In the method of time-symmetric quantization (TSQ) of relativistic systems, based on the Stückelberg-Feynman interpretation, the creation-annihilation operators of quanta of complex fields and massless gauge fields, are automatically normally ordered, and there is no vacuum energy and charge (Z. Zakir 2023, article 1). In this second article the application of TSQ to massive bosonic fields of electroweak theory and the observational consequences of TSQ are considered. It is shown that the vacuum of these fields is free of zero-point energy and zero-point charge, and thus a contribution of these fields to the cosmological constant is absent. A direct observational consequence of TSQ is crossing symmetry in particle physics. The observable effects, which were attributed to the zero-point energy of the vacuum, are actually generated by the fields of real charges, and there is no evidence of the existence of zero-point energy of fundamental fields. This fact contradicts the prediction of the standard formulation of quantum field theory, but indirectly confirms TSQ.
{"title":"Time-symmetric quantization of relativistic fields. 2. Electroweak theory. Observable effects of TSQ","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.4-024.8278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.4-024.8278","url":null,"abstract":"In the method of time-symmetric quantization (TSQ) of relativistic systems, based on the Stückelberg-Feynman interpretation, the creation-annihilation operators of quanta of complex fields and massless gauge fields, are automatically normally ordered, and there is no vacuum energy and charge (Z. Zakir 2023, article 1). In this second article the application of TSQ to massive bosonic fields of electroweak theory and the observational consequences of TSQ are considered. It is shown that the vacuum of these fields is free of zero-point energy and zero-point charge, and thus a contribution of these fields to the cosmological constant is absent. A direct observational consequence of TSQ is crossing symmetry in particle physics. The observable effects, which were attributed to the zero-point energy of the vacuum, are actually generated by the fields of real charges, and there is no evidence of the existence of zero-point energy of fundamental fields. This fact contradicts the prediction of the standard formulation of quantum field theory, but indirectly confirms TSQ.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116953304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the standard formulation of quantum field theory (QFT), where there are only positive energy particles and antiparticles, the energy and charge of the vacuum diverge, which, due to the existence of gravity, leads to the inconsistency of the theory (cosmological constant problem). In the article, it is shown that in the Stueckelberg-Feynman (SF) interpretation, where antiparticles are described as negative energy particles moving backward in time, the zero-point energy and zero-point charge of vacuum of complex fields are absent and there is no cosmological constant problem. However, until now it was believed that the SF interpretation leads to negative probabilities and incompatible with QFT. In the article, it is presented a new formulation of QFT on the basis of the SF interpretation in the form of time-symmetric quantization (TSQ), where the probability of states is positive. In TSQ, the consequences of the SF interpretation are taken into account consecutively and it is shown that: a) the negative sign of the norm of states only changes the sign of the wave function, and not the probabilities; b) the expression of backward in time integrals through the forward in time integrals changes sign; c) the time ordering of the operators is symmetric in time and writing them through the usual ordering leads to the standard diagram technique. For this reason, TSQ correctly describes the known observable effects. In TSQ, the results of unification models change, in particular, a) there is no zero-point energy even with broken supersymmetry between complex fields; b) there is no zero-point energy of modes in string theories, which allows to include gravity, but there is no a conformal anomaly and the dimension of space can be arbitrary.
