Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126675
A. Rangel
In January 2022, an industrial site had a partial blackout due to an improper operation of one of its main electromechanical differential relays. The system was being upgraded and reconfigured, and a mistake was introduced during the demolition process. This paper describes the investigation into the nuisance trip and how careful demolition could have prevented this issue.
{"title":"Electromechanical Differential Relays Misoperation and Investigation. Part 2","authors":"A. Rangel","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126675","url":null,"abstract":"In January 2022, an industrial site had a partial blackout due to an improper operation of one of its main electromechanical differential relays. The system was being upgraded and reconfigured, and a mistake was introduced during the demolition process. This paper describes the investigation into the nuisance trip and how careful demolition could have prevented this issue.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116670793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126827
Zheyuan Cheng, E. Udren, J. Holbach, M. Reno, M. Ropp
The growing distributed energy resources (DER) penetration in the low-voltage network (600V and below) challenges the existing protection philosophy and practice. To assess the impact of high DER penetration, the authors built a representative low-voltage network model in real-time electromagnetic transient software and performed hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) protection studies. In the first stage of the effort, the authors invited four major U.S. utilities with low-voltage networks to a technical workshop to survey the modeling and study needs. Guided by the workshop discussions, the authors developed various real-time simulation models, including a low-voltage network model, a model of a commonly used network protector relay, and DER models. Finally, the authors conducted hardware-in-the-loop protection studies to investigate and mitigate the high DER penetration impacts. Part 1 of the paper summarizes the technical workshop outcomes and low-voltage network modeling approaches. Part 2 of the paper reports the HIL simulation setup, high DER penetration impact assessment, and benchmark results of a promising mitigation solution.
{"title":"Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 1: Utility Workshop and Low-Voltage Network Modeling","authors":"Zheyuan Cheng, E. Udren, J. Holbach, M. Reno, M. Ropp","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126827","url":null,"abstract":"The growing distributed energy resources (DER) penetration in the low-voltage network (600V and below) challenges the existing protection philosophy and practice. To assess the impact of high DER penetration, the authors built a representative low-voltage network model in real-time electromagnetic transient software and performed hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) protection studies. In the first stage of the effort, the authors invited four major U.S. utilities with low-voltage networks to a technical workshop to survey the modeling and study needs. Guided by the workshop discussions, the authors developed various real-time simulation models, including a low-voltage network model, a model of a commonly used network protector relay, and DER models. Finally, the authors conducted hardware-in-the-loop protection studies to investigate and mitigate the high DER penetration impacts. Part 1 of the paper summarizes the technical workshop outcomes and low-voltage network modeling approaches. Part 2 of the paper reports the HIL simulation setup, high DER penetration impact assessment, and benchmark results of a promising mitigation solution.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"16 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121004693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126750
Jaime Ayala
The traditional approach and justification for the use of Digital Fault Recorders (DFR's) for the monitoring of disturbances in the Electrical Grid, has typically been focused on Transmission Level Substations. This justification has mainly been the result of both the capital investment associated with DFR's, as well as the operational impact of Transmission Level assets on the Bulk Electric System (BES), and overall reliability of the Grid. This paper attempts to make the case, that the time has come, for the monitoring of Distribution Substations, from a financial, operational, and system analysis perspectives.
{"title":"Use of DFR's for Distribution Substation Monitoring","authors":"Jaime Ayala","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126750","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional approach and justification for the use of Digital Fault Recorders (DFR's) for the monitoring of disturbances in the Electrical Grid, has typically been focused on Transmission Level Substations. This justification has mainly been the result of both the capital investment associated with DFR's, as well as the operational impact of Transmission Level assets on the Bulk Electric System (BES), and overall reliability of the Grid. This paper attempts to make the case, that the time has come, for the monitoring of Distribution Substations, from a financial, operational, and system analysis perspectives.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"370 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115989200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127052
Douglas M. Millner
Current transformer saturation is normal occurrence in the field. The system often has been reconfigured or strengthened since the current transformer was put into place. This often results in higher available fault current, which can lead to CT saturation during faults. Usually, the degree of saturation due to AC and DC fault current is not enough to cause the system to misoperate, but is enough to introduce measurement error to the relay. Other times, it causes the relaying to trip/malfunction. Replacing CTs that occasionally saturate during faults often times is impractical and unnecessary.
{"title":"How much measurement error can someone expect from various degrees of CT saturation?","authors":"Douglas M. Millner","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127052","url":null,"abstract":"Current transformer saturation is normal occurrence in the field. The system often has been reconfigured or strengthened since the current transformer was put into place. This often results in higher available fault current, which can lead to CT saturation during faults. Usually, the degree of saturation due to AC and DC fault current is not enough to cause the system to misoperate, but is enough to introduce measurement error to the relay. Other times, it causes the relaying to trip/malfunction. Replacing CTs that occasionally saturate during faults often times is impractical and unnecessary.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134215901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126768
C. Benner, B. Don Russell, J. Wischkaemper, Karthick Muthu-Manivannan
Distribution circuits historically have operated in a largely reactionary mode: build strong circuits, using materials that generally last for decades; run to failure; make repairs. With limited exceptions, such as frequent inspection of key components, circuit owners lack practical alternatives.
