We test whether natives correctly assess the effects of immigration on their own labour market opportunities. We relate self-reported job loss and job finding probabilities to the presence of foreign-born residents in a native’s neighborhood. We interpret coefficient estimates through the lens of a simple learning model that allows us to disentangle the true effect of immigration from the perception bias. Our results show that natives greatly overestimate the effects of immigrants on their likelihood of losing the current job against the lack of significant true effects; job seekers’s perceptions are instead broadly unaffected, a largely correct assessment given the failure to detect significant true effects. Overestimation of the negative effects of immigration on separation rates is very much concentrated among females, the low educated, the youths, the residents of smaller towns and employees on permanent contracts; the complementary groups appear to correctly assess that immigration has at best only modest effects. We briefly discuss the implications of these findings for the interpretation of empirical work on the labour market effects of immigration.
{"title":"Immigration and the Fear of Unemployment: Evidence From Individual Perceptions in Italy","authors":"A. Rosolia, Eleonora Porreca","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3612958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3612958","url":null,"abstract":"We test whether natives correctly assess the effects of immigration on their own labour market opportunities. We relate self-reported job loss and job finding probabilities to the presence of foreign-born residents in a native’s neighborhood. We interpret coefficient estimates through the lens of a simple learning model that allows us to disentangle the true effect of immigration from the perception bias. Our results show that natives greatly overestimate the effects of immigrants on their likelihood of losing the current job against the lack of significant true effects; job seekers’s perceptions are instead broadly unaffected, a largely correct assessment given the failure to detect significant true effects. Overestimation of the negative effects of immigration on separation rates is very much concentrated among females, the low educated, the youths, the residents of smaller towns and employees on permanent contracts; the complementary groups appear to correctly assess that immigration has at best only modest effects. We briefly discuss the implications of these findings for the interpretation of empirical work on the labour market effects of immigration.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116816446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-30DOI: 10.34218/jom.6.4.2019.006
M. Prasad, Dr. K V Sandhyavani
Employees play a key role in the success of any organization. They help achieve organizational objectives. Several studies indicate those employees who are highly engaged can help the organization respond to changes in the environment, competition and change in the workforce. The extent to which an employee believes in the mission and purpose of an organization and demonstrates commitment through their own action and attitude towards their employer is the commitment of employees. The present study investigates the relationship between job characteristic as antecedent of work engagement in the retail sectors. A sample of 71 employees from different retail sector was selected randomly. Around 100 questionnaires were distributed and only 71 questionnaires were properly filled. The standard scale of measures was used i.e. Job Diagnostics Survey (JC) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scales (UWES) was used. The Linear regression analysis revealed that job characteristics significantly affecting the work engagement. The analyses predict that Task significance is highly significant and have a positive relationship between work engagements. Skill variety, Task Identity, Autonomy has also positive relationship but feedback has no significant relationship
{"title":"The Effects of Job Characteristics on Work Engagement in the Retail Sector Jharkhand, India","authors":"M. Prasad, Dr. K V Sandhyavani","doi":"10.34218/jom.6.4.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/jom.6.4.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"Employees play a key role in the success of any organization. They help achieve organizational objectives. Several studies indicate those employees who are highly engaged can help the organization respond to changes in the environment, competition and change in the workforce. The extent to which an employee believes in the mission and purpose of an organization and demonstrates commitment through their own action and attitude towards their employer is the commitment of employees. The present study investigates the relationship between job characteristic as antecedent of work engagement in the retail sectors. A sample of 71 employees from different retail sector was selected randomly. Around 100 questionnaires were distributed and only 71 questionnaires were properly filled. The standard scale of measures was used i.e. Job Diagnostics Survey (JC) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scales (UWES) was used. The Linear regression analysis revealed that job characteristics significantly affecting the work engagement. The analyses predict that Task significance is highly significant and have a positive relationship between work engagements. Skill variety, Task Identity, Autonomy has also positive relationship but feedback has no significant relationship","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116748001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Labour market integration of refugees represents a key challenge for policy makers and has emerged as one of the most dividing topics in the public debate. Pressured countries in Europe have to come up with fair and transparent ways to place asylum seekers among the European states as well as to different regions within their national borders. In this paper, I highlight unsurprising, yet unintended consequences of following the most transparent placement mechanism, that is, random assignment. Thereby, Switzerland with its strong subnational entities and clearly defined language borders can function as a laboratory for European policy. The natural experiment of placing refugees randomly across different language regions causes substantially higher probabilities of finding employment if refugees are placed in regions where the lingua franca matches their individual language skills compared to alien language regions. In addition, the findings suggest that a language match is as good as (costly) language courses. While random assignment of refugees may be desirable for other reasons, it is detrimental for the economic integration process of these immigrants. Thereby, the study provides new empirical evidence for a positive language proficiency effect. The findings also highlight a large space for improving existing immigration policy or replace random assignment with a more fine-grained approach, in particular for a European allocation mechanism looming on the horizon.
