Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126514
Sughosh Kuber, Abel Gonzalez
Synchrophasors are phasor data that are captured in a synchronized manner with the help of a reference time signal. This task of capturing the synchrophasor data is performed by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). PMUs also capture frequency and ROCOF measurements using input voltage and current signals with the help of a reference time signal for time stamping the measured data. Reference time signal is obtained by high accuracy source such as a GPS receiver for example. PMUs are considered highly significant to a power system network since they capture and share time stamped synchrophasor data with multiple devices in real-time. PMUs are used for applications such as Wide-area protection schemes, disturbance analysis, power system health monitoring, etc. In 2018, a new standard was developed for synchrophasor measurement in power systems jointly by IEC and IEEE which is IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1. This standard also includes the accuracy requirements to evaluate the synchrophasor, frequency and ROCOF measurements. Another IEC standard 60255–181 which was published in 2019 sheds light on test methods to validate the frequency protection as well as accuracy requirements for the test results. In this paper, we explore aspects of PMU validation using different tests that need to be performed, different test methods, synchronization methods and accuracy requirements with respect to both the above-mentioned standards. Test results are analyzed and presented in relation to the accuracy requirements.
{"title":"Testing of Phasor Measurement Units as per IEC/IEEE Standards - The Whats and the Hows?","authors":"Sughosh Kuber, Abel Gonzalez","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126514","url":null,"abstract":"Synchrophasors are phasor data that are captured in a synchronized manner with the help of a reference time signal. This task of capturing the synchrophasor data is performed by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). PMUs also capture frequency and ROCOF measurements using input voltage and current signals with the help of a reference time signal for time stamping the measured data. Reference time signal is obtained by high accuracy source such as a GPS receiver for example. PMUs are considered highly significant to a power system network since they capture and share time stamped synchrophasor data with multiple devices in real-time. PMUs are used for applications such as Wide-area protection schemes, disturbance analysis, power system health monitoring, etc. In 2018, a new standard was developed for synchrophasor measurement in power systems jointly by IEC and IEEE which is IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1. This standard also includes the accuracy requirements to evaluate the synchrophasor, frequency and ROCOF measurements. Another IEC standard 60255–181 which was published in 2019 sheds light on test methods to validate the frequency protection as well as accuracy requirements for the test results. In this paper, we explore aspects of PMU validation using different tests that need to be performed, different test methods, synchronization methods and accuracy requirements with respect to both the above-mentioned standards. Test results are analyzed and presented in relation to the accuracy requirements.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128661340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/cfpr57837.2023.10126811
Monir Hossain, W. Rice, Tu H Nguyen, Scott C Brown, Shelbi Pigford
Hurricane IDA left huge impacts on the electric systems in Southern Louisiana. One of the major impacts of IDA is the destruction of 230kV Mississippi river-crossing line in between Avondale and Harahan which resulted in the radial configuration of transmission systems for Harahan, Kenner, and Destrehan area. Around 25k customers which includes several major industries were getting power through a single source 230kV line from Little Gypsy. In those circumstances, any outage of that single source line could cause blackout of 25k customers. To mitigate that reliability issue within a short time, transmission owner utility planned to build a short line to connect Destrehan-Harahan and Snakefarm-Labarre 230kV lines which resulted in a multi-terminal transmission line. The protection and relaying of the unconventional multi-terminal transmission line is a complex problem. This paper presents the protection challenges of the multi-terminal transmission line, the implemented solution, and its benefits.
{"title":"IDA Restoration- The Transmission Engineering Efforts","authors":"Monir Hossain, W. Rice, Tu H Nguyen, Scott C Brown, Shelbi Pigford","doi":"10.1109/cfpr57837.2023.10126811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cfpr57837.2023.10126811","url":null,"abstract":"Hurricane IDA left huge impacts on the electric systems in Southern Louisiana. One of the major impacts of IDA is the destruction of 230kV Mississippi river-crossing line in between Avondale and Harahan which resulted in the radial configuration of transmission systems for Harahan, Kenner, and Destrehan area. Around 25k customers which includes several major industries were getting power through a single source 230kV line from Little Gypsy. In those circumstances, any outage of that single source line could cause blackout of 25k customers. To mitigate that reliability issue within a short time, transmission owner utility planned to build a short line to connect Destrehan-Harahan and Snakefarm-Labarre 230kV lines which resulted in a multi-terminal transmission line. The protection and relaying of the unconventional multi-terminal transmission line is a complex problem. This paper presents the protection challenges of the multi-terminal transmission line, the implemented solution, and its benefits.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128658565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126969
Jake Groat, Galina S. Antonova Benton Vandiver, B. Vasudevan
Essential for the power industry's move towards digital substations is empowered by reliable data communication infrastructure designed for the exchange of digital information between intelligent electronic device (IEDs), primary switchgear and other substation equipment. Understanding data communication needs is important for proper communication system design and fulfillment of digital substation applications requirements. The communication bandwidth is constrained by the physical characteristics of the transmission medium and processing capabilities of the IEDs. Communication bandwidth is a major concern for Ethernet-based data exchange and is one of the key characteristics to consider when designing a digital substation. This paper analyzes communication bandwidth usage by various digital substation technologies including IEC 61850 sampled values and Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages. Network technology and communication protocols are reviewed. It then provides communication bandwidth calculations for typical applications, scalable for number of devices, based on Ethernet frame structure and settable transmission rates., Theoretical data is validated by measurements made for various digital substation projects and lab installations in North America. Such theoretical and empirical data will help utilities to understand practical data communication bandwidth needs of digital substation applications; assisting them in properly and optimally designing communication infrastructure to achieve the highest accuracy and reliability for digital substation protection and control systems.