{"title":"Effective Use of Incipient Failure Detection","authors":"C. Benner, B. Don Russell, J. Wischkaemper, Karthick Muthu-Manivannan","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126768","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution circuits historically have operated in a largely reactionary mode: build strong circuits, using materials that generally last for decades; run to failure; make repairs. With limited exceptions, such as frequent inspection of key components, circuit owners lack practical alternatives.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116709132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/cfpr57837.2023.10126857
B. Don Russell, C. Benner, Karthick Muthu-Manivannan, J. Wischkaemper
Exceptional weather events and conditions such as extreme wildfire ignition danger have caused some utilities to practice modification of protection settings to mitigate wildfire ignition and maximize safety. The most extreme example of this is a decision to fully de-energize circuits until dangerous conditions have passed. This practice in California for wildfire prevention is called Public Safety Power Shut-off (PSPS).
{"title":"Unintended Consequences of Extra Sensitive Protection","authors":"B. Don Russell, C. Benner, Karthick Muthu-Manivannan, J. Wischkaemper","doi":"10.1109/cfpr57837.2023.10126857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cfpr57837.2023.10126857","url":null,"abstract":"Exceptional weather events and conditions such as extreme wildfire ignition danger have caused some utilities to practice modification of protection settings to mitigate wildfire ignition and maximize safety. The most extreme example of this is a decision to fully de-energize circuits until dangerous conditions have passed. This practice in California for wildfire prevention is called Public Safety Power Shut-off (PSPS).","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127166340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To overcome the challenges on global warming due to fossil-fuels based generation, renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) like inverter based DERs (IBDERs) have been significantly integrated into distribution systems. However, during a short-circuit fault, the fault current contribution from IBDER is very low due to strong control of the inverters. The low fault current creates sensitivity issues in the overcurrent relay of IBDER which can create protection failure. To overcome this issue, a new way of implementing machine learning based algorithm named Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) will be proposed. This method will use the time series data to detect fault current contribution from IBDER fast and accurately. In a distribution system, there could be a recloser on the feeder between a feeder breaker and IBDER. An ideal scenario is the feeder breaker and recloser to trip for any faults between them. In this case, the overcurrent relay of IBDER should not operate to avoid any unnecessary outages to the customers between the recloser and IBDER. However, if RBFNN algorithm is implemented in the overcurrent relay of IBDER then it will trip for all faults on the feeder along with feeder breaker due to its fast operation. To avoid such operation, this paper is proposing the RBFNN algorithm for both recloser relay and IBDER relay which will trip the recloser relay instead of the IBDER relay for any faults between the feeder breaker and recloser. However, the RBFNN algorithm of recloser relay will be blocked for any faults between the recloser and IBDER. Simulations have been performed on a distribution system with feeder breaker, recloser and IBDER for various fault scenarios to prove the benefits of this algorithm. This paper also shows the coordination of RBFNN algorithms between the recloser and IBDER for faults between feeder breaker and recloser to avoid any miscoordination.
{"title":"A Novel Algorithm to Mitigate Protection Challenges in a Distribution System Integrated with Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources","authors":"Arunodai Chanda, Varun Chhibbar, Carolina Arbona, Prasad Dongale","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126703","url":null,"abstract":"To overcome the challenges on global warming due to fossil-fuels based generation, renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) like inverter based DERs (IBDERs) have been significantly integrated into distribution systems. However, during a short-circuit fault, the fault current contribution from IBDER is very low due to strong control of the inverters. The low fault current creates sensitivity issues in the overcurrent relay of IBDER which can create protection failure. To overcome this issue, a new way of implementing machine learning based algorithm named Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) will be proposed. This method will use the time series data to detect fault current contribution from IBDER fast and accurately. In a distribution system, there could be a recloser on the feeder between a feeder breaker and IBDER. An ideal scenario is the feeder breaker and recloser to trip for any faults between them. In this case, the overcurrent relay of IBDER should not operate to avoid any unnecessary outages to the customers between the recloser and IBDER. However, if RBFNN algorithm is implemented in the overcurrent relay of IBDER then it will trip for all faults on the feeder along with feeder breaker due to its fast operation. To avoid such operation, this paper is proposing the RBFNN algorithm for both recloser relay and IBDER relay which will trip the recloser relay instead of the IBDER relay for any faults between the feeder breaker and recloser. However, the RBFNN algorithm of recloser relay will be blocked for any faults between the recloser and IBDER. Simulations have been performed on a distribution system with feeder breaker, recloser and IBDER for various fault scenarios to prove the benefits of this algorithm. This paper also shows the coordination of RBFNN algorithms between the recloser and IBDER for faults between feeder breaker and recloser to avoid any miscoordination.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121930272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126572
M. Chapariha, Ishwarjot Anand, G. Webster, Matin Rahmatian, Saman Alaeddini, W. Winters, Benny Varughese, S. Hayes, D. Erwin
