Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015135
G. Johnson
Most electric utilities have embraced numeric multifunction protection technology as a means of surviving in an industry that has changed dramatically in the last ten years. Led by restructuring and shrinking resources, protection engineers are continuing the move to communicating, multifunction protection technology as a means of reducing cost and maintaining operating performance with fewer personnel. We are at a point in the evolution of the technology where we need to step back and ask some questions about protection reliability. Our application and maintenance philosophies must be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that they are meeting long-term protection reliability as well today as they did with predecessor technologies such as electromechanical and solid state devices. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of numerical multifunction protection systems against predecessor technologies. We define reliability as related to protective relaying, identify a selected group of reliability factors that impact both predecessor and numerical multifunction technologies, discuss each factor in detail, and draw conclusions about the overall reliability of multifunction protection.
{"title":"Reliability considerations of multifunction protection","authors":"G. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015135","url":null,"abstract":"Most electric utilities have embraced numeric multifunction protection technology as a means of surviving in an industry that has changed dramatically in the last ten years. Led by restructuring and shrinking resources, protection engineers are continuing the move to communicating, multifunction protection technology as a means of reducing cost and maintaining operating performance with fewer personnel. We are at a point in the evolution of the technology where we need to step back and ask some questions about protection reliability. Our application and maintenance philosophies must be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that they are meeting long-term protection reliability as well today as they did with predecessor technologies such as electromechanical and solid state devices. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of numerical multifunction protection systems against predecessor technologies. We define reliability as related to protective relaying, identify a selected group of reliability factors that impact both predecessor and numerical multifunction technologies, discuss each factor in detail, and draw conclusions about the overall reliability of multifunction protection.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123210051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015134
J.C. Thompson, D. Durocher
A variety of control voltages are used throughout the world for industrial process control. The most common control voltage in North America is 120 VAC. IEC standards that are widely accepted in other countries including Europe, have used 220 or 240 VAC. Over the past few years, 24 VDC is gaining acceptance. Products based on 24 VDC control are now becoming more available from major manufacturers. This paper reviews various issues associated with 24 VDC and 120 VAC control.
{"title":"24 V DC control-an emerging alternative to legacy 120 VAC control applications in North America","authors":"J.C. Thompson, D. Durocher","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015134","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of control voltages are used throughout the world for industrial process control. The most common control voltage in North America is 120 VAC. IEC standards that are widely accepted in other countries including Europe, have used 220 or 240 VAC. Over the past few years, 24 VDC is gaining acceptance. Products based on 24 VDC control are now becoming more available from major manufacturers. This paper reviews various issues associated with 24 VDC and 120 VAC control.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116923604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015143
M.M. Al-Hamrani, A. von Jouanne, A. Wallace
Synchronous machines provide a practical way to control VA consumption of the plant. One of the main advantages of using synchronous motors in a plant is their ability to generate reactive power for plant loads. In petrochemical plants synchronous motors are often operated with a constant set point of power factor (PF) without considering overall performance and the dynamic changes of the distribution system in the plant. This often results in less than optimum operating conditions. This paper addresses a new application to automate VAr generation and voltage control in a petrochemical facility using advantages and capabilities of advanced power monitoring devices to optimize VAr and voltage conditions.
{"title":"Power factor correction in industrial facilities using adaptive excitation control of synchronous machines","authors":"M.M. Al-Hamrani, A. von Jouanne, A. Wallace","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015143","url":null,"abstract":"Synchronous machines provide a practical way to control VA consumption of the plant. One of the main advantages of using synchronous motors in a plant is their ability to generate reactive power for plant loads. In petrochemical plants synchronous motors are often operated with a constant set point of power factor (PF) without considering overall performance and the dynamic changes of the distribution system in the plant. This often results in less than optimum operating conditions. This paper addresses a new application to automate VAr generation and voltage control in a petrochemical facility using advantages and capabilities of advanced power monitoring devices to optimize VAr and voltage conditions.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124158355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015127
C. Mozina, D. Moody
Electrical generation at paper mills is becoming an increasingly critical asset and should be well protected from faults, system upsets and abnormal operating conditions. The loss of a major generating unit for an extended period would result in very costly replacement power and repair costs for any paper mill. This paper presents the reasons why mill generator owners should consider upgrading the electrical protection of their generators to meet today's standards. It specifically outlines the risks assumed in protection areas where 20 plus-year-old generator protection is inadequate. The paper relates the experience of completed protection upgrade projects at Westvaco's Luke, Maryland mill where 1960-vintage electromechanical relays were replaced with modern digital protection. The paper points out the advantages of this technology versus conventional electromechanical protection, and also discusses the unique application considerations in applying digital protection.