{"title":"Language Roulette – The Effect of Random Placement on Refugees' Labour Market Integration","authors":"Daniel Auer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2852723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2852723","url":null,"abstract":"Labour market integration of refugees represents a key challenge for policy makers and has emerged as one of the most dividing topics in the public debate. Pressured countries in Europe have to come up with fair and transparent ways to place asylum seekers among the European states as well as to different regions within their national borders. In this paper, I highlight unsurprising, yet unintended consequences of following the most transparent placement mechanism, that is, random assignment. Thereby, Switzerland with its strong subnational entities and clearly defined language borders can function as a laboratory for European policy. The natural experiment of placing refugees randomly across different language regions causes substantially higher probabilities of finding employment if refugees are placed in regions where the lingua franca matches their individual language skills compared to alien language regions. In addition, the findings suggest that a language match is as good as (costly) language courses. While random assignment of refugees may be desirable for other reasons, it is detrimental for the economic integration process of these immigrants. Thereby, the study provides new empirical evidence for a positive language proficiency effect. The findings also highlight a large space for improving existing immigration policy or replace random assignment with a more fine-grained approach, in particular for a European allocation mechanism looming on the horizon.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124896957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a 2×2×2 model with the following features: (1) one sector is perfectly competitive while the other is oligopolistic; (2) one country has unemployment while the other attains full employment; (3) oligopolists move internationally; and (4) the ownership of each oligopolist is internationally shared. The welfare effects of various tax-cum-subsidies are examined. If the oligopolistic sector is capital intensive, subsidizing the oligopolists' profits, inflows, production or employment is more likely to harm the country. The number of domestically based oligopolists, the volume of domestic demand for the oligopoly-produced commodity, and the country's ownership share of oligopolists also influence the effect.
{"title":"The Welfare Effects of Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in the Presence of Unemployment","authors":"Yoshitomo Ogawa, Yoshiyasu Ono","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2740863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2740863","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a 2×2×2 model with the following features: (1) one sector is perfectly competitive while the other is oligopolistic; (2) one country has unemployment while the other attains full employment; (3) oligopolists move internationally; and (4) the ownership of each oligopolist is internationally shared. The welfare effects of various tax-cum-subsidies are examined. If the oligopolistic sector is capital intensive, subsidizing the oligopolists' profits, inflows, production or employment is more likely to harm the country. The number of domestically based oligopolists, the volume of domestic demand for the oligopoly-produced commodity, and the country's ownership share of oligopolists also influence the effect.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130024118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines New York City's Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP). SYEP provides jobs to youth ages 14–24, and due to high demand for summer jobs, allocates slots through a random lottery system. We match student‐level data from the SYEP program with educational records from the NYC Department of Education and use the random lottery to estimate the effects of SYEP participation on a number of academic outcomes, including test taking and performance. We find that SYEP participation has positive impacts on student academic outcomes, and these effects are particularly large for students who participate in SYEP multiple times.
{"title":"Making Summer Matter: The Impact of Youth Employment on Academic Performance","authors":"A. Schwartz, Jacob Leos-Urbel, Matthew Wiswall","doi":"10.3386/W21470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W21470","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines New York City's Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP). SYEP provides jobs to youth ages 14–24, and due to high demand for summer jobs, allocates slots through a random lottery system. We match student‐level data from the SYEP program with educational records from the NYC Department of Education and use the random lottery to estimate the effects of SYEP participation on a number of academic outcomes, including test taking and performance. We find that SYEP participation has positive impacts on student academic outcomes, and these effects are particularly large for students who participate in SYEP multiple times.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127973932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francine D. Blau, Janet Currie, Rachel T. A. Croson, D. Ginther
While much has been written about the potential benefits of mentoring in academia, very little research documents its effectiveness. We present data from a randomized controlled trial of a mentoring program for female economists organized by the Committee for the Status of Women in the Economics Profession and sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the American Economics Association. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized trial of a mentoring program in academia. We evaluate the performance of three cohorts of participants and randomly-assigned controls from 2004, 2006, and 2008. This paper presents an interim assessment of the program's effects. Our results suggest that mentoring works. After five years the 2004 treatment group averaged .4 more NSF or NIH grants and 3 additional publications, and were 25 percentage points more likely to have a top-tier publication. There are significant but smaller effects at three years post-treatment for the 2004 and 2006 cohorts combined. While it is too early to assess the ultimate effects of mentoring on the academic careers of program participants, the results suggest that this type of mentoring may be one way to help women advance in the Economics profession and, by extension, in other male-dominated academic fields.
