Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2737599423300015
Rahulsinh B. Chauhan, Tejas V. Shah, Deepali H. Shah, Tulsi J. Gohil, Ankit D. Oza, Brijesh Jajal, K. Saxena
Dental disease evaluation and clinical assessment are frequently accomplished through radiographic penetration. The difficulty of obtaining an accurate clinical diagnosis from radiographs rises due to the minimal mineral density change in demineralized tissue of tooth and gum disorders. Dental abnormalities may not be visible on radiographs until the demineralization is higher than 40%, according to the literature. As a result, a dental practitioner’s judgment can have a big impact on how accurately the radiography penetration depth is determined through visual inspection. To counteract this effect, image processing-based clinical diagnosis methods have become widely adopted, transforming dentistry from traditional to advance in recent years. The efforts made in the area of image processing-based digital dental diagnosis of the most challenging dental issues are outlined in the presented comprehensive literature evaluation, which also identifies any research gaps in the scope of work already done. The included studies’ quality was evaluated using Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Tool-2 (QUADAS-2). A total of 52 out of 178 articles, published from 2012 to February 2023, were reviewed and data like image-processing approach, the size of datasets, approach results, advantages and disadvantages, name(s) of diagnosed diseases, imaging type, author, and publication year were extracted. Results show that, in 52 studies, more than 14 image-processing approaches were used on different types of radiographs for the diagnosis of a single or more than one disease by a single approach with an accuracy range from 64% to 93%. Most studies have used artificial intelligence (AI) for computer-aided diagnosis and used dental experts to label their dataset and validate the outcome of proposed methods. Efforts done by different research groups for image processing-based digital diagnosis are appreciable but still, they are lagging to meet clinically expected accuracy. There looks to be a great requirement for the development or standardization of existing methodology and it is also needed to construct standard public dental datasets to attract a greater number of research groups in the dental field.
{"title":"An overview of image processing for dental diagnosis","authors":"Rahulsinh B. Chauhan, Tejas V. Shah, Deepali H. Shah, Tulsi J. Gohil, Ankit D. Oza, Brijesh Jajal, K. Saxena","doi":"10.1142/s2737599423300015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599423300015","url":null,"abstract":"Dental disease evaluation and clinical assessment are frequently accomplished through radiographic penetration. The difficulty of obtaining an accurate clinical diagnosis from radiographs rises due to the minimal mineral density change in demineralized tissue of tooth and gum disorders. Dental abnormalities may not be visible on radiographs until the demineralization is higher than 40%, according to the literature. As a result, a dental practitioner’s judgment can have a big impact on how accurately the radiography penetration depth is determined through visual inspection. To counteract this effect, image processing-based clinical diagnosis methods have become widely adopted, transforming dentistry from traditional to advance in recent years. The efforts made in the area of image processing-based digital dental diagnosis of the most challenging dental issues are outlined in the presented comprehensive literature evaluation, which also identifies any research gaps in the scope of work already done. The included studies’ quality was evaluated using Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Tool-2 (QUADAS-2). A total of 52 out of 178 articles, published from 2012 to February 2023, were reviewed and data like image-processing approach, the size of datasets, approach results, advantages and disadvantages, name(s) of diagnosed diseases, imaging type, author, and publication year were extracted. Results show that, in 52 studies, more than 14 image-processing approaches were used on different types of radiographs for the diagnosis of a single or more than one disease by a single approach with an accuracy range from 64% to 93%. Most studies have used artificial intelligence (AI) for computer-aided diagnosis and used dental experts to label their dataset and validate the outcome of proposed methods. Efforts done by different research groups for image processing-based digital diagnosis are appreciable but still, they are lagging to meet clinically expected accuracy. There looks to be a great requirement for the development or standardization of existing methodology and it is also needed to construct standard public dental datasets to attract a greater number of research groups in the dental field.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83523939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2737599423400054
Ines Hosni, Alex Iles, John Greenman, Mark A. Wade
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly disease with a poor prognosis, there is therefore a crucial need for novel therapeutic targets. Current preclinical models of GBM fail to predict clinical outcomes, thus, new translationally relevant models are urgently needed for reliable therapeutic target validation. 3D spheroid culture of cancer cells has been shown to better reflect tumour biology than 2D monolayer culture, as has culturing cells in flow-based microfluidic devices, which mimic key aspects of the tumour microenvironment. Gene knockdown by siRNA is a key preclinical target validation tool, however, siRNA-mediated knockdown of cancer spheroids in microfluidic culture has not yet been demonstrated. Here we describe a simple and robust microfluidic device that can maintain GBM spheroids (U87 cells) for at least 7 days. Via RNA sequencing analysis, we demonstrate that spheroids grown in microfluidic culture are more proliferative than spheroids grown in static plate culture and downregulate genes associated with cell adhesion, potentially offering insights into the metastatic process. Comparison of target gene (PRMT2 and RAB21) knockdown using siRNA between 2D monolayer cultured cells, static spheroid culture and spheroids maintained in the microfluidic device showed that gene expression (as measured by quantitative-PCR) was significantly reduced in all culture systems. Knockdown was most efficient in cells grown in 2D monolayer culture followed by static spheroid culture, but we also demonstrate [Formula: see text] knockdown efficiency using the microfluidic device. In summary, this study describes an easy-to-use microfluidic culture platform and provides evidence that pre-clinical siRNA-mediated target validation studies will be possible in flow systems that mimic tumour physiology.