{"title":"Mill benefits from upgrading generator protective relaying","authors":"C. Mozina, D. Moody","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015127","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical generation at paper mills is becoming an increasingly critical asset and should be well protected from faults, system upsets and abnormal operating conditions. The loss of a major generating unit for an extended period would result in very costly replacement power and repair costs for any paper mill. This paper presents the reasons why mill generator owners should consider upgrading the electrical protection of their generators to meet today's standards. It specifically outlines the risks assumed in protection areas where 20 plus-year-old generator protection is inadequate. The paper relates the experience of completed protection upgrade projects at Westvaco's Luke, Maryland mill where 1960-vintage electromechanical relays were replaced with modern digital protection. The paper points out the advantages of this technology versus conventional electromechanical protection, and also discusses the unique application considerations in applying digital protection.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130904491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015154
L. Fendrick, T. Day, K. Fender, J. Mccall, A. Chaudhary
The trend towards large fuseless shunt capacitor banks being employed in power systems is due to the lower cost, compact design, higher reliability with less exposed live parts, and lower losses. This paper describes a novel application of the impedance method to provide complete bank protection by measuring the impedance of each series string of the capacitor bank. The scheme can identify the string(s) with an alarm or trip condition, keep the bank in service with pack failures in multiple strings, and only trip when the bank is actually in an unacceptable operating condition. Because this scheme can account for the distributed failure of packs in strings, bank availability can be increased.
{"title":"Complete relay protection of multi-string fuseless capacitor banks","authors":"L. Fendrick, T. Day, K. Fender, J. Mccall, A. Chaudhary","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015154","url":null,"abstract":"The trend towards large fuseless shunt capacitor banks being employed in power systems is due to the lower cost, compact design, higher reliability with less exposed live parts, and lower losses. This paper describes a novel application of the impedance method to provide complete bank protection by measuring the impedance of each series string of the capacitor bank. The scheme can identify the string(s) with an alarm or trip condition, keep the bank in service with pack failures in multiple strings, and only trip when the bank is actually in an unacceptable operating condition. Because this scheme can account for the distributed failure of packs in strings, bank availability can be increased.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123673564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015149
S. Merritt, S. Chaitkin
The theory of transformer losses expressed as no-load loss and load loss is briefly reviewed. Mathematical expressions for per unit loss as a function of load are developed based both on rated and actual load. Present value equations are used to express the cost of losses as a function of transformer characteristics and discount rate. Three methods are presented for expressing the cost of loss in forms which can be used to evaluate bids.
{"title":"Making transformer losses part of the purchasing decision","authors":"S. Merritt, S. Chaitkin","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015149","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of transformer losses expressed as no-load loss and load loss is briefly reviewed. Mathematical expressions for per unit loss as a function of load are developed based both on rated and actual load. Present value equations are used to express the cost of losses as a function of transformer characteristics and discount rate. Three methods are presented for expressing the cost of loss in forms which can be used to evaluate bids.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122797166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015146
D. Carnovale, D. Ellis
25 years ago, capturing multiple channels of simultaneous data required multiple oscilloscopes or a very specialized, expensive, and customized data acquisition system. In order to capture power quality events, very sophisticated methods were used to invoke simultaneous triggering across all recording channels. Normally, triggering was accomplished using overvoltage or overcurrent conditions and typically, you only had one shot. In addition, there was no easy way to get an oscilloscope to trigger on an undervoltage event (like a sag, for example). Today, all of that has changed. We are now able to record multiple channels of simultaneous data using many types of triggering mechanisms. This paper discusses the evolution of triggering power quality instrumentation and the advanced triggering systems available for portable and fixed panel mounted meters.
