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On approach for prognosis of dissolution of a medicinal product in an organism 关于预测药物在生物体内溶解情况的方法
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599424500014
E. Pankratov
In this article, we introduce a model of dissolution of a medicinal product in an organism with account of changing of conditions. The model based on estimation of spatiotemporal distribution of concentration of the above product during dissolution. We introduce an analytical approach for analysis of the considered dissolution. We consider a possibility to accelerate and decelerate of the above dissolution.
本文介绍了一种考虑到条件变化的药物在生物体内溶解模型。该模型基于对上述产品在溶解过程中浓度时空分布的估计。我们引入了一种分析方法来分析所考虑的溶出情况。我们考虑了加速和减速上述溶解的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Natural hybrid composites for built environment and engineering applications 用于建筑环境和工程应用的天然混合复合材料
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599424400048
Tamilselvan Amuthan, N. Nagaprasad, Vijayan Somurajan, Ramakrishnan Kulasekaran Sathish Kumar, Ashish Kumar, M. S. Kumar, R. Krishnaraj
Most of the automobile industries use natural fiber composites for the manufacturing of components since they serve as a better choice for composites reinforced with glass. This research focuses on the usage of natural fiber composites such as Achyranthes, Aspera, and Bagasse owing to their low weight, low cost, availability, eco-friendly, and also natural fiber composites are replace- ments for metal matrix composites due to their high stiffness and high strength-to-weight ratio characteristics. Synthesis of various natural fiber composites using reinforcements such as Achyranthes aspera and bagasse fibers, as well as glass fibers, utilizing a polyester-based matrix resin. The characterization of mechanical properties such as hardness, impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength has been carried out for these materials in dry and wet conditions. And also, the thermal stability of the composite has been investigated using a heat deflection test.
由于天然纤维复合材料是玻璃纤维增强复合材料的更好选择,因此大多数汽车行业都使用天然纤维复合材料制造零部件。本研究的重点是天然纤维复合材料的使用,如 Achyranthes、Aspera 和 Bagasse,因为它们重量轻、成本低、可用性强、环保,而且天然纤维复合材料具有高刚度和高强度重量比的特点,可以替代金属基复合材料。通过使用牛膝纤维、甘蔗渣纤维和玻璃纤维等增强材料,利用聚酯基树脂合成各种天然纤维复合材料。对这些材料在干燥和潮湿条件下的机械性能(如硬度、冲击强度、拉伸强度和弯曲强度)进行了表征。此外,还利用热变形试验研究了复合材料的热稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Erosion rate investigation and multi-objective optimisation on electrical discharge machining of Ti64 using deep cryo-treated electrodes 使用深冷处理电极对 Ti64 进行放电加工的腐蚀率调查和多目标优化
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599424400012
Bibin K. Tharian, P. B. Dhanish, R. Manu, Ankit D. Oza, Kirtanjot Kaur
Due to its inherent properties, Ti64 has set many challenges in industries during its machining using conventional machining processes. Traditional machining of Ti64 is not a feasible option considering the economic and environmental perspectives. Non-conventional techniques like electrical discharge machining (EDM) are promising methods for machining Ti64 despite challenges like higher tool wear and lower machining rates. The current paper investigated the erosion rates while machining Ti64 using deep cryo-treated electrodes. The peak current (Ip), pulse on time (Ton) and gap voltage (Vg) were used as control parameters while investigating erosion rates, viz., Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Tool Wear Rate (TWR). Experiments were planned according to the RSM-based Central Composite Design (CCD). Considering the multi-objective nature of the current problem, Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) has been incorporated to find a single parametric condition that will satisfy both MRR and TWR. Peak current, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]A, Pulse On time, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s and Gap voltage, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V was found to be the optimal setting giving [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm3/min and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm3/min. Furthermore, topographical analysis of the EDMed surfaces has been performed using SEM, XRD and 3D optical profilometry techniques to characterise the surface and to investigate the possibility of other intermetallic compounds formed on the machined surface.