{"title":"A robust, flow-based, microfluidic device for siRNA-mediated gene knockdown in glioblastoma spheroids","authors":"Ines Hosni, Alex Iles, John Greenman, Mark A. Wade","doi":"10.1142/s2737599423400054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599423400054","url":null,"abstract":"Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly disease with a poor prognosis, there is therefore a crucial need for novel therapeutic targets. Current preclinical models of GBM fail to predict clinical outcomes, thus, new translationally relevant models are urgently needed for reliable therapeutic target validation. 3D spheroid culture of cancer cells has been shown to better reflect tumour biology than 2D monolayer culture, as has culturing cells in flow-based microfluidic devices, which mimic key aspects of the tumour microenvironment. Gene knockdown by siRNA is a key preclinical target validation tool, however, siRNA-mediated knockdown of cancer spheroids in microfluidic culture has not yet been demonstrated. Here we describe a simple and robust microfluidic device that can maintain GBM spheroids (U87 cells) for at least 7 days. Via RNA sequencing analysis, we demonstrate that spheroids grown in microfluidic culture are more proliferative than spheroids grown in static plate culture and downregulate genes associated with cell adhesion, potentially offering insights into the metastatic process. Comparison of target gene (PRMT2 and RAB21) knockdown using siRNA between 2D monolayer cultured cells, static spheroid culture and spheroids maintained in the microfluidic device showed that gene expression (as measured by quantitative-PCR) was significantly reduced in all culture systems. Knockdown was most efficient in cells grown in 2D monolayer culture followed by static spheroid culture, but we also demonstrate [Formula: see text] knockdown efficiency using the microfluidic device. In summary, this study describes an easy-to-use microfluidic culture platform and provides evidence that pre-clinical siRNA-mediated target validation studies will be possible in flow systems that mimic tumour physiology.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135319309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.1142/s2737599422400023
M. Hoffmann
Progress in electronics is limited by power dissipation constraints. Ferroelectric materials with a negative capacitance could help to overcome these limits. Especially, HfO2 and ZrO2 based ferroelectrics are promising for negative capacitance electronics due to their compatibility with modern transistor manufacturing processes. Recently, first negative capacitance transistors have been demonstrated. However, further investigations on the microscopic origin of negative capacitance in HfO2- and ZrO2-based ferroelectrics are needed. Lastly, opportunities for negative capacitance beyond transistors are discussed.
{"title":"Toward negative capacitance electronics","authors":"M. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1142/s2737599422400023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599422400023","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in electronics is limited by power dissipation constraints. Ferroelectric materials with a negative capacitance could help to overcome these limits. Especially, HfO2 and ZrO2 based ferroelectrics are promising for negative capacitance electronics due to their compatibility with modern transistor manufacturing processes. Recently, first negative capacitance transistors have been demonstrated. However, further investigations on the microscopic origin of negative capacitance in HfO2- and ZrO2-based ferroelectrics are needed. Lastly, opportunities for negative capacitance beyond transistors are discussed.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77744259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-07DOI: 10.1142/s2737599422400011
S. Labi, K. Sinha
Rapid growth in information and communication technologies has spawned a number of major innovations in transportation area, including automation and connectivity. At the same time, the advancement in battery technology has accelerated the electrification of transportation vehicle propulsion. This paper, focusing on highway-oriented surface transportation, examines the current development of these innovations, along with their synergies, benefits, pitfalls, trends, possible barriers to deployment, and wider impacts.
{"title":"Emerging transportation innovations: Promises and pitfalls","authors":"S. Labi, K. Sinha","doi":"10.1142/s2737599422400011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599422400011","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid growth in information and communication technologies has spawned a number of major innovations in transportation area, including automation and connectivity. At the same time, the advancement in battery technology has accelerated the electrification of transportation vehicle propulsion. This paper, focusing on highway-oriented surface transportation, examines the current development of these innovations, along with their synergies, benefits, pitfalls, trends, possible barriers to deployment, and wider impacts.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88778585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2737599422500025
Abhishek Kumar, J. J. Anand, B. N. Hemanth Kumar
With the improvement in image processing and using the fact that eye movement can persist even with severe paralysis condition, we have developed a device that enables a severely paralysed patient to communicate. The device developed makes it possible for the patient to communicate in “yes” or “no” with the movement of the eyeball alone. In the proposed work, we have used Raspberry Pi as the main processor and Python as programming tool. A 5-megapixel camera is used to read eye movement, a speaker is used to speak “yes” or “no” for the patient and a normal power bank is used to supply the proposed setup. The designed device is efficient, cost-effective, lightweight, and can easily fit on the head.