{"title":"Time-symmetric quantization of relativistic fields. 1. Complex fields, massless gauge fields and gravitons","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.4-023.8181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.4-023.8181","url":null,"abstract":"In the standard formulation of quantum field theory (QFT), where there are only positive energy particles and antiparticles, the energy and charge of the vacuum diverge, which, due to the existence of gravity, leads to the inconsistency of the theory (cosmological constant problem). In the article, it is shown that in the Stueckelberg-Feynman (SF) interpretation, where antiparticles are described as negative energy particles moving backward in time, the zero-point energy and zero-point charge of vacuum of complex fields are absent and there is no cosmological constant problem. However, until now it was believed that the SF interpretation leads to negative probabilities and incompatible with QFT. In the article, it is presented a new formulation of QFT on the basis of the SF interpretation in the form of time-symmetric quantization (TSQ), where the probability of states is positive. In TSQ, the consequences of the SF interpretation are taken into account consecutively and it is shown that: a) the negative sign of the norm of states only changes the sign of the wave function, and not the probabilities; b) the expression of backward in time integrals through the forward in time integrals changes sign; c) the time ordering of the operators is symmetric in time and writing them through the usual ordering leads to the standard diagram technique. For this reason, TSQ correctly describes the known observable effects. In TSQ, the results of unification models change, in particular, a) there is no zero-point energy even with broken supersymmetry between complex fields; b) there is no zero-point energy of modes in string theories, which allows to include gravity, but there is no a conformal anomaly and the dimension of space can be arbitrary.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116809903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The standard metrics outside of charged and rotating sources (Kerr-Newman in general, Reissner-Nordström and Kerr in particular) contain the total mass at infinity, which includes both the mass of a neutral non-rotating body and the mass equivalents of rotational and electric field energies. Therefore, the total mass is related to other parameters of the metric - angular momentum and charge. However, at studying the dependence of gravitational effects on parameters, this relationship was ignored, assuming total mass to be constant at varying angular momentum and charge. This error led to physically absurd predictions about the weakening of gravity and its effects with increasing the rotational and electric field energies. To eliminate such errors, the total mass must be expressed in terms of independent parameters - the mass of the neutral non-rotating matter of the source, charge and angular momentum. Recently this has been done using as an independent parameter the mass determined from the gravitational radius at the pole when the charge is only on the surface (Zakir, 2022). In the present paper it is used “irreducible mass”, earlier defined heuristically as the remainder of total mass after the removal of angular momentum and charge. Earlier, mass formulas expressing total mass in terms of irreducible mass were proposed by Florides (1960) (improved by the author (2022)) for charged bodies and then by Christodolou (1970) for rotating and Christodolou-Ruffini (1971) for charged rotating sources. In the paper, the standard metrics are transformed to metrics with independent parameters by substituting the expression for the total mass according to these mass formulas. It is shown that the metrics in this form lead to a physically correct dependence of the effects of gravity on the parameters, in particular, the growth of the rotation and electric field energies strengthens gravity and its effects, such as time dilation and redshifts, increases radii of orbits and the area of shadow.
{"title":"Metrics with irreducible mass leading to a correct parameter dependence of gravitational effects around charged and rotating bodies","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.4-022.8074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.4-022.8074","url":null,"abstract":"The standard metrics outside of charged and rotating sources (Kerr-Newman in general, Reissner-Nordström and Kerr in particular) contain the total mass at infinity, which includes both the mass of a neutral non-rotating body and the mass equivalents of rotational and electric field energies. Therefore, the total mass is related to other parameters of the metric - angular momentum and charge. However, at studying the dependence of gravitational effects on parameters, this relationship was ignored, assuming total mass to be constant at varying angular momentum and charge. This error led to physically absurd predictions about the weakening of gravity and its effects with increasing the rotational and electric field energies. To eliminate such errors, the total mass must be expressed in terms of independent parameters - the mass of the neutral non-rotating matter of the source, charge and angular momentum. Recently this has been done using as an independent parameter the mass determined from the gravitational radius at the pole when the charge is only on the surface (Zakir, 2022). In the present paper it is used “irreducible mass”, earlier defined heuristically as the remainder of total mass after the removal of angular momentum and charge. Earlier, mass formulas expressing total mass in terms of irreducible mass were proposed by Florides (1960) (improved by the author (2022)) for charged bodies and then by Christodolou (1970) for rotating and Christodolou-Ruffini (1971) for charged rotating sources. In the paper, the standard metrics are transformed to metrics with independent parameters by substituting the expression for the total mass according to these mass formulas. It is shown that the metrics in this form lead to a physically correct dependence of the effects of gravity on the parameters, in particular, the growth of the rotation and electric field energies strengthens gravity and its effects, such as time dilation and redshifts, increases radii of orbits and the area of shadow.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128789183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During three quarters of 20th century, due to successes of experimental physics, significant progress occurred in the foundations of theoretical physics, and the result of this joint development is the modern physical picture of the world. But in the last quarter of this century, all progress has been reduced to speculative mathematical models without any experimental basis and hope for confirmation. Moreover, the formation of the basic theories of physics, general relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, still remained incomplete due to ambiguities and a number of fundamental problems in their foundations and important applications. In the previous review article (Zakir, 2020), the main part of these problems was considered and solutions for them, proposed by the author in 2006-2020, were summarized. This review is its revised version, supplemented with several new problems and their solutions found by the author in 2021-2022. Unlike other attempts proceeded from speculative hypotheses, the proposed formulations of basic theories and their applications are based on physical principles following from experimental facts. As a result, the basic theories, which remained successful mathematical models only, finally became consistent physical theories. Problems of a «technical» nature, which have arisen due to deviation from the basic principles, are removed by strict following to these principles. Other problems have been solved by introducing new principles or changing old ones, but also on the basis of facts. Therefore, these solutions, in one form or another, will enter the new physics that is initiated by them. The contours and prospects of the theoretical physics of 21st century are considered. The causes of the crisis in the foundations of theoretical physics of the 20th century and ways to overcome it are discussed. It is shown that the main cause of the crisis was the departure of the scientific community from the methodology and ethics of the natural sciences, and the theoretical physics of 21st century is now being formed as a result of a return to them.