由于其固有特性,Ti64 在使用传统加工工艺进行加工时给工业带来了许多挑战。从经济和环境角度考虑,Ti64 的传统加工方法并不可行。电火花加工(EDM)等非常规技术是加工 Ti64 的有前途的方法,尽管存在刀具磨损较大和加工率较低等挑战。本文研究了使用深冷处理电极加工 Ti64 时的侵蚀率。峰值电流 (Ip)、脉冲导通时间 (Ton) 和间隙电压 (Vg) 被用作研究侵蚀率(即材料去除率 (MRR) 和刀具磨损率 (TWR))的控制参数。实验按照基于 RSM 的中央综合设计 (CCD) 进行规划。考虑到当前问题的多目标性质,我们采用了灰色关系分析法(GRA),以找到同时满足材料去除率(MRR)和刀具磨损率(TWR)的单一参数条件。结果发现,峰值电流[公式:见正文][公式:见正文]A、脉冲接通时间[公式:见正文][公式:见正文]s 和间隙电压[公式:见正文][公式:见正文]V 是最佳设置,分别为[公式:见正文][公式:见正文]mm3/min 和[公式:见正文][公式:见正文]mm3/min。此外,还使用 SEM、XRD 和 3D 光学轮廓测量技术对电火花加工表面进行了形貌分析,以确定表面特征,并研究加工表面形成其他金属间化合物的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Hardness determination by a semi-automatic testing system 用半自动测试系统测定硬度
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599424400036
Preeti Jain, S. Shinde, Susheelkumar Panchikattil, Mohit Diwan
The hardness testing is vital for metals for testing and production quality control. Hardness testing is a fine indicator to determine the mechanical characteristics of metals. The various types of hardness testing methods include Rockwell, Vicker, Brinell, and Knoop testing methods. The most prevalent manual method to determine hardness is indentation using dead weight technology. However, the said technology is quite ancient and it has its own limitations, like the kinetic effect applying excessive load at actual, man-to-man variations, variation over the period due to deterioration and friction effects of moving parts like lever, weight block hanger, etc. increases the uncertainty of this method and eventually demands for upgradation of the technology. Further, the methods currently in use are open-loop and manually operated testers. The main drawback of all these testers is that they provide zero feedback, and so the obtained result needs to be compared to the desired result. To overcome the above-stated problem, the paper presents some novel modifications for measuring hardness using existing methods of Rockwell, Vicker, and Brinell testing. Toward this objective, the paper proposes to modify existing testers and develop a semiautomatic hardness testing system. Firstly, for Rockwell testing, the work aims to design a closed-loop system for hardness testing. The proposed system comprises of Arduino as an open microcontroller, a load cell along with servo motor, and its driver to establish the desired closed loop. The need of obtaining a more accurate result, free from human interference gives rise to a closed-loop system for hardness testing. The key aspect of the closed-loop system lies in retaining the basic structure of the metal. Unlike traditional hardness tester, during testing, the weight increases gradually, due to which the basic structure of metal is not deformed. Secondly, the paper proposes a computational methodology that would estimate the Vickers and Brinell hardness value. The proposed system comprises of a camera for gathering hardness indentation images, thereby automating the system. Further, these images are analyzed based on image processing software, and the indentation depth is obtained. The proposed work thus replaces human intervention to calculate the hardness of the material. The results obtained based on the proposed systems provide a proof of concept to address the problems of traditional Rockwell, Vicker, and Brinell testing.
硬度测试对于金属的测试和生产质量控制至关重要。硬度测试是确定金属机械特性的精细指标。各种硬度测试方法包括洛氏硬度、维氏硬度、布氏硬度和努氏硬度。最常用的手动硬度检测方法是使用自重技术进行压痕测试。然而,这种技术已经相当古老,而且有其自身的局限性,如在实际操作中施加过大载荷的动能效应、人与人之间的差异、由于杠杆、砝码块吊架等运动部件的老化和摩擦效应而导致的周期性差异,这些都增加了这种方法的不确定性,最终要求对技术进行升级。此外,目前使用的方法是开环和手动操作测试仪。所有这些测试仪的主要缺点是提供零反馈,因此需要将获得的结果与预期结果进行比较。为了克服上述问题,本文对现有的洛氏硬度、维氏硬度和布氏硬度测试方法进行了一些新的改进。为实现这一目标,本文建议对现有测试仪进行修改,并开发一种半自动硬度测试系统。首先,针对洛氏硬度测试,这项工作旨在设计一个闭环硬度测试系统。拟议的系统包括作为开放式微控制器的 Arduino、称重传感器、伺服电机及其驱动器,以建立所需的闭环。由于需要获得更精确的结果,且不受人为干扰,因此产生了用于硬度测试的闭环系统。闭环系统的关键在于保留金属的基本结构。与传统硬度计不同,在测试过程中,重量会逐渐增加,因此金属的基本结构不会变形。其次,本文提出了一种估算维氏硬度和布氏硬度值的计算方法。建议的系统包括一个用于收集硬度压痕图像的摄像头,从而实现系统自动化。然后,根据图像处理软件对这些图像进行分析,得出压痕深度。因此,拟议的工作取代了人工干预来计算材料的硬度。基于拟议系统获得的结果提供了一个概念验证,以解决传统洛氏硬度、维氏硬度和布氏硬度测试的问题。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review on powder-mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) technique for machining of difficult-to-machine materials 关于混合粉末放电加工(PMEDM)技术用于加工难加工材料的系统综述
