment ought to be respected.Throughout the paper, I will use the bioethical principles of respect for autonomy and beneficence to defend my position. Finally, I address potential objections my position may face and conclude.
在包括癌症治疗在内的任何医疗过程中,获得有能力的个人的知情同意至关重要。然而,当涉及到不称职的孩子时,在医疗实践中获得他们的同意似乎是有利的,但不是必要的本文考虑了克里斯汀·哈里森(Christine Harrison)举的萨曼莎(Samantha)的例子,她是一名11岁的女孩,因左臂骨肉瘤接受了治疗。萨曼莎之前接受过截肢和化疗。这种癌症后来转移到她的肺部,通过积极的治疗使她的缓解机会减少到20%。虽然她想拒绝治疗,但她被认为没有能力做出关于癌症治疗的决定,她的父母坚决希望她继续治疗本文探讨了医生在像萨曼莎这样的儿童癌症病例中的道德义务。我将定义同意,自主原则,善行,和能力,因为它适用于儿童。我考虑了两种对立观点的论点——一种是支持萨曼莎决定的儿童权利观点,另一种是反对她的家长式观点。在回顾了关于儿童在医疗保健方面做决定的风险和收益的生物伦理文献后,我认为萨曼莎停止治疗的愿望应该得到尊重。在整个论文中,我将使用尊重自主性和善行的生物伦理原则来捍卫我的立场。最后,我指出了我的立场可能面临的潜在反对意见,并得出结论。
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引用次数: 0
Little hospital on the South Common: A history of the Victoria General Hospital 南公地的小医院:维多利亚总医院的历史
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8996
Mike Wong
.
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引用次数: 0
The role of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): An evidence-based literature review 直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)在治疗肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT)中的作用:循证文献综述
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8992
B. Huo, M. Surette, A. Kelly
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) poses a risk of death secondary to thrombotic complications.Treatment options are limited for patients with poor IV access, as contemporary options are restricted to parenteral agents before switching to oral vitamin k antagonists. A literature review was conducted to examine the effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in the primary treatment of HIT. High quality evidence is scarce surrounding the use of DOACs for this indication, while past reviews have not critically appraised the evidence. Additionally, the most recent study from 2017 investigating the use of DOACs for this indication has not been reported in past literature reviews.The Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to identify and critically appraise the best available evidence. Salient literature demonstrates that DOACs are effective at raising platelet count to baseline after seven days, on average.Thrombosis and major bleeding are rarely observed when DOACs are used as primary therapy. While large scale studies are needed, patients with HIT that have poor IV access may benefit from the ease of administration, rapid onset of action and lack of routine monitoring associated with DOAC therapy.
肝素诱发的血小板减少症(HIT)有继发于血栓并发症的死亡风险。对于静脉通路差的患者,治疗选择是有限的,因为在转向口服维生素k拮抗剂之前,当前的选择仅限于肠外药物。我们对直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)在HIT初级治疗中的有效性进行了文献回顾。关于doac用于这一适应症的高质量证据很少,而过去的综述没有对证据进行批判性评价。此外,2017年调查DOACs用于该适应症的最新研究在过去的文献综述中未见报道。检索了Cochrane图书馆、Embase、PubMed、Google Scholar和ClinicalTrials.gov,以确定并批判性地评估现有的最佳证据。重要文献表明,DOACs在平均7天后有效地将血小板计数提高到基线水平。当DOACs作为主要治疗时,很少观察到血栓和大出血。虽然需要进行大规模的研究,但静脉注射途径差的HIT患者可能受益于DOAC治疗相关的给药方便、起效快和缺乏常规监测。
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引用次数: 0
The opioid epidemic: How did we get here and where do we stand? 阿片类药物流行:我们是如何走到这一步的?
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8991
Michael A. Smyth, Robyn Doucet
.
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引用次数: 2
Severe thrombocytopenia in an adolescent caused by Epstein Barr Virus eb病毒引起的青少年严重血小板减少症
Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO2.8997
A. Formosa, D. Haase
.
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引用次数: 0
The effect of Steri-Strip orientation on wound healing: A survey of current applications and trends amongst surgeons Steri-Strip定向对伤口愈合的影响:外科医生当前应用和趋势的调查
Pub Date : 2018-11-30 DOI: 10.15273/DMJ.VOL45NO1.8787
Y. Sardiwalla, K. Zimmo, Jason G. Williams, M. Bezuhly
Wound closure strips are used in the repair of superficial, low tension wounds, lacerations, and surgical incisions.They represent an inexpensive, easy, and painless way to close such wounds or as an adjunct in a multi-layered closure. There is debate over correct orientation (transverse, oblique, zig-zag or parallel) and importance of wound closure strips relative to the incision.The purpose of this research was to examine the closure techniques amongst Canadian plastic surgeons and current applications of wound closure strips using an online survey circulated to members of the Canadian Society of Plastic Surgery. Participants answered a series of multiple choice and short answer questions regarding their practice,closure techniques and use of wound closure strips.A total of 120 plastic surgeons (30.0%) completed the survey with 89.9% reporting wound closure strips usage. Of respondents who used wound closure strips, 57.2% used them in more than half of all wound closures. Parallel orientation to the wound (52.3%) and per- pendicular orientation (30.8%) were the most common techniques employed, and these were applied in a consistent fashion (90.6%) covering the whole wound (78.1%). Most plastic surgeons agreed there is a need to further study adhesive strips.This survey of Canadian plastic surgeons has demonstrated the variability that exists in wound closure strip application technique, orientation and intended function.These findings suggest further investigation of wound closure strip usage may be needed to help guide clinical practice.
伤口闭合条用于修复浅表、低张力伤口、撕裂伤和手术切口。它们代表了一种廉价,简单,无痛的方法来关闭这样的伤口或作为多层关闭的辅助。关于正确的方向(横向、斜向、之字形或平行)和相对于切口的伤口闭合条的重要性存在争议。本研究的目的是通过向加拿大整形外科协会成员分发的在线调查,检查加拿大整形外科医生的缝合技术和伤口缝合条的当前应用。参与者回答了一系列关于他们的实践、缝合技术和伤口缝合条的使用的多项选择和简答题。共有120名整形外科医生(30.0%)完成了调查,其中89.9%报告了伤口闭合条的使用情况。在使用伤口闭合条的应答者中,有57.2%的人在一半以上的伤口闭合中使用了伤口闭合条。与创面平行定位(52.3%)和垂直定位(30.8%)是最常用的技术,它们以一致的方式应用(90.6%),覆盖整个创面(78.1%)。大多数整形外科医生都认为有必要进一步研究胶条。这项对加拿大整形外科医生的调查表明,伤口封闭条的应用技术、方向和预期功能存在差异。这些发现提示需要进一步调查伤口封闭条的使用,以帮助指导临床实践。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Dalhousie Medical Journal
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