This paper presents a practical approach to comply with the upcoming TPL-001-05.1 standard by modeling and simulating protection and planning systems in their preferred environments. Firstly, the challenges are discussed, including data gathering for a single point of failure, wide-area modeling of protection and planning systems, and co-simulation of these systems. The paper describes modeling approaches for single points of failure, simulating the operation of the protection system during contingencies and performing stability analysis accordingly. The presented approach is implemented for two North American utility networks and can be expanded to any utilities seeking compliance with the TPL-001-05.1 standard.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulating Single Points of Failure for TPL-001-5.1 Compliance","authors":"M. Chapariha, Ishwarjot Anand, G. Webster, Matin Rahmatian, Saman Alaeddini, W. Winters, Benny Varughese, S. Hayes, D. Erwin","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10126572","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a practical approach to comply with the upcoming TPL-001-05.1 standard by modeling and simulating protection and planning systems in their preferred environments. Firstly, the challenges are discussed, including data gathering for a single point of failure, wide-area modeling of protection and planning systems, and co-simulation of these systems. The paper describes modeling approaches for single points of failure, simulating the operation of the protection system during contingencies and performing stability analysis accordingly. The presented approach is implemented for two North American utility networks and can be expanded to any utilities seeking compliance with the TPL-001-05.1 standard.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127053562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127004
J. Blumschein, C. Dzienis, J. Hauschild
Worldwide there is a trend to increase the use of renewable energy to replace the conventional energy sources as far as possible. Beside small installations like photovoltaics panels on rooftops of private homes we can observe big wind and photovoltaics or solar farms supplying significant amounts of electrical power into the grid. These big wind, photovoltaics and solar power plants are not seldom directly connected to existing transmission or distribution lines. In this case we get transmission lines with three or more terminals.
{"title":"Fault location for multi-terminal lines","authors":"J. Blumschein, C. Dzienis, J. Hauschild","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127004","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide there is a trend to increase the use of renewable energy to replace the conventional energy sources as far as possible. Beside small installations like photovoltaics panels on rooftops of private homes we can observe big wind and photovoltaics or solar farms supplying significant amounts of electrical power into the grid. These big wind, photovoltaics and solar power plants are not seldom directly connected to existing transmission or distribution lines. In this case we get transmission lines with three or more terminals.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"50 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114554235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127009
M. Nagpal, Lesley Gu, R. Barone, R. Chowdhury, M. Thompson
This paper tells the tale of two out-of-phase synchronizing (OOPS) events that occurred at BC Hydro. A generator was synchronized 180 degrees out-of-phase without staff awareness of the faulty synchronization. During testing, the staff suspected a poor synchronization, after which the transient event records were investigated. The investigation concluded that the reference voltage signal was inverted because of a wiring error in the auxiliary voltage transformer (VT) circuit, which provided a common input to the autosynchronizer, synchroscope, and synchronism-check relay. The 16 kV generator breaker that is normally used to sync-close the unit to the system was equipped with OOPS protection, but the protection was not enabled because the breaker was closed before the event. A 500 kV breaker was used for synchronization; however, it was not equipped with OOPS protection, because the protection was not expected to perform well with high bus current ratings. During the OOPS event, many elements picked up, but none tripped. For instance, the loss-of-field and current unbalance elements asserted. However, because of their long time delays, these elements did not trip. The out-of-step protection qualified this disturbance as an event that did not cause an unstable power swing. The protection performed as designed, but it did not indicate poor synchronization. This paper provides an analysis of the different generator protection elements and discusses considerations for dedicated OOPS alarming and protection. This paper also discusses the follow-up diagnostics that were performed and provides recommendations to prevent the occurrence of a future OOPS event.
{"title":"A Tale of Two Out-of-Phase Synchronizing Events at BC Hydro","authors":"M. Nagpal, Lesley Gu, R. Barone, R. Chowdhury, M. Thompson","doi":"10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CFPR57837.2023.10127009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper tells the tale of two out-of-phase synchronizing (OOPS) events that occurred at BC Hydro. A generator was synchronized 180 degrees out-of-phase without staff awareness of the faulty synchronization. During testing, the staff suspected a poor synchronization, after which the transient event records were investigated. The investigation concluded that the reference voltage signal was inverted because of a wiring error in the auxiliary voltage transformer (VT) circuit, which provided a common input to the autosynchronizer, synchroscope, and synchronism-check relay. The 16 kV generator breaker that is normally used to sync-close the unit to the system was equipped with OOPS protection, but the protection was not enabled because the breaker was closed before the event. A 500 kV breaker was used for synchronization; however, it was not equipped with OOPS protection, because the protection was not expected to perform well with high bus current ratings. During the OOPS event, many elements picked up, but none tripped. For instance, the loss-of-field and current unbalance elements asserted. However, because of their long time delays, these elements did not trip. The out-of-step protection qualified this disturbance as an event that did not cause an unstable power swing. The protection performed as designed, but it did not indicate poor synchronization. This paper provides an analysis of the different generator protection elements and discusses considerations for dedicated OOPS alarming and protection. This paper also discusses the follow-up diagnostics that were performed and provides recommendations to prevent the occurrence of a future OOPS event.","PeriodicalId":296283,"journal":{"name":"2023 76th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CFPR)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115032213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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