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599424400024
J. P. Agrawal, N. Somani, N. Gupta
The area of metallurgy has witnessed many advancements in the development of novel electrically conductive materials that shows exceptional mechanical as well as thermal properties. Nonetheless, traditional machining techniques encounter difficulties while machining hard materials. In order to address this limitation, electrical discharge machining (EDM) has emerged as a widely utilised method for machining of intricate geometries and the hard materials. EDM is a category of thermo-electric process that employs rapid recurring sparks between the electrode and work material, eroding the material without direct contact. As there is no contact between the electrode and work material, the issues related to machining defects such as mechanical stresses, clattering, and vibration eliminates. However, EDM have some limitations like poor surface finish and low volumetric material removal. To overcome these kind of limitations, the introduction of metallic powder into the dielectric fluid has been explored in powder-mixed electric discharge machining (PMEDM). This introduction of powder during the process leads to enhance the conductive strength of the fluid and increases the spark gap distance between the electrode and counter material. The inclusion of powder has a significant impact on the performance of the EDM process. Hence, this review aims to facilitate researchers in comprehending the concept of PMEDM and to examine the process parameters required to achieve improved levels of quality.
冶金领域在开发新型导电材料方面取得了许多进展,这些材料具有优异的机械性能和热性能。然而,传统的加工技术在加工硬质材料时会遇到困难。为了解决这一问题,电火花加工(EDM)已成为一种广泛应用于复杂几何形状和硬质材料加工的方法。电火花加工是一种热电工艺,利用电极和工件材料之间快速重复产生的火花,在不直接接触的情况下侵蚀材料。由于电极和工件材料之间没有接触,因此消除了与机械应力、碰撞和振动等加工缺陷有关的问题。然而,电火花加工也有一些局限性,如表面光洁度差和材料去除体积小。为了克服这些局限性,在混合粉末放电加工(PMEDM)中探索了在介电流体中引入金属粉末的方法。在加工过程中引入金属粉末可增强介电流体的导电强度,并增加电极与反向材料之间的火花间隙距离。粉末的加入对电火花加工的性能有重大影响。因此,本综述旨在帮助研究人员理解 PMEDM 的概念,并研究提高质量水平所需的工艺参数。
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引用次数: 0
Fabrication of natural fiber-mixed natural matrix composite-infused indoor air purifier with health impact simulation 制作天然纤维混合天然基质复合材料注入式室内空气净化器并进行健康影响模拟
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s273759942440005x
Phani Prasanthi, M. S. R. N. Kumar, V. V. V. Madhav, Nakul Gupta, V. Revathi, A. Somaiah, Kuldeep A. Saxena, D. Bhole
The inhalation of airborne particles can endanger the health of any human being. Natural fiber and natural fiber reinforced with natural matrix material are employed in this work to create an indoor air purifier. Various natural fiber and natural composite combinations are used to purify the interior environment by eliminating particulate matter of various sizes and volatile organic chemicals. An air purifier is created using four distinct natural fibers, including hemp, jute, silk cocoon, and coir fibers, as well as neem and aloe vera gel as natural filler materials. An air quality-monitoring instrument is used to validate the performance of the designed natural fiber/natural plant-based filler material-equipped air purifier. Particulate matter of various sizes and volatile organic compounds in the indoor environment are detected at various time intervals. The efficacy of the air purifier is afterward determined in human lungs of various ages utilizing health impact simulation studies. The current product is utilized to effectively purify indoor air by eliminating particulates and volatile organic chemicals.