{"title":"On solutions of problems of 20th century physics and foundations of theoretical physics of 21st century","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.3-020.7777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.3-020.7777","url":null,"abstract":"During three quarters of 20th century, due to successes of experimental physics, significant progress occurred in the foundations of theoretical physics, and the result of this joint development is the modern physical picture of the world. But in the last quarter of this century, all progress has been reduced to speculative mathematical models without any experimental basis and hope for confirmation. Moreover, the formation of the basic theories of physics, general relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, still remained incomplete due to ambiguities and a number of fundamental problems in their foundations and important applications. In the previous review article (Zakir, 2020), the main part of these problems was considered and solutions for them, proposed by the author in 2006-2020, were summarized. This review is its revised version, supplemented with several new problems and their solutions found by the author in 2021-2022. Unlike other attempts proceeded from speculative hypotheses, the proposed formulations of basic theories and their applications are based on physical principles following from experimental facts. As a result, the basic theories, which remained successful mathematical models only, finally became consistent physical theories. Problems of a «technical» nature, which have arisen due to deviation from the basic principles, are removed by strict following to these principles. Other problems have been solved by introducing new principles or changing old ones, but also on the basis of facts. Therefore, these solutions, in one form or another, will enter the new physics that is initiated by them. The contours and prospects of the theoretical physics of 21st century are considered. The causes of the crisis in the foundations of theoretical physics of the 20th century and ways to overcome it are discussed. It is shown that the main cause of the crisis was the departure of the scientific community from the methodology and ethics of the natural sciences, and the theoretical physics of 21st century is now being formed as a result of a return to them.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131724330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Stueckelberg-Feynman (SF) treatment, where positive energy antiparticles are described as negative energy particles going backward in time, lies on the basis of particle physics, but it was inconsistent with quantum field theory, since led to a negative norm for negative energy states. In the paper a new consistent method of canonical quantization in SF treatment is presented, where norms of all states is positive, since changing the direction of time integration in the action function changes the sign of Lagrangian of antiparticles and momentum. Minimal Lagrangians for complex canonical variables do not lead to the zero-point energy, which partially solves the cosmological constant problem. Causal propagators and amplitudes appear as symmetric chronological products of field operators, which slightly modifies diagram technique. Modified microcausality conditions and proof of spin and statistics theorem are presented, applications to particle physics and condensed media are discussed.
{"title":"Consistent quantization of systems with positive and negative energy states","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.3-019.7744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.3-019.7744","url":null,"abstract":"The Stueckelberg-Feynman (SF) treatment, where positive energy antiparticles are described as negative energy particles going backward in time, lies on the basis of particle physics, but it was inconsistent with quantum field theory, since led to a negative norm for negative energy states. In the paper a new consistent method of canonical quantization in SF treatment is presented, where norms of all states is positive, since changing the direction of time integration in the action function changes the sign of Lagrangian of antiparticles and momentum. Minimal Lagrangians for complex canonical variables do not lead to the zero-point energy, which partially solves the cosmological constant problem. Causal propagators and amplitudes appear as symmetric chronological products of field operators, which slightly modifies diagram technique. Modified microcausality conditions and proof of spin and statistics theorem are presented, applications to particle physics and condensed media are discussed.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117085182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The external metric of the ball with a charge on the surface, as a solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations, depends on three independent parameters - the surface radius, the charge and the gravitational radius of the ball, which is equal to the gravitational radius of a neutral non-rotating matter. The electric field exists only outside the ball, and its energy contributes to the metric with the same sign as the matter. Therefore, an increase in charge enhances gravity, increasing the magnitude of its effects (redshifts, orbital radii and shadows, etc.). The metric outside the spherical collapsar follows from the metric of the ball as the surface asymptotically approaches the gravitational radius and therefore includes two parameters instead of three, and its observable consequences are the same as for a ball with a given surface radius. The metric outside such a collapsar during its rotation also includes the rotation parameter as an independent parameter. The new form of the Kerr-Newman metric also includes an independent parameter - the gravitational radius at the pole. In it, the contributions to the metric of the energies of matter and rotation have the same sign, and an increase in the rotation parameter also enhances gravity, increasing the magnitude of its effects (gravitational radius at the equator, redshifts, average radii of orbits and shadows). These consequences are physically correct, but they are inverse to the previous non-physical predictions based on the standard Reisner-Nordström, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics. The latter included the total mass at infinity depending on the charge and/or rotation parameter, and predictions were made without taking this dependence into account, which led to the erroneous conclusion that an increase in charge and/or rotation parameter weakens gravity, reducing the magnitude of its observed effects.