{"title":"The evolution of power quality data acquisition systems-triggering to capture power quality events","authors":"D. Carnovale, D. Ellis","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015146","url":null,"abstract":"25 years ago, capturing multiple channels of simultaneous data required multiple oscilloscopes or a very specialized, expensive, and customized data acquisition system. In order to capture power quality events, very sophisticated methods were used to invoke simultaneous triggering across all recording channels. Normally, triggering was accomplished using overvoltage or overcurrent conditions and typically, you only had one shot. In addition, there was no easy way to get an oscilloscope to trigger on an undervoltage event (like a sag, for example). Today, all of that has changed. We are now able to record multiple channels of simultaneous data using many types of triggering mechanisms. This paper discusses the evolution of triggering power quality instrumentation and the advanced triggering systems available for portable and fixed panel mounted meters.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129329133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015131
D. Hansen, J. Holtz, R. Kennel
Cross cutters are important equipment in the paper industry. A well-known design is to use mechanically coupled cutters providing synchronous motion. To improve dynamic behavior of cross cutters and to reduce maintenance effort it would be advantageous to operate the cutters by separately controlled servo drives. This idea requires very exact knowledge concerning cutter positions to ensure proper operation and to avoid any crash. This paper presents a progressive sensor measuring the distance between the cutter knives and distinguishing between knives approaching or touching each other directly on the one hand and normal cutting operation with material between the knives on the other hand. Measuring results obtained by a test example of the sensor are presented.
{"title":"Cutter distance sensor for an adaptive position-/torque control in cross cutters","authors":"D. Hansen, J. Holtz, R. Kennel","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015131","url":null,"abstract":"Cross cutters are important equipment in the paper industry. A well-known design is to use mechanically coupled cutters providing synchronous motion. To improve dynamic behavior of cross cutters and to reduce maintenance effort it would be advantageous to operate the cutters by separately controlled servo drives. This idea requires very exact knowledge concerning cutter positions to ensure proper operation and to avoid any crash. This paper presents a progressive sensor measuring the distance between the cutter knives and distinguishing between knives approaching or touching each other directly on the one hand and normal cutting operation with material between the knives on the other hand. Measuring results obtained by a test example of the sensor are presented.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116957400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015141
A. Raje, J. Mccall, A. Chaudhary
A bus transfer system (BTS) is designed to provide process continuity to the loads attached to a motor bus while transferring the bus from one source to another. A successful bus transfer under contingent conditions provides immense value and benefits to continuous process operations that cannot afford an interruption of power supply to plant auxiliaries. This paper describes some real-world bus transfer requirements, implementations, and experiences in thermal power plants and continuous process industry plants. The fast, in-phase, residual voltage, and momentary paralleling transfer methods are described, compared, and evaluated. The spin-down characteristics for different motor buses are analyzed, and the feasibility of the different transfer modes is deduced. Auto-initiation criterion for bus transfer is explored, using a combination of bus undervoltage, underfrequency, and (df/dt) characteristics. Different integrated system requirements, such as monitoring of readiness conditions, breaker failure detection and corrective action logic, and online testing measures, are discussed. The results of the resultant "hot" load trials and their benefits to the system are explained and interpreted. The concept of islanded transfer for grid-free operations of captive generation-load systems is discussed and elaborated.
{"title":"Bus transfer systems: requirements, implementation, and experiences","authors":"A. Raje, J. Mccall, A. Chaudhary","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015141","url":null,"abstract":"A bus transfer system (BTS) is designed to provide process continuity to the loads attached to a motor bus while transferring the bus from one source to another. A successful bus transfer under contingent conditions provides immense value and benefits to continuous process operations that cannot afford an interruption of power supply to plant auxiliaries. This paper describes some real-world bus transfer requirements, implementations, and experiences in thermal power plants and continuous process industry plants. The fast, in-phase, residual voltage, and momentary paralleling transfer methods are described, compared, and evaluated. The spin-down characteristics for different motor buses are analyzed, and the feasibility of the different transfer modes is deduced. Auto-initiation criterion for bus transfer is explored, using a combination of bus undervoltage, underfrequency, and (df/dt) characteristics. Different integrated system requirements, such as monitoring of readiness conditions, breaker failure detection and corrective action logic, and online testing measures, are discussed. The results of the resultant \"hot\" load trials and their benefits to the system are explained and interpreted. The concept of islanded transfer for grid-free operations of captive generation-load systems is discussed and elaborated.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127197313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-17DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015125
J. Rooks, J. Holmquist
This paper is developed to provide a collection of recognized AC electric motor efficiency tables. This paper identifies various terminologies used by motor manufacturers to identify their product as if their terminology identifies some level of efficiency. The official motor efficiency designations are reviewed.
{"title":"AC electric motor efficiency designations and standard tables","authors":"J. Rooks, J. Holmquist","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2002.1015125","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is developed to provide a collection of recognized AC electric motor efficiency tables. This paper identifies various terminologies used by motor manufacturers to identify their product as if their terminology identifies some level of efficiency. The official motor efficiency designations are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":295977,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 2002 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.02CH37352)","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127365503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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