吸入空气中的微粒会危害人体健康。本作品采用天然纤维和天然纤维增强天然基质材料来制造室内空气净化器。各种天然纤维和天然复合材料的组合可消除各种大小的颗粒物和挥发性有机化学物质,从而净化室内环境。利用四种不同的天然纤维,包括大麻、黄麻、蚕茧和棕纤维,以及作为天然填充材料的印楝胶和芦荟胶,制作了一台空气净化器。空气质量监测仪器用于验证所设计的天然纤维/天然植物填充材料空气净化器的性能。在不同的时间间隔内检测室内环境中不同大小的颗粒物和挥发性有机化合物。随后,利用健康影响模拟研究确定空气净化器在不同年龄段人体肺部的功效。目前的产品通过消除微粒和挥发性有机化学物质,有效地净化了室内空气。
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引用次数: 0
Placenta-on-a-chip: Response of neural cells to pharmaceutical agents transported across the placental barrier 胎盘芯片:神经细胞对通过胎盘屏障运输的药物的反应
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599423400042
Rajeendra L. Pemathilaka, Nicole N. Hashemi
Striving for sustainable drug discovery, we have presented a proof-of-concept for studying the effects of pharmaceutical agents transported across the placental barrier on neural cells. The potential effects of pharmaceutical agents on fetus have made concerns about their use and require more studies to address these concerns. A placenta-on-a-chip model was fabricated and tested for transport of naltrexone (NTX) and its primary metabolite 6[Formula: see text]-naltrexol. The NTX/6[Formula: see text]-naltrexol transported from the maternal channel to the fetal channel was then collected from the fetal channel. To evaluate the behavior of neural cells following exposure to NTX and 6[Formula: see text]-naltrexol, perfusate from the fetal channel was directed toward the cultured N27 neural cells. Neural cells exposed to the transported NTX/6[Formula: see text]-naltrexol were then evaluated for gene expression and cell viability. Results showed significantly higher fold changes in IL-6 and TNF-[Formula: see text] expression when exposed to NTX/6[Formula: see text]-naltrexol. However, a lower fold change in IL-1[Formula: see text] expression was observed, while it remained the same in sphingosine kinase (sphk)1. Also, cell viability with NTX/6[Formula: see text]-naltrexol exposure was determined to be significantly lower ([Formula: see text]). This study has the potential to reveal the impact of pharmaceutical agents on the developing neural system of fetuses and their premature brains.
为了可持续的药物发现,我们提出了一个概念验证,用于研究药物通过胎盘屏障运输对神经细胞的影响。药物制剂对胎儿的潜在影响引起了人们的关注,需要更多的研究来解决这些问题。制作胎盘芯片模型并检测纳曲酮(NTX)及其主要代谢物6 -纳曲醇的转运。NTX/6[公式:见文]-纳曲醇从母体通道转运到胎儿通道,然后从胎儿通道收集。为了评估神经细胞暴露于NTX和6 -纳曲醇后的行为,将胎儿通道的灌注液导向培养的N27神经细胞。神经细胞暴露于运输的NTX/6[公式:见文本]-纳曲醇,然后评估基因表达和细胞活力。结果显示,暴露于NTX/6[公式:见文本]-纳曲醇时,IL-6和TNF-表达的倍数变化显著升高。然而,IL-1[公式:见文]的表达变化较低,而鞘氨酸激酶(sphk)1的表达保持不变。此外,NTX/6[公式:见文本]-纳曲醇暴露的细胞活力被确定为显着降低([公式:见文本])。这项研究有可能揭示药物对胎儿发育中的神经系统和早产儿大脑的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Lifting scheme-based wavelet transform method for improved genomic classification and sequence analysis of Coronavirus 基于提升方案的小波变换改进冠状病毒基因组分类与序列分析
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599423500020
Subhajit Kar, Madhabi Ganguly, Supratik Sen
The paper proposes a lifting scheme-based wavelet transform clustering method as a better alternative to traditional alignment-based virus genome classification and grouping techniques. The efficiency of the proposed alignment-free algorithm have been tested using Coronavirus datasets obtained from NCBI database, against established results from proven techniques. In the proposed approach, the nucleotide sequences are converted into numerical ones leveraging purine–pyrimidine mapping and a DNA walk is calculated to visually interpret them. Second-generation wavelet transform employing Cohen–Daubechies–Feauveau wavelet is applied to the numerical sequences of Coronavirus to determine the approximate coefficients. Approximate coefficients are used to cluster Coronavirus sequences using UPGMA phylogenetic tree for three different datasets of Coronaviruses comprising Coronavirus groups, Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) and [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] Coronavirus genre. The proposed algorithm has successfully classified all the datasets with more than 97% of average accuracy compared in terms of complexity and accuracy against FFT, first-generation DWT, MEGA, and CLUSTAL-W. The obtained accuracy for Corona group is 100%, HCoV dataset is 100%, and for [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] CoV is 92%. The runtimes of the algorithm are 0.70, 1.22, and 0.63 sec for the respective Coronavirus datasets.