{"title":"Effects of gravity around charged and rotating collapsars in metrics with independent parameters","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.3-018.7715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.3-018.7715","url":null,"abstract":"The external metric of the ball with a charge on the surface, as a solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations, depends on three independent parameters - the surface radius, the charge and the gravitational radius of the ball, which is equal to the gravitational radius of a neutral non-rotating matter. The electric field exists only outside the ball, and its energy contributes to the metric with the same sign as the matter. Therefore, an increase in charge enhances gravity, increasing the magnitude of its effects (redshifts, orbital radii and shadows, etc.). The metric outside the spherical collapsar follows from the metric of the ball as the surface asymptotically approaches the gravitational radius and therefore includes two parameters instead of three, and its observable consequences are the same as for a ball with a given surface radius. The metric outside such a collapsar during its rotation also includes the rotation parameter as an independent parameter. The new form of the Kerr-Newman metric also includes an independent parameter - the gravitational radius at the pole. In it, the contributions to the metric of the energies of matter and rotation have the same sign, and an increase in the rotation parameter also enhances gravity, increasing the magnitude of its effects (gravitational radius at the equator, redshifts, average radii of orbits and shadows). These consequences are physically correct, but they are inverse to the previous non-physical predictions based on the standard Reisner-Nordström, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics. The latter included the total mass at infinity depending on the charge and/or rotation parameter, and predictions were made without taking this dependence into account, which led to the erroneous conclusion that an increase in charge and/or rotation parameter weakens gravity, reducing the magnitude of its observed effects.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115151850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The metric around a ball with a surface charge, obtained from the Einstein-Maxwell equations, has three independent parameters – the charge, surface radius and the ball’s gravitational radius, equal to the gravitational radius of the matter. The electric field energy there is only outside the ball and contributes to the metric with the same sign as matter. Therefore, an increase in charge enhances the effects of gravity, increasing the radii of orbits and shadows, redshifts and deflection angles. At the collapse, in the rest frame of the center, the surface freezes above the ball’s gravitational radius, and the inner layers freeze above the gravitational radius of the matter inside them, i.e. the collapsed ball becomes not a black hole, but a frozar, an object with a gravitationally frozen structure. The frozar’s metric follows from the ball’s metric as its surface tends to the gravitational radius and thus contains two parameters instead of three. The frozar’s charge is located over the gravitational radius and its total mass, as for the ball, is finite. Observable consequences of the frozar metric are the same as for the ball. On the contrary, in the black hole theory, the Reissner-Nordström metric contains the total mass at infinity, which depends on the charge and diverges, since it includes the energy of the electric field diverging for a point charge. To ignore this divergence, the total mass was renormalized and replaced with the “observable” mass. Then, already by mistake, the dependence of the total mass on charge was missed. The result of this double disregard was a number of unphysical consequences, inverse to the case of the ball, which complicated the physical picture. It was argued that there are two horizons and the increase in charge weakens the gravity by decreasing the gravitational radius and observable effects of gravity, such as redshifts, radii of orbits and shadows, i.e. it was seriously stated that the positive energy of the electric field antigravitates, which is physically absurd.