{"title":"Intrusive video oculographic device: An eye-gaze-based device for communication","authors":"Abhishek Kumar, J. J. Anand, B. N. Hemanth Kumar","doi":"10.1142/s2737599422500025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599422500025","url":null,"abstract":"With the improvement in image processing and using the fact that eye movement can persist even with severe paralysis condition, we have developed a device that enables a severely paralysed patient to communicate. The device developed makes it possible for the patient to communicate in “yes” or “no” with the movement of the eyeball alone. In the proposed work, we have used Raspberry Pi as the main processor and Python as programming tool. A 5-megapixel camera is used to read eye movement, a speaker is used to speak “yes” or “no” for the patient and a normal power bank is used to supply the proposed setup. The designed device is efficient, cost-effective, lightweight, and can easily fit on the head.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76107788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2737599422400035
M. Alam, Ajanta Saha, Marco Fratus
There is a widely shared and potentially well-justified enthusiasm for autonomous field-deployed (FD) wearable, implantable, and environmental sensors for the continuous monitoring of a variety of chronic conditions, such as diabetes, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and soil nitrate depletion. These FD sensors are often viewed as miniaturized versions of laboratory-based or point-of-care (POC) biosensors, with the primary focus being on material development and mechanical form factor challenges (e.g., stretchability, flexibility, and biocompatibility). In this article, we highlight that the FD sensors are fundamentally different compared to lab-based or POC sensors. We borrow concepts from biology (e.g., bacteria) to quantify the fundamental challenges inherent to such sensors and strategies to overcome them.
{"title":"Reliable sensing with unreliable sensors: Rethinking the theoretical foundation of field-deployed wearable/implantable/environmental sensors","authors":"M. Alam, Ajanta Saha, Marco Fratus","doi":"10.1142/s2737599422400035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599422400035","url":null,"abstract":"There is a widely shared and potentially well-justified enthusiasm for autonomous field-deployed (FD) wearable, implantable, and environmental sensors for the continuous monitoring of a variety of chronic conditions, such as diabetes, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, and soil nitrate depletion. These FD sensors are often viewed as miniaturized versions of laboratory-based or point-of-care (POC) biosensors, with the primary focus being on material development and mechanical form factor challenges (e.g., stretchability, flexibility, and biocompatibility). In this article, we highlight that the FD sensors are fundamentally different compared to lab-based or POC sensors. We borrow concepts from biology (e.g., bacteria) to quantify the fundamental challenges inherent to such sensors and strategies to overcome them.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85682484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1142/s2737599422500013
Carlo Ciulla
This paper reports additional evidence of the high-pass filtering properties of the intensity-curvature functional (ICF). Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the human brain is used to calculate its ICF. MRA and ICF are direct Z-transformed. The pulsetransfer function (PTF) of the ICF is defined as the inverse Z-transform of the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of MRA. The image space of PTF is calculated and is direct Z-transformed. MRA is reconstructed through inverse Z-transform of the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of PTF. MRA reconstruction proves correctness of the approximated approach and adds evidence to the assumption that ICF is a high-pass filter. This research provides two novelties: (1) additional evidence that ICF is a high-pass filter and (2) a medical image processing technique that proves correct that the PTF of a high-pass filter (ICF) can be approximated by the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of MRA. It follows that MRA can be reconstructed using the inverse Z-transform of the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of PTF.
{"title":"Pulse-transfer function of the intensity-curvature functional: Applications in magnetic resonance angiography of the human brain","authors":"Carlo Ciulla","doi":"10.1142/s2737599422500013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599422500013","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports additional evidence of the high-pass filtering properties of the intensity-curvature functional (ICF). Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the human brain is used to calculate its ICF. MRA and ICF are direct Z-transformed. The pulsetransfer function (PTF) of the ICF is defined as the inverse Z-transform of the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of MRA. The image space of PTF is calculated and is direct Z-transformed. MRA is reconstructed through inverse Z-transform of the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of PTF. MRA reconstruction proves correctness of the approximated approach and adds evidence to the assumption that ICF is a high-pass filter. This research provides two novelties: (1) additional evidence that ICF is a high-pass filter and (2) a medical image processing technique that proves correct that the PTF of a high-pass filter (ICF) can be approximated by the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of MRA. It follows that MRA can be reconstructed using the inverse Z-transform of the ratio between Z-space of ICF and Z-space of PTF.","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79265133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-13DOI: 10.1142/s2737599420920012
Charmi Chande, Nida Riaz, Andrew House, V. Harbour, Hathija Noor, Monica Torralba, Y. Cheng, Liang Zhenglong, Anh Tong, R. Voronov, S. Basuray
{"title":"Erratum — Universal method for fabricating PDMS microfluidic device using SU8, 3D printing and soft lithography","authors":"Charmi Chande, Nida Riaz, Andrew House, V. Harbour, Hathija Noor, Monica Torralba, Y. Cheng, Liang Zhenglong, Anh Tong, R. Voronov, S. Basuray","doi":"10.1142/s2737599420920012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737599420920012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29682,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Emerging Technologies","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89017904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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