{"title":"Communication bandwidth considerations for digital substation applications","authors":"Jake Groat, Galina S. Antonova Benton Vandiver, B. Vasudevan","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126969","url":null,"abstract":"Essential for the power industry's move towards digital substations is empowered by reliable data communication infrastructure designed for the exchange of digital information between intelligent electronic device (IEDs), primary switchgear and other substation equipment. Understanding data communication needs is important for proper communication system design and fulfillment of digital substation applications requirements. The communication bandwidth is constrained by the physical characteristics of the transmission medium and processing capabilities of the IEDs. Communication bandwidth is a major concern for Ethernet-based data exchange and is one of the key characteristics to consider when designing a digital substation. This paper analyzes communication bandwidth usage by various digital substation technologies including IEC 61850 sampled values and Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages. Network technology and communication protocols are reviewed. It then provides communication bandwidth calculations for typical applications, scalable for number of devices, based on Ethernet frame structure and settable transmission rates., Theoretical data is validated by measurements made for various digital substation projects and lab installations in North America. Such theoretical and empirical data will help utilities to understand practical data communication bandwidth needs of digital substation applications; assisting them in properly and optimally designing communication infrastructure to achieve the highest accuracy and reliability for digital substation protection and control systems.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125564334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126709
T. Russell, Prashanna Bhattarai, M. Cox, Milton I. Quinteros, Thomas E. Field
This paper discusses the governing principles and overall design of the incremental-quantity distance element pre-sent in commercially available time-domain-based protective relays (TDRs), as well as the details pertaining to the digital im-plementation of this element using the Electromagnetic Transi-ents Program (EMTP). Analysis of the performance of this ele-ment under various fault scenarios is presented as well. It also discusses the limitations of the model, along with some of the assumptions that were made during its implementation in EMTP. The model is validated using a commercially available TDR by utilizing the event-playback testing capabilities of these modern relays. This new capability is utilized not only in the performance analysis testing, but also in the core functionality design of the digital model. The principal advantage of this modern time-domain-based approach to power system protection is the speed at which the protection elements can operate after a fault is sensed on a transmission line. The rapid operating time gives this protection technique a competitive edge over traditional phasor-domain impedance-based protection schemes from which these modern techniques are derived.
{"title":"Implementation and Analysis of a Digital Model of the Incremental-Quantity Distance Element Using EMTP","authors":"T. Russell, Prashanna Bhattarai, M. Cox, Milton I. Quinteros, Thomas E. Field","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126709","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the governing principles and overall design of the incremental-quantity distance element pre-sent in commercially available time-domain-based protective relays (TDRs), as well as the details pertaining to the digital im-plementation of this element using the Electromagnetic Transi-ents Program (EMTP). Analysis of the performance of this ele-ment under various fault scenarios is presented as well. It also discusses the limitations of the model, along with some of the assumptions that were made during its implementation in EMTP. The model is validated using a commercially available TDR by utilizing the event-playback testing capabilities of these modern relays. This new capability is utilized not only in the performance analysis testing, but also in the core functionality design of the digital model. The principal advantage of this modern time-domain-based approach to power system protection is the speed at which the protection elements can operate after a fault is sensed on a transmission line. The rapid operating time gives this protection technique a competitive edge over traditional phasor-domain impedance-based protection schemes from which these modern techniques are derived.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123388300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127019
Ardavan Mohammadhassani, Nicholas Skoff, Tin Chi Nguyen, A. Mehrizi‐Sani
Export cable protection for offshore wind farms (OWF) using Type-IV wind turbine generators (WTGs) is challenging due to the WTG's limited, variable, and unconventional fault-current response. Typically, line-current-differential relaying is used for primary protection and then, when communication is lost, the differential relays are backed up by distance relays. However, in presence of WTGs, distance protection is highly prone to misoperation. Therefore, this paper proposes a protection scheme that uses a loss-of-potential overcurrent logic for OWF export cables as an alternative backup protection. For this study, an experimental setup was created using a real-time digital simulator and physical relays to evaluate the performance of the proposed protection scheme using hardware-in-the-loop testing. Test results showed that the proposed scheme operated correctly under different types of faults and fault locations.