本文提出了一种基于提升方案的小波变换聚类方法,作为传统基于比对的病毒基因组分类和分组技术的更好替代方法。使用从NCBI数据库获得的冠状病毒数据集,对所提出的无比对算法的效率进行了测试,并与经过验证的技术的既定结果进行了对比。在提出的方法中,利用嘌呤-嘧啶映射将核苷酸序列转换为数字序列,并计算DNA漫步以直观地解释它们。采用Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau小波对冠状病毒数值序列进行第二代小波变换,确定近似系数。利用UPGMA系统发育树对冠状病毒的三个不同数据集(包括冠状病毒群、人类冠状病毒(HCoVs)和[公式:见文本]-[公式:见文本]-[公式:见文本]-[公式:见文本]冠状病毒类型)的冠状病毒序列进行近似系数聚类。与FFT、第一代DWT、MEGA和CLUSTAL-W相比,该算法在复杂度和准确率方面成功地对所有数据集进行了分类,平均准确率超过97%。Corona组的准确率为100%,HCoV数据集的准确率为100%,[公式:见文]-[公式:见文]-[公式:见文]-[公式:见文]-[公式:见文]的CoV准确率为92%。对于冠状病毒数据集,该算法的运行时间分别为0.70、1.22和0.63秒。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization and analysis of machining performance for the milling process during milling of W-Al-Si-C alloy material W-Al-Si-C合金材料铣削过程加工性能优化分析
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599423400066
Manoj Kumar, Ankit D. Oza, Kiran S. Bhole, Manoj Kumar, Manish Gupta, Sumit Das Lala
This study determined the optimum HSS cutting tool technique parameters for milling W-Al-Si-C rods using Taguchi methodology. This paper explains the empirical results of the selection of appropriate cutting settings that assure lower power consumption in high-end Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines. An experiment employing the Taguchi methodology on an extruded W-Al- Si-C rod was performed on a CNC lathe with cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as the process parameters. The performance characteristics (energy usage) were quantified by a data collection system. Minor energy process parameters were selected after data analysis. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the worth of the chosen methodology. A total of 350[Formula: see text]rpm, 0.37[Formula: see text]mm/rev feed rate, and 1[Formula: see text]mm of cut depth produced the best MRR result. The maximum material removal rate (MRR) is obtained at lower levels of spindle speed and depth of cut, i.e., 1.452[Formula: see text]g/sec.
本研究采用田口方法确定了铣削W-Al-Si-C棒的最佳高速钢刀具技术参数。本文解释了在高端计算机数控(CNC)机床中选择适当的切削设置以确保较低功耗的实证结果。在数控车床上以切削速度、进给速度和切削深度为工艺参数,采用田口方法对挤压W-Al- Si-C棒材进行了实验。性能特征(能源使用)通过数据收集系统进行量化。通过数据分析,选择了次要的能量工艺参数。实验结果证明了所选方法的价值。共350[公式:见文]rpm, 0.37[公式:见文]mm/rev进给速率,1[公式:见文]mm的切割深度产生最佳MRR结果。在较低的主轴转速和切削深度水平下,材料去除率(MRR)最大,即1.452 g/sec[公式:见文]。
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引用次数: 0
Recent trends and research opportunities in hybrid additive manufacturing 混合增材制造的最新趋势和研究机会
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2737599423400017
Soni Kumari, Rakesh Gupta, Gopal Krishna, K. Abhishek, Naveenkrishna Alla, K. K. Saxena
Over the past few decades, manufacturing and production have undergone rapid development, particularly through the combination of additive manufacturing (AM) and other digitally driven manufacturing machines, creating hybrid additive manufacturing (hybrid-AM). However, despite significant growth, hybrid-AM has not yet gained acceptance at an industrial level due to certain limitations. This article aims to provide the latest information and discuss recent research trends, opportunities, challenges, and indicators in the field of hybrid-AM. Specifically, it will review and analyze literature related to the development of hybrid additives and subtractive processes known as HASPs, and identify future research avenues. Additionally, the article will identify key traits and research work in HASP systems, as well as present the future of HASPs and other types of hybrid machine tools based on recent trends.
在过去的几十年里,制造和生产经历了快速发展,特别是通过增材制造(AM)和其他数字驱动制造机器的结合,创造了混合增材制造(hybrid-AM)。然而,尽管有显着增长,但由于某些限制,混合增材制造尚未在工业水平上获得接受。本文旨在提供最新信息,并讨论混合am领域的最新研究趋势、机遇、挑战和指标。具体来说,它将回顾和分析与混合添加剂和减法工艺(hasp)发展相关的文献,并确定未来的研究途径。此外,本文将确定HASP系统的关键特征和研究工作,并根据最近的趋势介绍HASP和其他类型的混合机床的未来。
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引用次数: 0
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Innovation and Emerging Technologies
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