{"title":"Physically consistent metrics with independent parameters instead of standard metrics with unphysical consequences. 1. Charged sources","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.3-016.7694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.3-016.7694","url":null,"abstract":"The metric around a ball with a surface charge, obtained from the Einstein-Maxwell equations, has three independent parameters – the charge, surface radius and the ball’s gravitational radius, equal to the gravitational radius of the matter. The electric field energy there is only outside the ball and contributes to the metric with the same sign as matter. Therefore, an increase in charge enhances the effects of gravity, increasing the radii of orbits and shadows, redshifts and deflection angles. At the collapse, in the rest frame of the center, the surface freezes above the ball’s gravitational radius, and the inner layers freeze above the gravitational radius of the matter inside them, i.e. the collapsed ball becomes not a black hole, but a frozar, an object with a gravitationally frozen structure. The frozar’s metric follows from the ball’s metric as its surface tends to the gravitational radius and thus contains two parameters instead of three. The frozar’s charge is located over the gravitational radius and its total mass, as for the ball, is finite. Observable consequences of the frozar metric are the same as for the ball. On the contrary, in the black hole theory, the Reissner-Nordström metric contains the total mass at infinity, which depends on the charge and diverges, since it includes the energy of the electric field diverging for a point charge. To ignore this divergence, the total mass was renormalized and replaced with the “observable” mass. Then, already by mistake, the dependence of the total mass on charge was missed. The result of this double disregard was a number of unphysical consequences, inverse to the case of the ball, which complicated the physical picture. It was argued that there are two horizons and the increase in charge weakens the gravity by decreasing the gravitational radius and observable effects of gravity, such as redshifts, radii of orbits and shadows, i.e. it was seriously stated that the positive energy of the electric field antigravitates, which is physically absurd.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123392916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kerr metric, the external metric for a rotating body, contains the equatorial gravitational radius implicitly depending on the specific angular momentum (SAM). Ignoring this dependence due to the formal mathematical approach without understanding the physical aspects led to absurd unphysical consequences in the black hole theory, in particular, that an increase in the rotational energy at increasing SAM weakens gravity, decreasing the gravitational radius at the pole and the effects of gravity (redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). This shortcoming of the Kerr metric is improved in a new form of this metric with an independent parameter - the gravitational radius at the pole, determined by the mass of matter without rotational energy. The contributions of the energies of matter and rotation have the same sign and an increase in SAM strengthens gravity, increasing its effects (the equatorial gravitational radius, redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). The modified form of the Kerr metric describes the gravitational field of a frozar having angular momentum, a star with frozen structure and the surface asymptotically tending to the local gravitational radius (minimal at pole and maximal at equator). The application of this method to the Kerr-Newman metric, including the charge, and to the NUT metric, gave modified forms of these metrics with independent parameters. In the frozar theory, particle energies are positive everywhere, and the theory is free from the non-physical effects of the former black hole theory (horizons, singularities, ergosphere and the extraction of energy from it, evaporation). Thermodynamics of frozars follows from the almost irreversible freezing, as the result of which, during accretion and other processes, the mass of neutral matter without rotational energy grows almost irreversibly.
{"title":"Physically consistent metrics with independent parameters instead of standard metrics with unphysical consequences. 2. Rotating sources","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.3-017.7694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.3-017.7694","url":null,"abstract":"The Kerr metric, the external metric for a rotating body, contains the equatorial gravitational radius implicitly depending on the specific angular momentum (SAM). Ignoring this dependence due to the formal mathematical approach without understanding the physical aspects led to absurd unphysical consequences in the black hole theory, in particular, that an increase in the rotational energy at increasing SAM weakens gravity, decreasing the gravitational radius at the pole and the effects of gravity (redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). This shortcoming of the Kerr metric is improved in a new form of this metric with an independent parameter - the gravitational radius at the pole, determined by the mass of matter without rotational energy. The contributions of the energies of matter and rotation have the same sign and an increase in SAM strengthens gravity, increasing its effects (the equatorial gravitational radius, redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). The modified form of the Kerr metric describes the gravitational field of a frozar having angular momentum, a star with frozen structure and the surface asymptotically tending to the local gravitational radius (minimal at pole and maximal at equator). The application of this method to the Kerr-Newman metric, including the charge, and to the NUT metric, gave modified forms of these metrics with independent parameters. In the frozar theory, particle energies are positive everywhere, and the theory is free from the non-physical effects of the former black hole theory (horizons, singularities, ergosphere and the extraction of energy from it, evaporation). Thermodynamics of frozars follows from the almost irreversible freezing, as the result of which, during accretion and other processes, the mass of neutral matter without rotational energy grows almost irreversibly.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132864313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loop diagrams with near-Planck energies create a strong external gravitational field, which slows down local processes for distant observers up to their freezing. Since Planck length is the gravitational radius of the system of quanta, the events of this and smaller scale cannot occur in finite world time t and do not contribute to the S-matrix. Consequently, gravitational time dilation, leading to a strong redshift of local frequencies, provides gravitational self-regularization of the loop diagrams. The loop corrections without gravity effects, cut off at Planck energy, give upper bounds for the corrections with gravity effects and this fact leads to simple rules of gravitational regularization. The corrections with quanta of gauge fields and gravitons are small, and the perturbation theory series converge. At pre-Planck energies, one-loop graviton contributions are sufficient, since the multi-loop ones are damped by high degrees of the relation “energy/Planck energy”. Scalar field with power-law growing corrections should be effective field. Non-linearity of fields enhances gravity and get faster freezing, which suppresses the high energy terms. Nonrenormalizable models are finite, but become consistent only when their loop corrections remain small on Planck scale and this occurs in quantum gravity. Gravitationally regularized Extended Standard Model (ESM), including gravitons and Standard Model with effective scalars, is renormalizable and finite, which simplifies its further generalization.