{"title":"Can Mentoring Help Female Assistant Professors? Interim Results from a Randomized Trial","authors":"Francine D. Blau, Janet Currie, Rachel T. A. Croson, D. Ginther","doi":"10.1257/AER.100.2.348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/AER.100.2.348","url":null,"abstract":"While much has been written about the potential benefits of mentoring in academia, very little research documents its effectiveness. We present data from a randomized controlled trial of a mentoring program for female economists organized by the Committee for the Status of Women in the Economics Profession and sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the American Economics Association. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized trial of a mentoring program in academia. We evaluate the performance of three cohorts of participants and randomly-assigned controls from 2004, 2006, and 2008. This paper presents an interim assessment of the program's effects. Our results suggest that mentoring works. After five years the 2004 treatment group averaged .4 more NSF or NIH grants and 3 additional publications, and were 25 percentage points more likely to have a top-tier publication. There are significant but smaller effects at three years post-treatment for the 2004 and 2006 cohorts combined. While it is too early to assess the ultimate effects of mentoring on the academic careers of program participants, the results suggest that this type of mentoring may be one way to help women advance in the Economics profession and, by extension, in other male-dominated academic fields.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133031662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-08-11DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2338.2008.00496.x
R. Cooney, H. Gospel
This article examines employer cooperation in the provision of training in the UK and Australia. These countries both have market-based training systems where it might be thought there is little cooperative behaviour. Cooperative interfirm arrangements are, however, shown to be important, especially for the supply of intermediate level skills. The article compares the development of one of the most signficant forms of cooperative training, group training. Some striking differences exist between the two countries, in terms of the actual employment and direct training of apprentices. In both countries, the arrangements are heavily dependent upon government funding.
{"title":"Interfirm Cooperation in Training: Group Training in the UK and Australia","authors":"R. Cooney, H. Gospel","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-2338.2008.00496.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2008.00496.x","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines employer cooperation in the provision of training in the UK and Australia. These countries both have market-based training systems where it might be thought there is little cooperative behaviour. Cooperative interfirm arrangements are, however, shown to be important, especially for the supply of intermediate level skills. The article compares the development of one of the most signficant forms of cooperative training, group training. Some striking differences exist between the two countries, in terms of the actual employment and direct training of apprentices. In both countries, the arrangements are heavily dependent upon government funding.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127120897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the pattern of training participation in Italy. Employing a new survey conducted on a large sample of individuals, we develop a model of bilateral training choices. In order to distinguish between workers and employers choices, we estimate a structural bivariate probit model whose identification relies on some mild assumptions on sample selection. With this approach we attempt to overcome the informative limitations of training participation probability estimates referred to reduced form models. The training participation probability depends on individual, job-specific and firm’s characteristics. Among the most relevant results, we find that females demand as much training as males and suffer from poorer chances of firm-provided training. Similarly, employees with a temporary contract are rationed even if their demand is in line with that of their permanent colleagues. Conversely, the lower participation of parttimers is explained by lower demand. A stance for more targeted training public policies is derived.
{"title":"Disentangling Factors behind Training Participation in Italy","authors":"G. Croce, M. Tancioni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1360408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1360408","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the pattern of training participation in Italy. Employing a new survey conducted on a large sample of individuals, we develop a model of bilateral training choices. In order to distinguish between workers and employers choices, we estimate a structural bivariate probit model whose identification relies on some mild assumptions on sample selection. With this approach we attempt to overcome the informative limitations of training participation probability estimates referred to reduced form models. The training participation probability depends on individual, job-specific and firm’s characteristics. Among the most relevant results, we find that females demand as much training as males and suffer from poorer chances of firm-provided training. Similarly, employees with a temporary contract are rationed even if their demand is in line with that of their permanent colleagues. Conversely, the lower participation of parttimers is explained by lower demand. A stance for more targeted training public policies is derived.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132344933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on a randomized evaluation of an earnings subsidy offered to long-term welfare recipients in Canada. The program -- known as the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) -- provides a supplement equal to one-half of the difference between a target earnings level and a participant's actual earnings. The SSP supplement is similar to a negative income tax with two important differences: (1) eligibility is limited to long-term welfare recipients who find a full-time job; and (2) the payment depends on individual earnings rather than family income. Our evaluation is based on a classical randomized design: one half of a group of single parents who had been on welfare for over a year were eligible to receive the SSP supplement, while the other half were assigned to a control group. Results for an early cohort of SSP participants and controls suggest that the financial incentives of the Self-Sufficiency Program increase labor market attachment and reduce welfare participation.
{"title":"Do Financial Incentives Encourage Welfare Recipients to Work? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation of the Self-Sufficiency Project","authors":"David Card, Philip K. Robins","doi":"10.3386/W5701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W5701","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a randomized evaluation of an earnings subsidy offered to long-term welfare recipients in Canada. The program -- known as the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) -- provides a supplement equal to one-half of the difference between a target earnings level and a participant's actual earnings. The SSP supplement is similar to a negative income tax with two important differences: (1) eligibility is limited to long-term welfare recipients who find a full-time job; and (2) the payment depends on individual earnings rather than family income. Our evaluation is based on a classical randomized design: one half of a group of single parents who had been on welfare for over a year were eligible to receive the SSP supplement, while the other half were assigned to a control group. Results for an early cohort of SSP participants and controls suggest that the financial incentives of the Self-Sufficiency Program increase labor market attachment and reduce welfare participation.","PeriodicalId":297036,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Employment & Job Training Policy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"518 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116242282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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