{"title":"Export Cable Protection for Offshore Wind Farms Using Type-IV Wind Turbine Generators","authors":"Ardavan Mohammadhassani, Nicholas Skoff, Tin Chi Nguyen, A. Mehrizi‐Sani","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127019","url":null,"abstract":"Export cable protection for offshore wind farms (OWF) using Type-IV wind turbine generators (WTGs) is challenging due to the WTG's limited, variable, and unconventional fault-current response. Typically, line-current-differential relaying is used for primary protection and then, when communication is lost, the differential relays are backed up by distance relays. However, in presence of WTGs, distance protection is highly prone to misoperation. Therefore, this paper proposes a protection scheme that uses a loss-of-potential overcurrent logic for OWF export cables as an alternative backup protection. For this study, an experimental setup was created using a real-time digital simulator and physical relays to evaluate the performance of the proposed protection scheme using hardware-in-the-loop testing. Test results showed that the proposed scheme operated correctly under different types of faults and fault locations.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116131649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126535
Qing Guo, F. Harirchi, Yoav Sharon
Traditional TCC-based distribution protection without communications can be slow to operate, especially for faults closer to the source. Furthermore, the number of protective devices that can be placed on a feeder is limited because of the tolerance of their TCC curves. This limits the segmentation capabilities when a fault happens. Many modern relays and feeder protection devices are equipped with communication capabilities.
{"title":"Fast Communication-Based Protection and Isolation Schemes","authors":"Qing Guo, F. Harirchi, Yoav Sharon","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126535","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional TCC-based distribution protection without communications can be slow to operate, especially for faults closer to the source. Furthermore, the number of protective devices that can be placed on a feeder is limited because of the tolerance of their TCC curves. This limits the segmentation capabilities when a fault happens. Many modern relays and feeder protection devices are equipped with communication capabilities.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128736318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126765
B. Vasudevan, Jake Groat, B. Vandiver
Two editions and ten+ years of global effort to standardize the substation data models has resulted in a positive transformation in our industry towards digitizing the power grid. With many vendors in this sector whole heartedly developing products and tools to comply with the IEC 61850 standard, the ease of engineering and deploying a complete PAC digital substation have improved over this period [1]. From a user perspective, to reap the full benefits of this standard, they are totally reliant on the ways and methodologies utilized by the system integrator who implement their design. In this paper, we look at the capabilities of some of the trending tools commercially available today in the market to test and maintain a complete digital substation and the testing challenges faced. We will compare and co-relate these tools with traditional ways and methodologies used in a conventional PAC substation.
{"title":"Testing Challenges of a Complete PAC Digital Substation","authors":"B. Vasudevan, Jake Groat, B. Vandiver","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126765","url":null,"abstract":"Two editions and ten+ years of global effort to standardize the substation data models has resulted in a positive transformation in our industry towards digitizing the power grid. With many vendors in this sector whole heartedly developing products and tools to comply with the IEC 61850 standard, the ease of engineering and deploying a complete PAC digital substation have improved over this period [1]. From a user perspective, to reap the full benefits of this standard, they are totally reliant on the ways and methodologies utilized by the system integrator who implement their design. In this paper, we look at the capabilities of some of the trending tools commercially available today in the market to test and maintain a complete digital substation and the testing challenges faced. We will compare and co-relate these tools with traditional ways and methodologies used in a conventional PAC substation.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123825777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126885
Monir Hossain, Sean M Boyer, Scott C Brown, Tu H Nguyen
This paper shares the real-life engineering expe-riences and the relay protection challenges when integrating inverter-based generation into the transmission grid. This article covers the relay impact study, the proposed protection scheme design, and the protection scheme implementation. The relay impact study reveals the impacts of transmission network sparsity and inverter-based generation on traditional protective relaying. The article concludes by describing the two years of post-implementation performance.
{"title":"Inverter-Based Generation Integration Protection Challenges: Real-life Experiences","authors":"Monir Hossain, Sean M Boyer, Scott C Brown, Tu H Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126885","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shares the real-life engineering expe-riences and the relay protection challenges when integrating inverter-based generation into the transmission grid. This article covers the relay impact study, the proposed protection scheme design, and the protection scheme implementation. The relay impact study reveals the impacts of transmission network sparsity and inverter-based generation on traditional protective relaying. The article concludes by describing the two years of post-implementation performance.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"120 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131807205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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