{"title":"Gravitational self-regularization of quantum fields at Planck scales","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.2-015.7613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.2-015.7613","url":null,"abstract":"Loop diagrams with near-Planck energies create a strong external gravitational field, which slows down local processes for distant observers up to their freezing. Since Planck length is the gravitational radius of the system of quanta, the events of this and smaller scale cannot occur in finite world time t and do not contribute to the S-matrix. Consequently, gravitational time dilation, leading to a strong redshift of local frequencies, provides gravitational self-regularization of the loop diagrams. The loop corrections without gravity effects, cut off at Planck energy, give upper bounds for the corrections with gravity effects and this fact leads to simple rules of gravitational regularization. The corrections with quanta of gauge fields and gravitons are small, and the perturbation theory series converge. At pre-Planck energies, one-loop graviton contributions are sufficient, since the multi-loop ones are damped by high degrees of the relation “energy/Planck energy”. Scalar field with power-law growing corrections should be effective field. Non-linearity of fields enhances gravity and get faster freezing, which suppresses the high energy terms. Nonrenormalizable models are finite, but become consistent only when their loop corrections remain small on Planck scale and this occurs in quantum gravity. Gravitationally regularized Extended Standard Model (ESM), including gravitons and Standard Model with effective scalars, is renormalizable and finite, which simplifies its further generalization.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122409649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diffusion quantum mechanics (DQM), proposed recently (Zakir, 2020-21), describes a conservative diffusion of classical particles in a fluctuating classical scalar field and, in a homogeneous field, derives the formalism of quantum mechanics. In an inhomogeneous scalar field, DQM reproduces gravitation, and in the present paper, the following theory of diffusion gravity and its various consequences are considered. In DQM a part of the energy of the scalar field is transferred to particles as their fluctuation energy (“thermal” energy), appearing as their rest energy (mass). The resulting local decrease in the field’s energy density around a macroscopic body generates “thermal” diffusion flux of particles to this region. The properties of this “thermal” part of conservative diffusion are similar to gravitation. A high matter concentration in some region reduces the local energy density of scalar field sufficiently to reduce the local intensity of fluctuations. Due to the conservativity of diffusion, the increments in the drift velocity of particles are cumulative, and “thermal” diffusion acceleration arises, independent on the particle’s mass. The world lines become curved, and all processes with particles slowdown, which means time dilation. On hypersurfaces of simultaneity t = const, where the scalar field is defined, effective metrics, connection, and curvature arise. They obey to Einstein’s equations following from balance between energies of matter and background scalar field.
{"title":"Diffusion gravity and its consequences","authors":"Zahid Zakir","doi":"10.9751/qgph.2-014.7610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9751/qgph.2-014.7610","url":null,"abstract":"Diffusion quantum mechanics (DQM), proposed recently (Zakir, 2020-21), describes a conservative diffusion of classical particles in a fluctuating classical scalar field and, in a homogeneous field, derives the formalism of quantum mechanics. In an inhomogeneous scalar field, DQM reproduces gravitation, and in the present paper, the following theory of diffusion gravity and its various consequences are considered. In DQM a part of the energy of the scalar field is transferred to particles as their fluctuation energy (“thermal” energy), appearing as their rest energy (mass). The resulting local decrease in the field’s energy density around a macroscopic body generates “thermal” diffusion flux of particles to this region. The properties of this “thermal” part of conservative diffusion are similar to gravitation. A high matter concentration in some region reduces the local energy density of scalar field sufficiently to reduce the local intensity of fluctuations. Due to the conservativity of diffusion, the increments in the drift velocity of particles are cumulative, and “thermal” diffusion acceleration arises, independent on the particle’s mass. The world lines become curved, and all processes with particles slowdown, which means time dilation. On hypersurfaces of simultaneity t = const, where the scalar field is defined, effective metrics, connection, and curvature arise. They obey to Einstein’s equations following from balance between energies of matter and background scalar field.","PeriodicalId":294020,"journal":{"name":"QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130954835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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